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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
The advent of technology has changed the way we live, work, and
spends leisure time.
Even before a long time ago, technology already develops and
still continues to evolve as
long as people have been around. The rise of this creation of a
man made ones life easier
and help build a better lifestyle. It can be considered that
technology was the lifeblood of
society, a basic necessity, a livelihood, an income, and means
of support. Bill Gates once said
that I think it's fair to say that personal computers have
become the most empowering tool
we've ever created. They're tools of communication, they're
tools of creativity, and they can
be shaped by their user, from his quotation, any individual
wouldnt resist the truth that
technology is one of the best things a man invented because of
its benefits and advantages in
our lives. Because technology provided the world with so many
benefits, it already became
an important part in our lives.
As technology changes and improves at a rapid pace, businesses
and institutions have
come up with it. Many machineries are often utilized among
people and inventions spread
out to replace the work of human beings. Due to the fast
advancements of technologies, the
daily lives of humans have become more accommodating and
convenient. Because most of
the works nowadays are done using computers, machinery have
given mankind the ability to
live longer and more efficiently. Likewise, through technology,
different transactions and
processing have become computerized for greater ease and
accuracy. The use of automated
systems have become one of the techniques of many companies,
offices, institutions and
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industries brought about the use of automated systems which
decreases their works and
hassle free.
The popularity of technology has caught up the voting industry
and developing
computerized voting systems counterparts the traditional method
of voting. Voting is a way
of participating in an election, expressing your chosen
candidate and preference, and
deciding a group in an election. It is the most vital citizen
participation process in democracy
because a citizen is given an essential right to vote a
candidate that will make a big difference
in the society. In modern days, Election is an important part of
our societys Democratic
Government. The brief history of Election started in the ancient
Athens in Rome where
selection of popes and holy roman emperors happens but the
origins of election lies in the
government of Europe and North America in the 17th century while
election in Asia
including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines started in
1970s. In the Philippines,
election began in 1935 after the sanction of the 1935
constitution of the Philippines where
Manual Quezon was elected as the President. Election is a formal
process of selecting a
person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a
political proposition by voting
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182308/election).
(Heinz Eulau / Emeritus
Professor of Political Science, Stanford University, California.
Author of The Politics of
Representation and others/ Last Updated 2-6-2014). Through
election, the voters will have
the power to elect their chosen and deserving candidates to be
the leaders of the society. The
voters will be given the chance to express their thoughts on how
they should be governed.
Because technology had reached the voting industry, many
elections have become automated
to make voting easier and to lessen the work of the people
involved. Even in our country,
automation of elections has led to a much smoother and modern
way, more convenient and
user friendly. Automated election uses technology for voting and
electronic machines as a
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means to count votes and canvass or combine the results; it
decreases election costs and
expand public participation through appropriate voting process.
While technology
influenced the modern age, it is unmistakable that some
institutions still do not adopt the use
of these machineries particularly in some schools and their
organizations, were manual
operations are still used. As years passed by, the number of
students grow and various cases
about the manual method is no longer useful. The Supreme Student
Council of City College
of Calamba would consider to have a fast and hassle free voting
process which reduces time
consumption.
City College of Calamba is a non-sectarian, public institution
of higher learning
established on 2006 and founded by Justin Marc Sb. Chipeco. The
establishment is located
in Burgos St., Barangay 7 (Poblacion), Calamba City. The school
have several organizations
and one is the Supreme Student Council (SSC) which is under the
Office of Student Affairs
and the highest governing body in City College of Calamba
because it works for all the
students. The SSC is a group of students working together which
is broadly recognized and
respected by the students because it influence and mold student
leaders to be vigilant and
active citizens in their community. This organization is the arm
of the school in
implementing student activities. Election of Supreme Student
Council leaders is a decision
making process where the whole collegiate population of CCC
chooses a student candidate
to govern the Council. It has always been a perennial and
important event of the school
where the students is given a power to elect a candidate that
will speak on behalf of them.
The election taught and encouraged the students to exercise the
right of suffrage. The
Council form a committee called Nominations in Elections
composed of two different
students for every courses. It is the arm of the Supreme Student
Council which handles the
election in the school. The history of election in CCC started
the year it is established where
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Representational Voting were done. By that time, there will be a
section representative
coming from block sections and among that representatives, they
will vote who will be their
leaders. There was no actual direct voting from the students.
The direct voting started on
2008 where students vote for candidates from different courses.
This is the year where
manual process of voting begun. The voting process in CCC always
starts at the end of
second semester and last for only a day. Participating in the
election is not required which
means the candidates should find a way to encourage the students
to vote them.
The election process Supreme Student Council begins with posting
an announcement
about the candidacy for election a month prior to scheduled day
of voting. The
announcement is about the qualifications in different positions
and the deadline of the
requirements. The candidates will send the candidacy form at the
SSC office and approved
only if they finished passing the requirements. Individual
candidacy is accepted but they can
also form their own party. The candidates will be given a week
for candidacy and campaign
to convince every students to vote them. The voting process
proceeds with a particular date
set by the Office of Student Affairs. Watchers from a party list
or candidate are present in
the voting premises. The students lines up at a given voting
area only at their vacant time.
Chairs are already organize and a ballot paper is given to the
voters. There will be a list of
candidates in every election room as a guideline for the voters
to choose the candidate he or
she likes. After listing their chosen candidates, the voters
will drop the filled-up ballot form
in the ballot box in order for the votes to be cast. Signing on
the list given by the Supreme
Student Council is the indication that the student already voted
in the election. When all the
ballot box are collected, it is the time that the Nomelec counts
and tally the votes. Normally,
the counting starts from evening and ends till midnight until
the results are acquired. The
whole voting process involves a lot of manual operations. The
computing of votes manually
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and organizing the election have always been a burden to the
Nomelec. It also consumes
time and effort because the results should be announced
immediately. The process is slow
and tedious and it takes a lot of time in voting, checking and
counting. Also, the election is
not appealing since some of the students choose not to vote.
The researchers also notices some problems in the process. One
is the security of the
voting process. Because tallying the votes is manual, one can
alter with the results or with the
ballot papers. The voting process is not environment friendly
since it requires an enormous
amount of paper. Another problem the researchers observes is the
lack of information about
the candidates. Some voters dont know anything about the
candidate, or dont know the
candidate at all. This leads to voting anyone on the list and
sometimes choosing not to vote.
Students also hesitate to vote because the election for them is
dull, a waste of time, have
classes, and feels that their votes are not counted.
After the gathering of data, the researchers come up with an
idea and a solution that will
address the problems encountered in the voting process of SSC of
City College of Calamba.
The researcher plans to develop a system that will eliminate the
problems encountered by
the client and improve the existing process. The need for a fast
and efficient system was
idealized. This system will provide a more convenient way to
vote and lessen the effort of
the people involved in the process. It will carry a database
that will hold the data of the
students use in accessing the system where an identification
card is check to prove an eligible
voter and information about the candidates, Nomelec, SSC
officers, and other data. It will
help in presenting an accurate tally votes and avoid time
wastage. This system also aims to
promote the client to be recognized which will encourage more
students to participate and
vote in the election.
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Statement of the Problem
Guided by the fact that Supreme Student Council still use
tedious process of voting and
manually counting of votes, the proposed study intends to manage
and implement a web
based voting system which will give a fast, easier procedure and
convenient way of voting.
Specifically, the following are the problems that aim to answer
by the researchers:
1. How to inform the students about the background of the
candidates?
2. How to speed up the counting of votes and proclamation of
winners?
