Edinburgh Research Explorer...Yellow Dust DIY sensing infrastructure (YD) was proposed: an infrastructure to measure, make visible and partially remediate particulate matter through

Edinburgh Research Explorer

Data intimacies: building infrastructures for intensified embodiedencounters with air pollution

Citation for published version:Calvillo, N & Garnett, E 2019, 'Data intimacies: building infrastructures for intensified embodied encounterswith air pollution', The Sociological Review, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 340–356.https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026119830575

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):10.1177/0038026119830575

Link:Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer

Document Version:Peer reviewed version

Published In:The Sociological Review

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Dataintimacies:buildinginfrastructuresforintensifiedembodiedencounterswithairpollutionNereaCalvillo,CentreforInterdisciplinaryMethodologies,UniversityofWarwickEmmaGarnett,SchoolofPopulationHealthandEnvironmentalSciences,King’sCollegeLondon

AbstractTheairis,inmanyurbancontexts,polluted.Governmentsandinstitutionsmonitorparticlesandgasconcentrationstobetterunderstandhowtheyperforminlightofairqualityguidanceandlegislation,andtomakepredictionsintermsoffutureenvironmentalhealthtargets.Thevisibilityofthisdataisconsideredcrucialforcitizenstomanagetheirownhealth,andaproliferationofnewinformationalformsandappshavebeencreatedtoachievethis.Andyet,beyondeverydaydecisions(whentouseamaskorwhentodosportsoutdoors),itisnotclearwhethercurrentmethodsofengagingcitizensproducebehaviouralchangeorstrongercitizenengagementwithairpollution.Drawingonthedesign,constructionandethnographyofanurbaninfrastructuretomeasure,makevisibleandremediateparticulatematter(PM2.5)throughawatervapourcloudthatweinstalledattheSeoulBiennaleofArchitectureandUrbanism2017,weexaminetheeffectsandaffectsofproducingapublicspacethatallowsforphysicalinteractionwithdata.InYellowDust(YD),dataofPM2.5aretranslatedintomist,thedensityofthemistresponsivetothenumberofparticlessuspendedintheair.Dataaremadesense/ibleinthechangingconditionsoftheairsurroundingtheinfrastructure,whichcanbeexperiencedinembodied,collectiveandrelationalways,whatwecall‘molecularintimacies’.Byreflectingonhowtheinfrastructurefacilitatednewmodesofsensingdata,weconsiderhow‘dataintimacies’canre-specifyactionbyproducingdifferentformsofengagementwithairpollution.

IntroductionOnacoldspringmorningNereaCalvillo(NC)receivedaninvitationtoproduceaninstallationonthetopicoftheairasacommonforthefirstSeoulBiennaleofArchitectureandUrbanism2017.YellowDustDIYsensinginfrastructure(YD)wasproposed:aninfrastructuretomeasure,makevisibleandpartiallyremediateparticulatematterthroughacloudofwatervapor1.Afewmonthslater,NCreceivedanemailfromoneofthecurators,arguingthatYDwasnotrelevanttoSeoulbecauseitalreadyhasmany‘goodquality’monitoringstationsinplace,andtomakereferencetoHwangsa,thestormofparticulatematterthatinvadesSouthKoreaeachspring,wasnottakingseriouslytheseverityoftheevent.Basically,iftheinstallationcouldnotproduce‘gooddata’(scientificandaccuratedata?)or‘clean’airpollution,itwasnotneeded.Thisanecdotepointstocontentionaroundtheuseandmeaningofdata,andhowatechno-scientificapproachisoftenbelievedtobetheonlypathtoaddressairpollution.Italsodemonstratestheratherextendedassumptionthat‘gooddata’istheenvironmentalknowledgethatwillleadtoimmediatesocial,environmentalandpoliticalchange.Thishasledtonationalnetworksofmonitoringstationsworldwide.Yetknowingaboutairpollution

