Edited Ppt101

Desiccated Coconut

Manufacturing Plant

HISTORY

*According to the United Nations, coconut production in the Philippines grew at the rate of 5.3 per cent per year from 1911 to 1929, and increased by 5.2 per cent from 1952 to 1966.[3]

*A coconut tree on the island of Boracay.

* In 2012, the Philippines exported more than 1.5-million metric tons of copra, coconut oil, copra meal, desiccated coconut, coco shell charcoal, activated carbon and coco chemicals, a 1.49 per cent increase compared to the volume exported in 2011.[4] In 1989, it produced 11.8 million tons and at the time was the second largest producer but has since surpassed Indonesia. In 1989, coconut products, coconut oil, copra (dried coconut), and desiccated coconut accounted for approximately 6.7 percent of Philippine exports.[5]

*About 25 percent of cultivated land was planted in coconut trees, and it is estimated that between 25 percent and 33 percent of the population was at least partly dependent on coconuts for their livelihood. Historically, the Southern Tagalog and Bicol regions of Luzon and the Eastern Visayas were the centers of coconut production.[5] In the 1980s, Western Mindanao and Southern Mindanao also became important coconut-growing regions.

* In the early 1990s, the average coconut farm was a medium-sized unit of less than four hectares. Owners, often absentee, customarily employed local peasants to collect coconuts rather than engage in tenancy relationships. The villagers were paid on a piece-rate basis. Those employed in the coconut industry tended to be less educated and older than the average person in the rural labor force and earned lower-than-average incomes.[5]

* There are 3.6 million hectares dedicated to coconut production in the Philippines, which accounts for 25 per cent of total agricultural land in the country.[4] Land devoted to cultivation of coconuts increased by about 6 percent per year during the 1960s and 1970s, a response to devaluations of the Philippine peso (PHP) in 1962 and 1970 and increasing world demand. Responding to the world market, the Philippine government encouraged processing of copra domestically and provided investment incentives to increase the construction of coconut oil mills. The number of mills rose from 28 in 1968 to 62 in 1979, creating substantial excess capacity.[5] The situation was aggravated by declining yields because of the aging of coconut trees in some regions.[5]

* In 1973, the martial law regime merged all coconut-related, government operations within a single agency, the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA). The PCA was empowered to collect a levy of P0.55 per 100 kilograms on the sale of copra to be used to stabilize the domestic price of coconut-based consumer goods, particularly cooking oil. In 1974, the government created the Coconut Industry Development Fund (CIDF) to finance the development of a hybrid coconut tree. To finance the project, the levy was increased to P20.[5]

HISTORY

*Also in 1974, coconut planters, led by the Coconut Producers Federation (Cocofed), an organization of large planters, took control of the PCA governing board. In 1975 the PCA acquired a bank, renamed the United Coconut Planters Bank, to service the needs of coconut farmers, and the PCA director, Eduardo Cojuangco, a business associate of Marcos, became its president. Levies collected by the PCA were placed in the bank, initially interest-free.[5]

* In 1978 the United Coconut Planters Bank was given legal authority to purchase coconut mills, ostensibly as a measure to cope with excess capacity in the industry. At the same time, mills not owned by coconut farmers—that is, Cocofed members or entities it controlled through the PCA—were denied subsidy payments to compensate for the price controls on coconut-based consumer products. By early 1980, it was reported in the Philippine press that the United Coconut Oil Mills, a PCA-owned firm, and its president, Cojuangco, controlled 80 percent of the Philippine oil-milling capacity.[5] Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile also exercised strong influence over the industry as chairman of both the United Coconut Planters Bank and United Coconut Oil Mills and honorary chairman of Cocofed. An industry composed of some 0.5 million farmers and 14,000 traders was, by the early 1980s, highly monopolized.[5]

HISTORY

* In principle, the coconut farmers were to be the beneficiaries of the levy, which between March 1977 and September 1981 stabilized at P76 per 100 kilograms. Contingent benefits included life insurance, educational scholarships, and a cooking oil subsidy, but few actually benefited. The aim of the replanting program, controlled by Cojuangco, was to replace aging coconut trees with a hybrid of a Malaysian dwarf and West African tall varieties. The new palms were to produce five times the weight per year of existing trees. The target of replanting 60,000 trees a year was not met.[5] In 1983, 25 to 30 percent of coconut trees were estimated to be at least 60 years old; by 1988, the proportion had increased to between 35 and 40 percent.[5]

* When coconut prices began to fall in the early 1980s, pressure mounted to alter the structure of the industry. In 1985, the Philippine government agreed to dismantle the United Coconut Oil Mills as part of an agreement with the IMF to bail out the Philippine economy. Later in 1988, United States law requiring foods using tropical oils to be labeled indicating the saturated fat content had a negative impact on an already ailing industry and gave rise to protests from coconut growers that similar requirements were not levied on oils produced in temperate climates.[5]

* By 1995, the production of coconut in the Philippines had experienced a 6.5% annual growth and later surpassed Indonesia in total output in the world.[6]

HISTORY

DESICCATED COCONUT

Desiccated Coconut is a grated, dried (3% moisture content max.), and unsweetened fresh meat or kernel of a mature fruit of coconut. Desiccated Coconuts are graded by its cutting size, for example, fine grade and medium grade where fine grade is smaller particle size than the medium grade.