3. How to make the election process easier and more simplified
for the voters?
4. How to motivate the students to participate in the
election?
5. How to reduce the work of the Council and Nomelec and
minimize the time consumed
during the election?
6. How to measure the effectiveness of the proposed system in
terms of:
6.1 Accuracy
6.2 Reliability
6.3 Security
6.4 Efficiency
6.5 Environment friendly
7. How does the proposed system satisfy the user in adopting a
web based technology?
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of the study is to develop a system that will
support the current voting
process of Supreme Student Council and eliminate the problems
encountered by the client.
Specifically, the study aims to provide the following:
1. To inform the students about the background of the
candidates.
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2. To develop a system that will speed up the counting of votes
and proclamation of
winners.
3. To develop a system that will make the election process
easier and more simplified for the
voters.
4. To create a system that will motivate the students to
participate in the election.
5. To develop a system that will reduce the work of the Council
and Nomelec and minimize
the time consumed during the election
6. To measure the effectiveness of the system following the ISO
9162 in terms of:
6.1 Accuracy
6.2 Reliability
6.3 Security
6.4 Efficiency
6.5 Environment friendly
7. To develop a system that will satisfy the user in adopting a
web based technology.
Conceptual Framework
In this study, the researcher made a conceptual framework which
will serve as a guide and
provide a quick outlook of the whole research work. The
conceptual framework illustrates
the process of input and output that occurs in the system. The
information of the candidates
and students are the information needed in the voting
process.
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INPUT
Log in details
Admin
(Username and
password)
Student
(Student id no.
and password)
Votes
Encoding of
Candidates and
their Profile
OUTPUT
Result of Votes
Tally of Votes
List of previous
candidates and
votes gained
PROCESS
Supreme Student
Council Web based
Voting System in City
College of Calamba
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
The first frame illustrates the input part which contains the
student log in details, votes, and
the encoding of candidates profile. The student log in details
contains the student id
number and username for each voter. The input part also includes
the votes, and the profile
of the candidates. Under the profile of the candidates are name,
year and section, position,
and their aims for the school. All the information needed to
work for the system are
processed which helps the researchers to analyze and design a
system. The output of the
study generates the result and tally of votes.
Significance of the Study
Because of the continuous use of manual operations which brought
to the slow and
tedious process of voting, the study will formulate and provide
a system that will generate an
accurate result of votes and minimizes the time and effort
during the voting process. The
design will serve and help the council to facilitate a fair
election and will make it easier and
convenient for the people involved in the system.
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The researchers are presently students of City College of
Calamba who wants to put the
study in notion in the near future as possible.
They will give paramount importance to the following:
Institution. The study will help the Institution encourage more
students to vote because
voting will be much easier with the system.
Students. One of the beneficiaries of the system is the
Students. It will provide them a
faster way of voting and time falling in line will be lessened.
It will give a fair result of votes
wherein voters (students) can ensure that their votes are
counted and a will serve as a
guideline for knowing the candidates information easier.
Election Committee. The Election Committee will be benefited
with the system by
lessening their time and effort for the whole voting process.
The system will reduce their
work from the preparation of the voting, the voting itself and
until the end were the votes
are counted and results are presented. It will provide them
convenience, prevent stress, and
give them time for their studies.
Administrator. The Administrator will be benefited with the
system by giving them control
over the system. They will be able to monitor the elections real
time. The system will also
help them keep the votes secured to guarantee a fair
election.
Researchers. The study will bring awareness to the researchers
about the voting process in
their school and will significantly add more knowledge and idea
to them.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guideline and
reference for future
researchers in developing such system. It will help them in
understanding clearly the voting
process of the Supreme Student Council and will be aware of the
existing problems
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experienced in the past few years. It will provide detailed
information regarding the
developments of the system.
Scope and Limitation
The study entitled Supreme Student Council Web based Voting
System is a system that
specifically designed for Supreme Student Council of City
College of Calamba.
The voting system includes the profile of the candidates, all
the basic information about
the candidate such as name, year and section, position running
for, course, their aims for the
school, description, picture of the candidate, and the status
indicating if the candidate is an
old or new elector. It also includes the party list profile
where the candidates are in and the
information about the SSC officers and Nomelec.
The proposed system will focus on the voting process of the
Supreme Student Council
where the students or the voters have the capability to choose
who to vote that will be added
to the points of the selected candidate.
The system will cover the counting of the votes and will
generate an accurate tally of
votes for every candidate that will show the number of votes for
them and record the final
result of the election. It will also generate a report of the
previous election of the SSC.
Creating an account of the students will also be covered by the
system that will be used
by the students in accessing into the system and voting for
their selected candidate. The
voters can only vote once and blocked by the system if the voter
will vote again. The
election personnel will check the identification card of the
student to prove that he or she is
an eligible voter.
The system will allow authorized person like the Administrator
to interact with the
system. The admin have the capability to add, edit, delete,
update, and upload data into the
system. It is designed to provide security to the voting process
and in accessing the records
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of the system. The proposed Administrators of the system is the
Adviser of SSC and the
President of the Council.
The system will secure all the data protected by a restricted
username and password.
The system will provide convenience for the students and lessen
the burden of the
council of election because it will do more jobs than the
council. The election personnel will
only monitor, evaluate and guide the students if they are still
following the correct procedure
of the system.
The process of selecting, approving a candidate, and passing of
form will not be covered
by the system; it will be under the council's work.
Although having the privileges to interact with the system, the
admin has the limitation of
adding, editing, or deleting a portion of data where the voting
tally and results lie. It also
limits the admin to edit the data of the students in terms of
logging into the system, only
adding and deleting.
It will not include the registration of a candidate from the
students or voters to the
system and adding a candidate the day of the voting itself.
Definition of Terms
There are some terms in this study that need to be elaborated to
acquire the necessary
meaning. This portion is made for a better understanding of the
study. The researchers
prepared some words and terminologies that need to be
defined.
CCC. City College of Calamba, a young institution with its goal
to provide highest possible
quality of college education.
Computerized Voting System. It is a Computer-based voting
system.
Database. It is an organized collection of data.
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Database Management System (DBMS). It is a software package with
computer
programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of
database.
Information. Data that have been organized so that they have
meaning and value to the
recipient.
Information System. It refers to any combination of information
technology a peoples
activities that support operations, management, and decision
making.
Information Technology. It is concerned with the development,
management, and use of
computer-based information systems.
Internet. It is a massive network that connects large computer
networks.
Manual process. Business process that require human effort or
sometimes only a little help
from other devices to accomplish.
Password. A sequence of characters that one must input to gain
access to a computer
system.
Voting. The process where in the voters make a choice and select
a candidate in an election.
Voting System. A system that will provide a way of storing
information to a computer
system and a faster, more convenient way of generating final
result from a counted vote that
will lessen the effort of the users.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter entails the discussion of concepts and ideas
related to the web based voting
system presented by the researchers to the Supreme Student
Council of CCC. The review is
based on literature and study, both foreign and local, done by
other researchers as relevant
to the proposed study.
Related Literature
Information
Information can be found everywhere it is always a part in
managing businesses or
organizations. When finding a solution for significant business
issues and problems,
employees must obtain and analyze all the related information to
the issues, so they can
make the best decision possible. Organizational information
comes at different levels and in
different formats and granularities. Information levels consists
of the individual knowledge,
goals and strategies, the departmental goals, revenues,
expenses, processes and strategies and
the enterprise revenues, expenses, processes and strategies.
