Welding and joining of aerospace materials Edited by M. C. Chaturvedi WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING k Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi ©Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Welding and joining of aerospace materials
Edited by M. C. Chaturvedi
WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING
k
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
©Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details xi Preface xv
Welding techniques 1
New welding techniques for aerospace engineering 3 R. FREEMAN, TWI Ltd, UK
Introduction 3 Airworthiness implications of new welding and joining technologies 4 New developments in welding and joining of aerospace materials 9 Failure of welded and bonded joints in service 15 The importance of international standards 23 References 23
Inertia friction welding (IFW) for aerospace applications 25 M. M. ATTALLAH, University of Birmingham, UK and M. PREUSS, University of Manchester, UK
Introduction 25 Process parameters, heat generation and modelling 34 Microstructural development 44 Development of mechanical properties 55 Residual stress development 66 Future trends 69 Sources of further information and advice 70 References 70
©Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
V
VI Contents
3 Laser welding of metals for aerospace and other applications 75 J. BLACKBURN,TWI Ltd, UK
3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Operating principles and components of laser sources -
an overview 76 3.3 Key characteristics of laser light 79 3.4 Basic phenomena of laser light interaction with metals 82 3.5 Laser welding fundamentals 87 3.6 Laser weldability of titanium alloys 94 3.7 Future trends 102 3.8 Sources of further information and advice 102 3.9 References 103
4 Hybrid laser-arc welding of aerospace and other materials 109 J. ZHOU, Pennsylvania State University, USA, H. L. TSAI, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA and P. C. WANG, GM R&D Center, USA
4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Fundamentals of hybrid laser-arc welding 112 4.3 Hybrid laser-arc welding of aeronautical materials 125 4.4 Future trends 135 4.5 References 136
5 Heat-affected zone cracking in welded nickel superalloys 142 O. A. OJO and N. L. RICHARDS, University of Manitoba, Canada
5.1 Introduction 142 5.2 Characteristics of crack-inducing intergranular
liquid and factors that affect heat-affected zone (HAZ) cracking 145
5.3 Formation of HAZ grain-boundary liquid 151 5.4 Constitutional liquation of second-phase particles
in nickel-based superalloys 152 5.5 Role of minor elements in HAZ intergranular liquation
cracking 158 5.6 Conclusions 171 5.7 References 172
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents VII
Part II Other joining techniques 179
6 Assessing the riveting process and the quality of riveted joints in aerospace and other applications 181 G. Li, G. SHI and N. C. BELLINGER,
National Research Council Canada, Canada
6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Riveting process and quality assessment of
the rivet installation 182 6.3 Determination of residual strains and interference
in riveted lap joints 184 6.4 Summary and recommendations for the
riveting process research 187 6.5 Case studies using the force-controlled riveting method 188 6.6 Conclusions 211 6.7 Acknowledgements 212 6.8 References 212
7 Quality control and non-destructive testing of self-piercing riveted joints in aerospace and other applications 215 P. JOHNSON, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
215 217 232 233 233
8 Improvements in bonding metals for aerospace and other applications 235 A. KWAKERNAAK, J. HOFSTEDE, J. POULIS and R. BENEDICTUS,
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
8.1 Introduction: key problems in metal bonding 235 8.2 Developments in the range of adhesives for metal 236 8.3 Developments in surface treatment techniques for metal 246 8.4 Developments in joint design 256 8.5 Developments in modelling and testing the
effectiveness of adhesive-bonded metal joints 271 8.6 Future trends 279 8.7 Sources of further information and advice 280 8.8 References 281
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5
Introduction Computer vision Ultrasonic testing Conclusion References
©Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
VIII Contents
9 Composite to metal bonding in aerospace and other applications 288 R. A. PETHRICK, University of Strathclyde, UK
9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Testing of adhesive bonded structures 291 9.3 Bonding to the metal substrate 294 9.4 Composite pre-treatment 297 9.5 Bonding composite to metal 298 9.6 Adhesives 298 9.7 Composite-metal bonded structures 305 9.8 Conclusions 314 9.9 Acknowledgements 314 9.10 References 314
10 Diffusion bonding of metal alloys in aerospace and other applications 320 H.-S. LEE, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Republic of Korea
10.1 Introduction 320 10.2 Diffusion-bonding process 323 10.3 Conclusions and future trends 342 10.4 References 342
11 High-temperature brazing in aerospace engineering 345 A. ELREFAEY, Dortmund University of Technology, Germany
11.1 Introduction 345 11.2 Filler metals 346 11.3 Trends in brazing at high temperature 365 11.4 Conclusion and future trends 379 11.5 References 380
Appendix: Linear friction welding in aerospace engineering 384 I. BHAMJI,A. C.ADDISON and P. L.THREADGILL,TWI, UK and M. PREUSS, University of Manchester, UK
A.l Introduction to linear friction welding 384 A.2 History and major applications of linear friction welding 385 A.3 Linear friction welding machines 388
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
A.4 Macroscopic features of and defects in linear friction welds 394
A.5 Microscopic features of linear friction welds 396 A.6 Linear friction welding of titanium alloys 397 A.7 Linear friction welding of nickel-based superalloys 406 A.8 Linear friction welds in other materials 407 A.9 Conclusion 410
A. 10 References 411
Index 416
©Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Related Documents