It is a coconut meat which has been shredded or flaked and then dried to remove as much moisture as possible. There are number of different styles of desiccated coconut used around the world, and availability of this coconut product varies, depending on the region where one is shopping. If desiccated coconut is not available, regular dried coconut can be used as a replacement, although dried content tends to have a higher moisture content, despite the “dried” in the name.

One of the most common forms of desiccated coconut is an unsweetened, very powdery product which is produced by drying shredded coconut and then grinding the shreds. It is also possible to find coarser desiccated coconut, such as desiccated shreds and even flakes of coconut. Many producers also make sweetened versions. The label should clearly specify whether or not the coconut has been sweetened.

Desiccated

Coconut

COCONUT OILCoconut Oil or also called Copra Oil is an edible oil

extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm(Cocos nucifera). It has

various applications as food or in cosmetics. Because of its high saturated fat content, it is slow to oxidize and thus,

resistant to rancidification, lasting up to six months at 24°C (75°F) without spoiling.

Health Benefits of Coconut OilThe health benefits of coconut oil include hair

care, skin care, stress relief, cholesterol level maintenance, weight loss, boosted immune system, proper digestion and regulated metabolism. It also provides relief from kidney problems, heart diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes, HIV, and cancer, while helping to improve dental quality and bone strength. These benefits of oil can be attributed to the presence of lauric acid, capric acid and caprylic acid, and their respective properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-fungal, antibacterial and soothing qualities

The processes of desiccated coconut are as below:*Removal of coconut husk.

*Removal of coconut shell.

*Removal of thick brown coconut skin.

*Washing of white coconut meat to remove foreign material.

*Blanching of white coconut meat to reduce the number of microorganism to the safe level fit for human consumption within its shelf life.

*Cutting of white coconut meat into the desired size.

*Hot air blow drying the grated white coconut meat to reduce the moisture content from 19% to less than 3%.

*Cooling of desiccated coconut.

*Sieving of desiccated coconut to separate desiccated coconut as according to the desired size.

*Finally, packing of desiccated coconut.

One thousand nuts are expected to yield about 130kg of Desiccated

Coconut. Production of Desiccated Coconut is a real hard work as the removal of coconut husk, shell and skin are done manually or given the best of current technology are done

semi-automatically.

Industrial Equipment for DCM

Plant1. Computer Operator

- manual operation of removing the white meat of the coconut into its shell.

2. Parer

- after shell was removed, the white meat still have black or brown skin. To clean the white meat, manual paring

process is applied by using sharp knife.

3. Washing

- the washing of the white meat of the coconut happened continuously which start the screw conveyor with full water up to the treatment tank to improve the cleanliness of the product.

Industrial Equipment for DCM

Plant4. Inspection

- inspection of white meat in wet section performed in manual. The inspector separate the pored coconut and put into the surge tank in a process of paring again on the second time but when the white meat have damaged, the meat is being discharge.

5. Grinding

- the white meat cut and grind in different sizes. The size is based on the blade of the grinder.

Industrial Equipment for DCM

Plant6. Drying

- process of eliminating the water or moisture content of the desiccated by applying heat in a form of steam.

7. Screening

- separates the desiccated coconut according to its sizes.

8. Packing

- desiccated coconut are packed in different sizes.

MANUFACTURING

1. Coconut Dehusking

A coconut dehusking machine is used to detach the coconut husk

from the coconut fruit.

2. Coconut Deshelling

A coconut deshelling machine is used to crack the hard coconut

shell from the deshusked coconut fruit.

3. Coconut Paring

A coconut paring machine is used to scalp off the testa or the brownish skin of coconut kernel (after being cut into

smaller pieces).

4. Coconut Grinding

A coconut grinding machine is used to grind the pared coconut

kernel pieces into fine desiccated coconut.

5. Coconut Milk

Extracting

A coconut milk extracting machine is used to squeezed

the fine desiccated coconut to obtain the coconut milk.

DESICCATED COCONUTEQUIPMENTS

6. Copra Grinding

A copra grinding machine is used to grind the dried copra pieces into fine copra flakes.

7. Copra Oil Extracting

A copra oil press is used to squeeze the copra oil from dried

copra flakes.

8. Virgin Coconut Oil by

centrifuge

A high speed centrifuge is used to separate the virgin coconut

oil from coconut milk.9. Virgin

Coconut Oil by fermentation

Coconut milk is kept for fermentation and natural

separation, and layer of virgin coconut oil is a scooped out and

filtered.10. Coconut

defibringA coconut defibring machine is used to break the coconut husk into coconut fiber and cocopeat.