Information formats consists of
documents (letters, memos, faxes, emails, report, marketing
materials, and training materials),
presentation (product, strategy, process, financial customer and
competitor), and spreadsheet
(sales, marketing, industry, financial, competitor, customer and
order spreadsheets). (Baltzan
& Phillips, 2011)
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Information Technology
It is obvious that the field of Information Technology is very
dynamic. From time to
time, changes happens in the IT industry and with the tools the
IT people use. Many
programmers and developers are fond of using Visual Basic 6.0 in
developing application
because of its simplicity in coding styles and syntax and easy
to understand. Most of the
students today who wanted to learn Visual Programming, they use
VB6.0 even Microsoft
release a new version of Visual Studio. Both the Microsoft .Net
Platform and the
programming language called C#.Net is a framework that covers
all the layers of software
development from the operating system. Still, according to the
researcher, it is not the kind
of programming language being use by the programmer or the
developer is the major factor
of being a good IT person but it depends only with what field of
expertise one belong.
(http://jansoftsolutions.blogspot.com/2011/04/information-technology.html)
Information System
Information systems collect, store, analyze and disseminate
information, Information
Systems can be found almost everywhere. Nowadays most
information systems can be
found on computers which makes it more efficient. (Cegielski,
et.al, 2011)
An information system refers to an integrated set of components
for collecting, storing,
processing, and communicating information. Businesses, other
entities, and individuals
usually rely on information systems to manage their operations,
supply services, and enhance
personal lives. Information systems process financial accounts
and manage human resources,
government agencies rely on similar systems to provide basic
services to citizens and
individuals use the same system to study, shop, and bank. (Diaz,
2011)
Information is used as a weapon in the battle to increase
productivity, deliver quality
products and services, maintain loyalty and make sound decision.
In global economy with
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intense competition, information technology can make a
difference between success and
failure.
Information systems combine information technology, people and
data to support
business requirements. For example, information systems handle
daily business transactions,
improve productivity of companies and help managers make good
decisions. Large
businesses with thousands or millions of sales transactions
require company-wide
information systems and powerful servers.
Information systems are sets of formal procedures by which data
are collected, processed
into information and distributed to the users.
An information system has five key components: 1. Hardware that
consists of everything
in the physical layer of the information system like computers,
server and work stations, 2.
Software that refers to the programs that control the hardware
and produced the desired
information or results, 3. Data which is the raw material that
an is transform into useful
information, 4. Information processes that describes the tasks
and business functions that
users, managers and it staff members perform to achieve specific
results, 5. People the
primary purpose of an information system is to provide valuable
information to users.
(Cashman, 2009)
Database
Databases are used as the preferred method of storage for large
multiuser applications,
where coordination between many users is much needed. Databases
can be found in many
applications, spanning almost the entire range of the computer
software. Many users find
databases convenient and many computer programs base their
programs on the standard
database technology. (Richmond, et.al, 2011)
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Databases can be found almost anywhere. Every day the knowledge
about database
technology increases in importance. They are the heart of
e-commerce and other web based
applications. It is used by thousands of workgroups and millions
of individuals. The
estimated number of active databases in the world are more than
10 million. (Coraes, et.al,
2005)
Internet
There are a number of benefits that can be gained from the
presence of the internet at
home, in school and at work. In government, for instance, the
potential of new media like
the internet to enhance service delivery is seen in the growing
on e-government and
governance. (Homburg, 2008)
Web based
The greatest advantage of web based systems is the fact that it
can be access from
anywhere in the world as long as you have an internet connection
and a browser. Web based
systems can be fast and efficient, it can be accessed with or
without a password and
communication is fast and efficient. A manager or any other
employee can easily exchange
data with any of the companys departments outside of the company
anytime. This can be
useful for individuals who prefer to work at their homes or
usually work outside of the
office. It also allows them to quickly communicate with their
customer and serve them better
and it also make their work a lot easier. (Mutt, 2011)
Database Benefits
The use of databases has brought about many advantages in
technology. It provides
useful functions and features that helps in utilizing a system.
With the use of tools it has
provided many opportunities and benefits close at hand one of
which is, it makes inputted
data to become customizable in different places. Datasets are
also possible to be
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manipulated in multiple ways. Data organization and sorting can
also be managed even in
large quantities. Easier analysis of information, automatic
computations and up-to date
reports are also some of the advantages of a database. The
possibility for the collaborations
and different locations or disciplinary boundaries are also
improved. (Uribe, 2011).
Data Security
Data security is the means of ensuring that data is protected
from corruption and that
access to it is suitably controlled. Thus, data security helps
ensuring privacy and protection
of personal data.
In the UK, the data protection act is used to ensure that
personal data is accessible to
those whom it concerns. And provides redress to individuals if
there are inaccuracies. This is
necessary to ensure individuals are treated fairly. The data
protection act states that only
individuals and companies with legitimate and lawful reasons can
process personal
information.
The international standard ISO/ISE 17799 covers data security
the topic of information
security, and one of its main principles is that all stored
information must be owned so that
it is to protected and control access to that data.
VB.Net
The existence of visual basic.net created new ways in making
different IS. Like Java, it is
much easier to use unlike other programming languages. It
provides functionality that
includes set of class libraries. It also has a full-objected
programming functionality that has
the ability to write console-based applications. In terms of
producing reports, this type of
language is preferred to be used because of its well organized
functionality and ability to
make transaction processing much easier. (Pepito, 2009)
Transaction Processing System
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Transaction is the occurrence of series of steps in doing an
action. It makes these steps
more automated in the process with the use of a system.
Transaction processing system
(TPS) is designed to handle processing and tracking of
transactions. This kind of
information system creates a program for managing a data or
transaction to keep it in a
consistent state. TPS can handle engaging a certain institution
to protect it in discrepancies,
misinterpretation and loss of data. It is efficient for it
process transaction related-commands
by group instead of individually. When a single element fails,
the system does not continue
the rest of the operations. (Bernstein, 2009)
Computerized Voting System
Since the beginning of computer systems, people have invented
Voting machines in the
field of politics to prevent irregularities and fraudulent
voting. Voting machines are used to
accept, record and tabulate votes cast during an election so
that the election results can be
obtainable in a matter of few hours after the polls are closed
instead of several hours or days.
It removed some voting irregularities such as the problem of
stuffing ballot boxes which
occurred with paper ballots and speeds up the voting process.
Problems still exist in the
modern voting machines. One problem encountered is ensuring that
the person voting is
actually the registered person permitted to vote and not a
pretender. Voter identification,
sometimes, is not checked at the polling place. For some,
identification is verified by
associating a voters vehicle drivers license or passport with
the registered voter list. The
invention of computerized voting system is used as a method and
device for positive
identification of voters to avoid duplicate or fraudulent
voting. A computerized voting
system is composed of central computer, regional computers and
voting modules. The
central computer database is access by the voting module. The
voter data is created at the
voting modules and stored into the database. During the
election, the input voter data for a
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given voter is compared to the stored data to verify that the
given voter is eligible to vote. A
given voter is restricted to access the stored data to prevent a
voter from voting more than
once during the election.
Students in Dagupan elect officers via automated polls
In Dagupan City, the students of La Salette School conducted
their automated student
council elections were theyre able to vote a candidate without
using pens, ballots, and
manual counting. The online voting system was patterned from the
University of the
Philippines. Rex Lor, La Salette, the developer of the system
and the Vice President for
Administrative Services and Development told that The on-line
voting system does not just
teach different applications of Information Technology, but also
integrates values important
in ensuring a just society. This will teach the students that
there are other more efficient
alternatives to the traditional manual voting system. He also
added that, It was designed to
be as user-friendly as possible to ensure that even grade school
students can easily use it. It
follows a three-step process: Step 1: log-in; Step 2: vote; Step
3: confirm vote. Students will
be able to view the profile of each candidate by clicking an
icon beside their names. A
username and password is provided to the students just before
the voting starts as the
school's official enrolment list will be the basis for the
registration. The system immediately
counts the votes cast every after a voter is done. The results
were viewed, printed and
validated after the last vote is cast and the winners are
proclaimed by the designated school
poll official. Lor explained, We are not wowing our students
with high technology but we
are instilling in them values -- the sanctity of their votes,
honesty and integrity in the
elections, and efficiency of the technology. Vote-buying in
whatever form was strictly
prohibited, they followed guidelines during the short campaign
period; the candidates
presented themselves during the miting de avance. Bottomline, it
was their kind of
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leadership which they presented to their fellow students. (Liway
C. Manantan-
Yparraguirre/Sunnex)
Online voting system
The Online Voting System is about the automation of present
voting system which is
done manually. The system aims to increase the voting percentage
and improve and maintain
the security of voting system with valid votes. The proposed
system also intends to increase
accuracy in the voting process, diminish the work pressure of
maintaining details manually,
and enhance the performance of the system. The process follows
with a person needs to fill
the registration form to register and the details in the form
are validated with the details
loaded in the database. The username and password will be given
to the user to utilize his
voting if the details match with the details in the database but
if both the details didnt
matched, the transaction is rejected. The online voting system
is a web application designed
in PHP and use My SQL as the database to store the details. The
voters and administrators
handle the system. It can be presumed that through the system,
the voting percentage
increases and the cost and maintenance are controlled. Still,
the voters need to be educated
so that the present system can be employed properly and security
should be implemented.
Online voting system
The automation of voting system in India is developed for a
threat free and user oriented
voting process and is made for the people of the country. The
existing system is the paper
ballot election which is manual and paper based where the voters
vote through paper and
counted manually. The new kind of voting system is the automated
ballot election called
electronic voting. The system will generate accurate and
immediate result and the voting
process will be done by the internet so it can be called the
Internet Voting. The electronic
voting systems nowadays are different because it uses punch
cards, mark sense, and digital
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pen voting system. Using the electronic ballot marker, it will
be easier for the voters to vote
by providing the selections on the display to vote on the
electronic machine. The electronic
voting machine provides a list when the voter touches the
display which consist of
mechanical and electro optical buttons, where the votes are
accepted and possesses an image
or symbol on the display. The electronic ballots are connected
to the central ballot system
where it directly accepts and updates the record of all the
ballots and calculates all the votes
present at polling centers. Immediate results will be displayed
because votes are counted
electronically.
Related Studies
Foreign Studies
Electronic Voting Machine
Bhardwaj, et.al (2013) defined voting machine as a mechanism
that the system uses to
generate votes and grouped by the location where the system
tabulates the votes. With the
utilization of an Electronic Voting Machine, it has produced
many usages. The Electronic
Voting Machine ensures unblemished voting and retains all the
characteristics of voting
while making it more convenient, thus becoming more well-known.
The EVM is also more
accessible to all voters and to those with certain disabilities.
The system has two modes of
selection. One is the Voting mode, which when the user toggle
switch on, a display message
comes out (Please vote) and enables voting again after control
switch is being pressed by
the Authority. The other mode is the Counting mode where the
total number of votes of a
respective candidate is displayed on the screen. The advantages
of an EVM are convenient
on the part of the voter, economical, less manpower required,
time conscious because less
time is required for voting and counting, avoids invalid voting,
and saves transportation cost
due to its compact size. The application of an EVM allows for an
easy development and
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deployment of voting equipment that maintains system security
and people valuing their
democracy would be paying attention to the quality of the
software that is used for their
elections.
E-voting
The study E-Voting of ElAgamy, et.al (2011) stated that
Electronic voting system is
increasingly replacing the traditional paper-based voting
system. The system can make the
voting process more convenient and may lead to improved voters.
The electronic counting
of votes could be faster, more accurate and less labor
intensive. According to the
researchers, Elections is being manipulated in order to
influence its result. Whether
electronic, traditional paper ballots, or mechanical devices, a
good voting system must satisfy
a number of criteria. One is that a voters ballot must be
protected to guarantee the voters
safety when voting against a malicious candidate and that voters
have no evidence that
shows which candidates received their votes because presence of
such evidence may lead to
purchasing of votes by a candidate. A good voting system must
also be tampered-free from a
wide range of attacks such as ballot stuffing by the voters and
incorrect tallying by the
insiders. Additionally, it must be understandable to and usable
by the entire voting
population, regardless of age, infirmity, or disability. An
electronic voting could be a great
improvement over current paper systems if security is done well
in providing accessibility to
a diverse population, however, mistakes in a voting system can
lead to uncertain and
incorrect election results.
The goal of the study is to automate the voting process, help in
solving fraud, decreasing
the voting time, and the process of counting. The system will
provide a service that allows
the people to vote from any poll site in the country
electronically without the use of runaway
ballots and adding convenience and security to the voting
process. It will lessen the number
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of authentic votes not counted by reducing the number of
over-votes, decrease vote
tampering, and improve the registration process. The systems
also increase the voters
confidence and improve voting experience. The system is being
tested to detect the
differences between the existing and required conditions and to
evaluate the features of the
system. Several changes and enhancements still need to be
implemented in the e-voting
which will allow for a smooth introduction of the system in the
province of Egypt. The
usability of the system will help guaranteeing security and
build trust on the new voting
machines.
An Overview of E-Voting Systems and Vote Verification
Techniques
Al-Shammari discussed about the E-Voting Systems and different
Vote Verification
Techniques. E-voting, as defined in the study, is the use of
technology to facilitate one or
more election processes such as record, store and count votes
electronically; announce
results, and authorization of voters. There are two types of
E-voting systems namely In-
person e-voting and Online (Internet) e-voting. In an In-person
e-voting, a voter still needs
to visit a polling station and uses a dedicated machine in a
controlled environment. It uses
Direct Recording Electronics (DRE) and Optical Scan Systems.
While in Online (Internet) e-
voting, a voter can vote at home using a personal device (PC,
smartphone, etc.) and doesnt
need to visit a polling station. It uses online voting to vote.
Because Electronic Systems are
transparent enough for the voter, adoption of the system has
been slow and criticized. The
major causes of this transparency are machines are subject to
programming error, equipment
malfunction and malicious tampering; programs are proprietary
information and are not
open to inspection, procedural and environmental implications,
and do officials can be
trusted. Officials use Verifiability and Vote Verification to
monitor the election results and
to cover the major causes. Verifiability support a voter,
election official, and public entities
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with an evidence about the integrity of election results. It is
used as an evidence to prove
the truth. There are three types of Verifiability specifically
Individual (Voter) verifiability,
Universal (Public) verifiability, and Eligibility (Public)
verifiability. Individual verifiability
supports a voter with evidence that his/her vote has been
captured, cast, and counted as
intended. Universal verifiability supports the election
officials and public entities with
evidence that the counted votes are the same with the intended
votes by the voters. Lastly,
Eligibility verifiability is each counted vote comes from a
single eligible voter. It is also stated
in the study the meaning of vote verification. Vote Verification
could support integrity and
verifiability requirements and used to verify a vote. There are
techniques to verify a vote:
1. Voter Verified Audio Audit Transcript Trail (VVAATT) uses DRE
systems and
votes are verified over a voice message heard through a
headset.