DESICCATED COCONUTMANUFACTURING

EQUIPMENTS

11. Coconut Fiber screening

A rotating sceener is used to screen the coconut fiber.

12. Coconut fiber Baling

A coconut fiber baling press is used to compress the lose coconut fiber into coconut fiber bales of fixed size and

weight.

13. Cocopeat Block making

A cocopeat block machine is used to comprare the loose cocopeat into

cocopeat

14. Coconut shell charcoal making Coconut shell is burnt under controlled

air volume to form coconut shall charcoal.

15. Coconut shell briquestting

Coconut shell is crushed to the fine coconut shell pwder and briquetted

DESICCATED COCONUTMANUFACTURING

EQUIPMENTS

Method of Extracting Coconut Oil

Coconut Oil is the major oil crop produced by a species of the broad family of palm trees. It is expressed from the dried meat

of the coconut. The importance of this meat known in commerce of copra, may be illustrated by the fact that coconut oil constitutes on an average, about 8% of the worlds supplies of all fats and oil. The principal copra producing countries are the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and Malaysia. Most of the world’s production of coconut oil or copra in the world

export trade.

Copra is processed for its content. This principal methods being hydraulic pressing and pressure expelling in continuous screw

presses. The yield of oil from copra averages 63%. The resulting crude oil may be customarily alkali-refine and bleach with

activated days.

The major end use of coconut oil is in food product. Other oils were substituted and after the war the trend to lower

consumption has been steady. In its food uses, coconut oil is principally employed in the production of margarine,

biscuits, crackers and candy.

The principal industrial use of coconut oil is in soap product, particularly in toilet soaps, the fat content of which

averages about 18% coconut oil, the balance being in edible tallow and greases.

Method of Extracting Coconut Oil

FLOW DIAGRAM OF AN OIL MILL PROCESSSECONDARY PASS

EXPELLERSCREENING TANK PRIMARY PASS EXPELLER CONDITIONERDROP TANK

GROUND COPRA BIN

COPRA CAKE

COPRA STORAGE

HAMMER MILL

PIT FOR RAW COPRA

COPRA CAKE

COPRA CAKE STORAGE

FILTER PRESS

CRUDE COCONUT OIL TANK

LEGEND:OIL GROUND COPRA COPRA

How to identify a good quality Desiccated Coconut?

A good quality Desiccated Coconut should be white in color, reasonably free

from yellow specks, black spots and other

discolorations. It should have sweet aroma of

coconut, mild characteristic of coconut without rancid and even particle size distribution.

Applications of Desiccated Coconut

Desiccated Coconut is ideal for use as fillers, toppings and as ingredients, especially in the baking of biscuits,

snack bars, cakes, cookies and so on.

STORAGE

Storage recommendation for desiccated coconut generally include keeping it in a cool, dry place out of light. Dried coconut often needs to be stored in the freezer or

fridge to keep it fresh, and to prevent clumping, because the moisture causes

the coconut to pull together in the package. Desiccated coconut, on the other hand, can be stored at room temperature

for up to a year very safely. Some producers also add a small amount of cornstarch to the package to prevent sticking in the event that the coconut

becomes moist during storage.

Packing and Storage of Desiccated Coconut

Desiccated Coconuts are packed in multi-ply craft paper bags with inner sealed polythene to keep

away from the atmosphere’s moisture. Desiccated Coconuts are

packed in 10 kg, 25 kg or 50 kg. Desiccated Coconuts shall be

stored in cool and dry place. Avoid direct sunlight and strong odor.

World coconut oil production (million tonnes)

Year 2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09 2009–10 2010–11

Production 5.91 5.42 5.79 5.62 6.60 6.24

The United States Department of Agriculture has published estimated production figures for coconut oil as follows; tabulated years are from October 1 through

September 30:

Coconut oil makes up around 2.5% of world vegetable oil production.

Fatty acid content of coconut oil

Type of fatty acid pct

Caprylic saturated C8    9%

Decanoic saturated C10    10%

Lauric saturated C12    52%

Myristic saturated C14    19%

Palmitic saturated C16    11%

Oleic monounsaturated C18:1    8%

Other/Unknown    5.3%

black: Saturated; grey: Monounsaturated; blue: Polyunsaturated

The approximate maximal concentration of fatty acids in coconut oil is:

Coconut oilNutritional value per 100g

Energy 3,607 kJ (862 kcal)

Fat 100Saturated 86.5Monounsaturated 5.8Polyunsaturated 1.8

VitaminsVitamin E (1%)

0.09 mgVitamin K (0%)

0.5 μg

MineralsIron (0%)

0.04 mg Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for adults.Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Nicky Bandillo

Precious Eunice Bautista

Janardan Bernardo

Jem Mae Burgos

Lailani Cabriga

Jerwin Campita

Jester Cecilio

Nicky Bandillo

Precious Eunice Bautista

Janardan Bernardo

Jem Mae Burgos

Lailani Cabriga

Jerwin Campita

Jester Cecilio