2. In a Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), a voter
verifies his/her vote by
reading a printed paper trail and voters cant take the printed
trail.
3. In an Electronic Trails, votes are verified using an
electronic verification device and
the electronic copy of verified votes are stored in the
verification device to be used for
recounting.
4. VoteHere, Votegrity, Scantegrity, and Pret is a voter has a
partial information about
the ballot encrypted in receipt and is given to a voter for an
end-to-end verifications.
After performing the study, the researcher concluded that any
critical system could be
compromised by a failure and an attack from an insider or
outsider, and regular system
provides receipt to any user to verify the integrity of his/her
data. In E-voting system, it is
not possible to provide such receipts because a vote must be
anonymous and a voter must
not be able to approve to anyone about how he/she voted.
However, Academic and
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Industrial sectors provide some techniques that balance between
allowing vote verification
and keeping the privacy and receipt freeness requirements.
Electronic Voting System Security
A study conducted by Javaid (2014) which examine thes main
security problems in
electronic voting systems, particularly security threats to DRE
voting systems and security
threats to the Internet voting systems. Security in using
electronic voting system is one of
the most significant current discussions in Computer Science; it
plays a vital role in
democratic organizations and a new technology which helps the
voters to cast their ballots in
an election using computerized systems. It is more convenient in
making ballots, precision in
the voting process, quickness of implementation, and
accessibility. However, electronic
voting systems have a number of limitations in security issues
and it has been a controversial
issue in democratic societies because electronic voting can lead
to electoral fraud. Javaid
enumerated the security problems in an electronic voting
system.
One security problem is the Security threats to DRE Voting
systems. DRE voting system
is manufactured by Diebold Corporation in United States and one
of the most serious
weaknesses is the program or source code comprising a set of
instructions written in
computer programming language is not revealed to the public. It
is closed-source software
having a protected copyright and does not allow other
programmers to modify it or examine
it. Because it is used to conduct elections, it may be exposed
to a wide range of
modifications to influence the voting process, raising concerns
about integrity of the voting
results. The Diebold machines, having been reliable and secure,
still doubt by the public
because the programmers of the software could manipulate the
source code in support to a
specific candidate through allowing more votes to be counted.
Inside the system is the
Global Election Management System (GEMS) which is the software
that runs on Diebold
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DRE machines. The software uses Microsoft Access database as the
database management
system (DBMS) to store the votes, where the deficiency of
security is it has insufficient
protection and susceptible to hacking. The database can be
access by ordinary or
professional users thus tampering the voting outcome and
fairness in the voting process.
The security feature of the GEMS is deficient and vulnerable to
a series of attacks. Another
security threats to DRE Voting systems is the Audit ability and
Verifiability. DRE systems
do not include verification to prove that votes have been
counted. One example of
verification is the Voter-Verified Audit Trail (VVAT) which is a
printer used to print a
paper-based record of the voters elections and an essential
factor in verifying and auditing
votes to prevent an adversary from modifying and tampering of
the voting outcome. Lack of
verification may lead to security breach and results to negative
reflection on the integrity of
the election process.
Another security problem is the Security Threats to Internet
Voting Systems. Denial of
Service Attacks (DoS) is a security threat wherein an attacker
attempts to make a server
unavailable which aims to prevent rightful citizens from
accessing the election web through
disturbing a host server. These attacks may result in serious
security problems and influence
the fairness of the election because it prevents the voters from
voting through making the
web server unreachable. Another is the Virus Infestation and
Malicious Software which also
threaten the democratic societies. Malicious software can affect
the voting process without
the voters awareness because it may be difficult to detect it
for some anti-virus programs
cannot identify new viruses. Lastly, Spoofing Attacks is also a
security threat to Internet
voting system. Spoofing attacks tricks the voters that they are
communicating with the
election web server. For instance, the attacker would redirect
the voters to another fake
election web server when the voter type the name of an official
election website in the
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browser. This deceive the voters knowing that they are at a real
voting website tampering the
votes and favoring a particular party.
The researcher suggest effective solutions to the security
problems of electronic voting
system. One is the use of Open-Source Software which can enhance
some security
limitations of electronic voting software and a solution to
closed-source software. It enables
developers and experts to determine errors and modifications
that can influence the voting
results. Using Open-source software, security and reliability of
electronic voting system
improves and persuades the public in depending on the system,
and developing electors
confidence in the electoral process. Second solution to lack of
verifiability is using the Voter
Verifiable Audit Trails (VVAT) which minimizes errors and
tampering with the vote results.
The VVAT assure voters that their votes have been recorded
correctly and as proof if there
is some doubt about the integrity of the electronic record.
Another is using Layer (SSL)
Protocol which is a possible solution to Spoofing attacks. The
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
protocol protects the sensitive data sent between a voter and a
voting server over the
network through the process of encryption. The use of encryption
prevents a third party
from manipulating the voting outcome and guarantees data
integrity because the data
transmitted is only between the voter and the voting server.
Lastly is with the use of digital
signature scheme (a type of cryptography) as a solution to
Diebold DRE. The use of
cryptographic techniques protects the input data in the
database, voters privacy can be
protected, and helps to verify that a voter is an eligible and
that the digital document is sent
by a legal sender.
The research aims a reliable and accurate record of electors
votes to make the voting
process fair and transparent. Javaid (2014) concludes that
electronic voting systems may
offer significant benefits to democratic societies. The system
should meet the security
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requirements to build a more secure, reliable, and confidential
voting process. The researcher
also noted that voting systems lacks protection that can be
easily exposed and vulnerable to
various malicious attacks.
Online election system
Election representatives is an important activity within a
democracy, a way to express an
electorates will, and a very delicate process where various
disturbances, attempts of fraud
and etc. happens. It is the backbone of democracy where people
has to elect their states
leader. In the study Online Election System - A proposed
election system for Pakistan,
online system is treated as a good solution to replace the
current system of Pakistan which is
manual election system where people go to the polling booths and
given two ballot papers
after checking their identity. The collection of data is done
manually where representatives of
Election Commission distribute election forms to each home and
collected after a few days.
Wrong information or mistakes in the registration would remove
the voters ability to cast
their votes. The current Paper Polling System (manual) of
Pakistan had brought problems to
the election system such as Speed, Intelligibility,
Accessibility, and Transparency. Manual
counting of votes is time consuming, results can be uncertain
when using pens, stamps,
punch cards or ballot papers and can be manipulated, and some
people hesitate to vote
because of disabilities, duty-bound, weather conditions,
expenses and trouble of
transportation, and youngsters who doesnt have charm to cast the
vote. Reviewing the
problems would lead to building a system that will solve and
speed up the election system.
The researcher conducted the study to boost the turnout of votes
and to avoid difficulty in
committing fraud and cheating during an election. The study will
allow people to cast votes
in a more convenient way by using available resources which
facilitates the voters during
elections. An Interview and analysis is performed and finds out
that it is necessary to design
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a centralized system that will cover the problems, a need for a
secure and efficient electronic
system. The researcher concluded that the system proposed in
this thesis will not just
convert the current manual system to an electronic equivalent
but will be possible to run in
parallel with the current system and thus make it easier for the
people who are not able to
cast their votes due to different reasons as related above. This
online system will be helpful
for casting votes by different electronic ways. People will be
able to cast votes through their
home PC, through polling booths, and Netcafes. This multitude of
opportunities will make
voting more accessible, and thereby hopefully create more
attraction for those people who
do not cast their votes today. Aziz (2011).
Online Voting System
Online voting uses electronic machines to choose leaders via web
driven application. The
voters have choices of how they will vote at their own free
time. It minimizes the errors in
vote counting where the votes are submitted in a database to
find out who has the highest
number of votes for a given post. Bashin (2013) defined Online
Voting System as an online
voting technique and a term encompassing several different types
of voting embracing both
electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting technology
can include punched cards,
optical scan voting systems and DRE. It can also involve
transmission of ballots and votes
via telephones, private computer networks, or the internet. The
existing manual system of
Kenya brought problems such as expensive and time consuming, too
much paper work,
errors during data entry, loss of registration forms, short time
provided to view the voter
register, and a number of voters end up being locked out from
voting. The proposed Online
voting system will help the people of Kenya in voting without
going to any physical polling
station. The voters registered to the system through the System
administrator by sending
their details to the admin and registering the voters on a
special site visited only by the admin
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for security reasons. The voters are given a secret voter ID
after register is done which he or
she can use to log into the system. The online voting will
provide a means for a fast and
convenient voting, allowing people to vote from any part of the
globe, helping people to get
used to work with the computers, miscount votes will be solved,
and reduce time spend in
casting the votes during the voting. The objectives of the study
is to review the existing
voting process in Kenya, coming up with an automated voting
system, applying the system,
and validate the system to guarantee that only eligible voters
are allowed to vote.
After a series of research, Bashin concluded that Online Voting
system will manage the
Voters information by which voter can login and use his voting
rights. The system will
incorporate all features of voting system. It provides the tools
for maintaining voters vote
to every party and it count total no. of votes of every party.
There is a database which is
maintained by the Election Commission of India in which all the
names of voter with
complete information is stored. The system lessens the cost and
time of voting process, and
easy to use and debug.
Applying Trustworthy Computing to End-To-End Electronic
Voting
Fink (2010) conducted a study on adding Trustworthy Computing
(TC) in an End-to-
End (E2E) voting system to manage election secrets inside a
Trustworthy hardware,
improve usability and accessibility while maintaining security.
The voting system has several
principles to ensure that everyone can vote and votes are casted
and counted. One principle
is the Voter utility that provides a usable and efficient
election system which is accessible to
voters especially to disabled person, easy to use, does not need
training in computer systems,
ensures that the procedures and equipment are understandable,
and transparency which
enables the voter to understand whats going on with their votes
and the election. Another is
the Information assurance which includes integrity, privacy,
availability, and non-repudiation.
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Last principle is Ease of administration where election systems
must be easy to administer,
one that is efficient, scalable, and affordable. Votes should be
easy to tally and verify. Voting
system also have risk which could tamper the election results by
a smart and determined
adversary, obstruct the certification of winners, and affects
the entire voting system which
alarms the public. Because the research aims to provide usable,
transparent, and secure
voting system, an End-to-End voting is combined with Trustworthy
Computing for greater
trust, privacy, accessibility, and usability. An End-to-End
Cryptographic voting system as
defined in the study, is a system that guarantees integrity
through software independence by
giving the voter a proof that his votes are cast and added in
the final election tally. It is a
software that ensures that the outcome of the election is not
manipulated by the actions of
the software; helps in printing ballots, record the results, and
forwarding of data for tallying;
and provides flexible user interface. Malicious software affects
the E2E system by changing
the selections and frequency for the voters, interrupt the voter
privacy, manipulates the
election outcome, and reduce system availability and
reliability. Applying the TC could help
in detecting and preventing the misconfiguration attacks, and
safeguards the vital election
secrets by storing them in a tamper-resistant hardware.
Trustworthy Computing (TC)
improves the security of software systems significantly. The
Trusted Platform Module
(TPM) protects secrets and enforces security policy in a
self-contained cryptographic co-
processor. Joining TC to E2E can lead to the main benefits of TC
in guaranteeing privacy
by binding public-key cryptography to correct software state to
protect the commitment
codes and scanned ballot images from exposure to malicious
software. The TC can
improve E2Es three goals. In Administration, it can be benefited
through auditability and
policy enforcement. In Assurance, the benefits that can be
achieved are accuracy,
authenticity, availability, integrity, privacy, public
confidence in dispute resolution, and
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custody chain. While benefits can be achieved in voter utility
by accessibility, usability, and
identifying the problems in precinct.
After analyzing and conducting the study, it is concluded that
it is practical and possible
to apply TC to voting systems, and enhances privacy even in E2E
systems is managing the
election. The TC has a place in voting systems that uses
computer technology. Privacy
should be ensured through secure hardware. Fink also added that
by using Trustworthy
Computing, we enable the safe addition of accessibility
interfaces, automatic vote verification
by third party voting rights groups, and improve the usability
of the election systems for
voters. Applying TC to the systems architecture of E2E voting
systems can help achieve
greater privacy, usability, and accessibility without weakening
E2Es strong integrity
properties.
The Design of an Electronic Voting System
According to the study done by Ofori-Dwumfuo and Paatey (2011),
an electronic voting
is a recent method devised to improve existing methods along
with the changes happened in
all aspects of life influenced by information technology. It is
used to replace the outdated
paper ballot, punched cards, and other mechanical voting systems
with paperless electronic
or online voting systems. Elections will became simple while
reducing the total cost of the
election. Voting allows a group of individuals to choose between
a numbers of options. A
Voting system must also satisfy the voters and the election
candidates. It must be reliable for
the voters and candidates to accept the results; and transparent
and understandable to avoid
inaccurate election results. Privacy of a voters ballot must
also be well-preserved to ensure
voters safeness and guarantees that there are no evidence to
prove which candidate received
the voters vote. Another is the tamper-proof characteristics of
the voting system to prevent
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wide range of attacks, and lastly it should be user-friendly for
the entire voting population to
easily understand and use the voting system.
The aim of the study is to develop an online voting system (OVS)
based upon the current
voting procedures in Ghana and to simplify the electoral
process. The OVS seeks to ensure
proper management of the personal data of voters, reduce
election costs, prevent double
voting, ensure that invalid votes are not issued, ensure quick,
effective and efficient
processing of votes cast during elections, and speed up the
release of election results. The
electoral process of Ghana involves the voter registration,
voter register exhibition, voting,
vote counting, and collation and publication of results. The
first process comes with the
registration of voters to enable them to be an eligible voter
and should be 18 years of age or
above. The next process is the exhibition of the voter register
where voters polling station
are displayed after the registration is over to avoid
inconsistencies. The third process is the
actual voting for casting the ballots. The eligible voter goes
to the polling station with his
voter registration number for him to be issued a ballot paper
given by the official and
marked the left thumb with ab indelible ink. He fill up the
ballot paper and deposits into the
ballot box. The last process is the counting of votes and
publication of the results where
ballots are counted manually and publishes the final results.
The manual electoral process of
Ghana are associated with problems such as invalid votes, long
voting process, delays in
result publication, and high cost of election organizing. The
development of an Online
voting system will help the electoral process more simplified,
and has several security
requirements which makes it secure and reliable. It is also user
friendly making the voting
easy and enjoyable. The design of the OVIS comes with a top-down
structure which
includes Online Voter Registration System (OVRS, manages the
voter registration where
voters can enter records and update their records), Online
Ballot System (OBS, manages the
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online balloting activities where voters cast their votes),
Election Statistics System (ESS,
responsible for tallying votes automatically) and OVIS Database
Manager (ODM, part that
stores all information of the OVIS). After conducting and
finishing the study, the researcher
discussed that online voting offers convenience and accuracy in
acquiring election results.
Having a number of advantages, computerized voting still must
overcome challenges to fully
realize its benefits. These challenges are high initial costs of
implementing the system,
electorate needs to be educated on the use of online voting,
security of the system to avoid
hackers and fraudsters, and electronic voting systems must be
examined by experts to ensure
public confidence into the system. Accordingly, the study
presented offers a number of
advantages over the conventional manual paper-based voting
system employed in Ghana.
Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System
The study Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System
(STCVS) accessible
everywhere is a new way of processing the votes secured and
transparent. The STCVS uses
computerized devices for voting procedures, counting of votes,
and analysis. Voters can
used their own computerized communicator devices such as smart
phone, PC, laptop, tablet,
and other devices. The researcher introduce an approach of
implementing a computerized
voting system that is secured, and supported by the Internet.
The need for an electronic
voting system would reduce early voting systems disadvantages
such as overcrowding of
people at the polling stations, vulnerability of the documents
and forgery, and difficulty in
achieving counted votes. Through Elgamal cryptography (enables
to store sensitive
information or transmit across vulnerable networks which cannot
be read by anyone except
the expected recipient) algorithm with hashed base data
structures, a secured system will be
achieved. Using a feedback, an acknowledgement SMS is sent to
the voters registered phone
to verify their vote. Voting data is also encrypted from the
client-side to eliminate risk of
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attacks and for reliability. According to the researchers, the
Elgamal Encryption works for
reasons such as it is an effective algorithm and still not
attacked, do not need large memory,
do not share private keys, and could save the processing time.
The structure of the proposed
voting system starts with accessing the system using
computerized communicator devices
and filling up the record that is stored in the database (MySQL)
to access the voting. The
voting data that is sent to the Host server is encrypted using
Asymmetric Encryption
Algorithm to prevent attacks. After the data has been sent, the
user should receive a
feedback on the registered phone regardless of what communicator
device is used in the
voting process. Vote attacks will be prevented since a voter
pass-code will only be used once
and cannot be used again because it would be expired. Also,
voters can only vote once using
the system which prevents the voting duplication. After a series
of studies, the researcher
concluded that STCVS is a multipurpose system because it can be
access everywhere and
using computerized communicator devices which helps in achieving
the voting process. The
system saves the cost of massive number of electronic voting
machines, and eliminates the
overcrowding of people at polling stations. The data of the
votes are secured and protected;
and cheating, counterfeiting and hacking would be eliminated.
The STCVS saves the time of
the voters spent in voting, and assures that votes will not be
influenced (Elbarbary,
Abdelhady, Elbehiery, and Zekry, 2014).
Design and Implementation of an Online Voting System
According to Gboyega (2011) on his study the Design and
Implementation of an Online
Voting System, the profound progress of the internet determines
the possibilities of online
systems to arise such as online voting. The internet voting
opens the door to all sorts of
possibilities for our state voting future. Gboyega defines
voting as a means of selecting or
choosing leaders. The conduct of elections in a democratic
society is very important not
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only because through it, a change of government is effected but
also because voting is the
main form of political participation for most people. Democracy
should be anchored on
election free from fraud, for it to be sound.
Over the years, the voting operation has been put under a manual
system of operation
which mostly results to inaccurate and ineffective election. It
is gradually being realized that
much faster, accurate, effective and efficient system is needed
to be adopted. Here, online is
institute to handle voting.
With an online voting, votes can be cast only once. It will also
offend people who are
sick and unable to go to the polling stations to cast their
votes, to do so. It should be noted,
however, that an online voting will not replace the existing
ballot forms, but is offered as a
supplementary way of casting ballot.
The researcher found out that the inefficiency of voting process
has resulted to a lot of
problems such as a single voter cast its vote multiple times,
inefficiency and inaccuracy of
votes by officials concerned, illegal voters casting their votes
without being noticed by the
poll watchers, long lines observed at polling stations, and the
loss of votes due to either
wrong voting of the use of case of any accident occurring during
transportation of the
statement of result and other electoral materials to the
collection centers. Designing and
implementing an online voting system will solve the major
problems associated with the old
system and will remove the difficult administrative task of the
electoral body. The study
analyzes the political nature of voting system in Oyo State
which with the use of online
voting will result into prevention of multiple votes by any
single voter irrespective of the
different polling site he/she might use, eliminating the illegal
means of acquiring more votes
to favor a particular party or candidates and a more convenient
way of voting, the voting
process in the state, as the researcher found out, should be
updated and made electronic, a
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system that is free and fair voting should be put in place to
instate a sound democracy and
stability in the political system of Oyo State.
Local Studies
The May 2010 National Elections: An Assessment on the First
National Automated
Elections in the Philippines
Amangan (2010) conducted a research entitled The May 2010
National Elections: An
Assessment on the First National Automated Elections in the
Philippines to assess the
outcome of the elections through feedback from the voters which
it will be analyzed
systematically through a series of guide questions that leads
the study towards an improved
and more credible automated election system. According to
Amangan, from the beginning
of elections in the Philippines, the electoral process has been
generally characterized by the
wrongdoings of the people such as terrorism, violence, fraud,
corruption, vote-buying, ballot
snatching and cheating. This affects the credibility of the
whole democratic process and
mocks at the sacred right to suffrage, he said. Another problem
in the research is the
traditional way of writing the name of their chosen candidate in
a piece of paper covered
with a folder. For so many years, the manual counting of votes
has always been a problem
for the canvassers and the long process has been the cause of
countless election fraud. The
slow results of the winners is also a burden because the
counting of votes is performed
manually, this becomes the reasons why many candidates appeals
to the Commission on
Elections and to the court that they have been cheated. It gave
rise to the illegal election
practices like tampering of election returns and statements of
votes.
The study uses descriptive method and the instrument used to
collect data are
questionnaire which will gather feedback of the voters on the
automated election system,
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and interview used in gathering necessary data which will help
in arriving a more complex
and valid information.
The researcher finds the study to be relevant and significant in
achieving an honest and
clean election exercise in the Philippines. He found out that
Through automation a credible
transition of power as well as a clean, honest and orderly
election can be ensured. Setting up
the countrys automated and electoral system is a crucial step
towards clean and honest
election. While it will not be a cure-all election,
consolidation and transmission of documents
will be an order, transparent and credible, and the results will
be cast faster, accurate and
reflective of the genuine will of the people.
Automated Supreme Student Council Election System for
Consolacion Community
College
The study Automated Supreme Student Council Election System for
Consolacion
Community College researched by Deuna, et.al (2010) was
conducted to improve the
existing election system of Consolacion Community College as
well as to alleviate the
burdensome of election operations of the school personnel
involved. According to the
researchers, the election Supreme Student Council was done
manually since the history. A
lot of problems happened when ballot based election is used
because the ballot-based cast
and count the votes manually. The researchers develop a system
which allows the voters to
vote through online using their computers or laptops through the
web. The proposed system
used a specialized computer to vote a candidate instead of using
the usual process which is
paper and ballot boxes where the voters cast their votes by
writing on the paper. The
automated system will reduced the election costs and increase
student participation by
making the voting process more appropriate. The study will also
significantly avoid the
chances of errors and tampering, minimizes the task of election
officers, automates the
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counting and tally of votes without human intervention and helps
the election process in a
more effective way.
Computerized Voting System of Putlod National High School
Mactal, et.al (2013) conducted their study in Putlod National
High School at Gapan City
and proposed a system entitled Computerized Voting System of
Putlod National High
School. The researchers found out that the voting process of the
school is manually
operated. The students undergo several process such as they go
to the Administration Office
for verification, follows the voting area and filling up the
paper ballot. The student submits
the filled up ballot form to the voting administrator in order
for his votes to be cast. An
indelible ink is marked to the student to signify that he has
already voted. The votes are
collected and counted manually which could take several hours to
several days. It produces
inconvenience not only to the voters but also to the election
facilitators. The proponent then
aims to convert the existing manual system of Putlod into a
Computerized Voting System
which will enhance and facilitate the process of voting and vote
counting, prevents fraud,
permit only eligible voters and ensure that each voter can only
vote once, and minimize the
time of gathering files and data; a system for fast, secure,
accurate, and user-friendly voting
process. According to the researchers, "The computerized voting
system has a central
computer, regional computers and voting modules connected to a
data transfer link for
communication with one another. The voting modules access the
central computer database
under control of the central computer control center. Voter data
is created at one of the
voting modules and communicated to the database for storage.
Input voter data for a given
voter at any one of the plurality of voting modules during an
election is compared to the
stored data for the given voter to verify that the given voter
is eligible to vote. Access to the
stored voter data for the given voter during an election is
restricted to prevent the given
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voter from voting more than once during the election." The
registration of the voters
signifies the purpose of being allowed to vote in elections. A
database containing the voter
registration information can be searched by a proctor or
official at the polling station to
determine whether a voter is eligible to vote. The design of the
system will be carried out
using Microsoft Office Access 2007. Based on the research, the
proposed system will lessen
the difficulty of filling up the ballot paper, accurately and
faster counting of votes, lessen the
way they vote, handy and convenient, and minimizes the paper
works of the election
officials.
Automated Voting System for Isabela State University-Roxas
Campus
Election is a beginning and an ending process. It is in the
hands of the people to change
our world through election by using the automated electoral
system machine which will
significantly reduce the chances of errors, because vote
counting is based on an internal
machine count rather than on individual ballots. The votes are
properly viewed, stored,
approved, processed, documented and accurately coded for
accounting and distribution.
Computation of the votes are accurate.
The election of student leaders in Isabela State
University-Roxas Campus uses the
traditional way of voting and computing the votes of the
students. The process is not easy
due to the manual counting and performing the task consumes more
time and money. The
results is inaccurate because it causes duplicity of votes or
errors. Working in the manual
basis brings so much stress and pressure to the election
personnel and the university
experienced all the consequences. They encounter acts such as
malicious acts and flying
voters appeared during the election. Cheaters could not easily
noticed. The creation of an
Automated Voting System for Isabela State University-Roxas
Campus will help the work of
the election personnel a lot easier and more effective. Using
the system, errors will be
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avoided and display results faster. Based on the data gathered,
the system will improve the
traditional way of voting and lessen the burden of the students,
election personnel, and
candidates. The votes are quickly and automatically counted with
accurate and correct result.
Cheating, dishonesty and flying voters will be prevented.
Mindanao State University at Naawan Campus Computerized Voting
System
Since the institution was founded, the Mindanao State University
at Naawan Campus had
already conducted many major university election of officers for
the Supreme Student
Council for many years. It is apparent that the turnover of the
election had turned to be slow
and tiresome. According to the researchers, it was slow because
of the following scenarios:
1. The election is done manually, so the canvassing is consuming
a big amount of time,
in fact in most of the elections, the canvassing of votes took a
long hours and more time
consume.
2. Miscount of votes that may cause for under vote or otherwise
over vote.
3. Incorrect tally and misstated vote for a candidate.
On the part of the election facilitators, it was hard and
tiresome because it requirements a
lot energy and time to overcome the difficulty of the
preparations and conducting of the
election until the canvassing of votes. The researchers
concluded that by implementing a
computerized voting system, the existing traditional and manual
voting system will be
replaced, reformed, and revitalized. Through the formulation of
the system, the students will
be self-assured that the whole election process will be fast,
quick, accurate and precise,
secure, and user-friendly. It will help in eliminating frauds
and maneuvers canvassing because
the computer will be the one to count the votes. It will also
provide convenience to the
students and facilitators in terms of time consumption and
hassles. (Echavez, Garay, &
Ratunil, 2011)
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Philippine Science High School Ilocos Region Campus Web
Portal
This study determined the profile of the PSHS-IRC; level of
awareness and need for
inclusion in the development; level of accessibility and
adequacy of facilities and sources for
Internet access ;) development of the school web portal
prototype, its degree of usability;
and the development of web portal for PSHSIRC and developed a
web portal for the
Philippine Science High School Ilocos Region Campus (PSHSIRC).
This study is a
descriptive-developmental research they used questionnaire and
conducted interviews to
gather data for Phase I. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
was used to tackle Phase
2 of the study (Development of the Web Portal). It was
determined that the school, users,
stakeholders background, and technical requirements are
essential data to be considered to
address constraints and weaknesses in the development. Awareness
and need for school
information plays an important role in the development of this
web portal. PSHS-IRC Web
Portal is ready for use with the url: www.irc.pshs.edu.ph.
Descriptive developmental research design was used in the study.
Descriptive research
design is a scientific method which involves observing and
describing the behavior of a
subject. Developmental research was utilized because this study
further focused on the
development of a prototype web portal based from the gathered
information from the
respondents. The final output was the usable or acceptable web
portal for Philippine Science
High School Ilocos Region Campus. (Viloria, 2012)
Online Student Information System of Benguet State University
(OSIS-BSU),
Philippines
Advances in technology allowed schools to utilize databases and
applications such as
Online Student Information System (OSIS) thus, making the
accessing of records easier and
centralized. One of the changes that came about is the
onlinebased applications. These
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applications improved the traditional transaction processing
systems. Thus, most
universities switch to the onlinebased system because of its
effectivity to acquire, process,
store and retrieve information from the Internet. Furthermore,
the system can be easily
accessed by all students as long as they can connect to the
internet. Benguet State University
(BSU) is still uses a semicomputer based system and paperbased
student information
system. The staff finds it difficult in searching and preparing
reports on students
information and also painstaking due to repetition of processes
done in filling and updating
of records. The main goal of the school to generate and
disseminate new knowledge and
technologies that will promote sustainable resource development
and enrich the competent
and effective services geared towards efficiency and economy the
current system doesnt
fulfill the schools main goal. The methodology used in the study
was Rapid Application
Development (RAD). RAD is designed to provide quick software
methodology that involves
iterative development and quick construction of prototypes.
(Pacio, 2013)
Online Hotel Reservation and Management System for the College
of International
Tourism and Hospitality Management (CITHM)
This study aims to develop and design an online hotel
reservation and management
system for the College of International Tourism and Hospitality
Management of the Lyceum
of the Philippines University, Batangas Campus. It offers
user-friendly features that will help
familiarize CITHM students on the online hotel reservation
system, evaluate it and highlight
the benefits it can provide to the college and staff. In
addition, it will purvey supplement
material in their front desk operation course. The researchers
used the System Development
Life Cycle and Microsoft Web Developer 2008 as the programming
language. The developed
software served as a tool for teaching the students of CITHM on
how to operate an online
hotel reservation system. The developed software helped the
instructors a lot in teaching the
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basic operations of hotel reservation system to their students.
It also provided online security
to protect privacy and financial information of clients.
The system can be accessed via the Internet. The researchers
used Microsoft Web
Developer 2008 as a programming language. Microsoft Visual Web
Developer was used to
create web sites, web applications and web services using
ASP.NET. It is an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) that provides a set of tools and
utilities for developing
ASP.Net 2.0 web applications. It is a part of Microsoft Visual
Studio 2005 that can be used
to