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withdatadoesnotalwaysresultinimprovingairquality.Inthispaper,therelationshipbetweendata-knowledge-actionwillbeexploredthroughtheanalysisofYD.EmployingdesignandethnographicmethodswefocusontheexperienceandengagementwiththeinfrastructurebymembersofthepublicvisitingtheBiennaleanditspotentialapplicationbyend-users,suchasthemetropolitangovernmentinSeoul,activists,culturalpractitioners,architects,urbandesigners/plannersandpublicsthroughanethnographyconductedbyEmmaGarnett(EG).YD,whichdespitethecurator’scommentswasfinallycommissioned,wasatemporaryurbaninfrastructuretomeasure,makevisibleandpartiallyremediateairpollutioninspecificplacesandpointsintime.Itmeasuredfineparticulatematter(PM2.5)2becauseitisthehighestandmostcontroversialpollutantinSeoulduetoHwangsa(YellowDustinKorean3),finesoilcloudsthatoriginateintheGobiDesertandnorthernpartsofChinaandcoverSeoulinanunbreathableyellowcloudduringSpring.Tomakeitvisible,YDproducedacolouredwatervapourmist,theintensityofwhichvariedinrealtimeinrelationtotheconcentrationsofPM2.5intheair.Themoreparticles,thedenserthemist(foramoredetaileddescriptionofthedesignseeCalvillo,2018a).Thequestionsthatdrovetheprojectwere:asnumericaldataonlymakessenseforcertainculturalpractices(scientists,forinstance),whatifinsteadofseeingthedataproducedbythesensorswefeelthesedata?Wouldthischangethewaysinwhichweknowandrelatetoairpollution,andopenupnewpractices?Throughintensitiesofwatervapour,YDprioritisedembodiedexperienceandsensingofpollutionoverseeingandinterpretingnumericalreadingsinstantaneously.YDmadesenseofthedataandmadedatasensible,whereunderstandingandgettingafeelingforintensitiesrequiredtimetogettoknowairpollutionbyattuningtothemist.Byinvitingotherstofeelthemistwiththeirbodies,theinfrastructureencouragedaformofcollectivesensing.Itwasanexerciseoftranslationtoo,performingdataofairpollutioninwaysthatmadeitpenetrablethroughourskin,asasortofintimateencounterwiththedata.Andyet,datawasstillneeded,becauseevenifnotnumericallyquantifiable,themistmadethepollutionofthespaceinwhichitwaslocatedvisibleandfunctionalasatoolforenvironmentaljustice.Therefore,inthispaper,weask:Howcananintimateencounterwithairpollutiondatathroughdifferentsensesandinthepublicspaceproduceotherformsofengagement?Howcandataintimaciesbedesignedorfacilitatedasformsofdatasensing?Inwhatwaysdotheseeffectsandaffectschallengeandre-specifyaction?

Dataintimacies,molecularintimaciesMetricsanddataarepartofoureverydaylives.Weusethemtodescribe,govern,understandandjudge.Datasurroundas,andtheyarenotonlyinformationalformsbutassemblagesofmaterialthings,peopleandothernon-humanbeingsandprocesses.Beer(2016)hasshownthatthepoliticaleffectsofdataresultfromwhattheymakevisibleandthereforepossible.Insteadofsimplyfocusingontheaccuracyofmeasurements,exploringthesocialimplicationsofmetricsinvolvestracingtherelationsofcirculationthatmakeandmobilisemeasurementsaspowerfulandsociallymeaningfulforms.Partofthiscirculation,Beer(2016)andotherscholarssuggest(Arvindsson,2012;Baym,2013)istherelations

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betweenmeasurementsandtheaffectiveimplicationsofmeasurementsystems.Althougharatherdifferentcontexttothedatathatformstheempiricalanalysisofthesestudies,theYDinfrastructurewassimilarlyinterestedinunderstandingthewayinwhichmeasurementscaninciteresponsesotherthanknowledgeandaction.ThecapacitiesofdatawereexplicitlyexperimentedwithinYDbecauseairpollutiondatawastranslatedasmistratherthannumbers.Mobilisingasensoryapparatusforknowingairpollutionthroughtheinclusionofdifferent‘categories’ofknowledge,suchastouchandfeeling,createdanopportunitytoconsiderdatainwaysbeyondnumerisation,andtotesttheeffectofthisshift.Oneofthewaysinwhichdataandactionareoftenproblematisedisthroughtheuncertainrelationshipbetweenpersonalor‘local’dataandcollectiveactionorsharedresponsibility.BickerstaffandWalker(2013)haveshownthatsituatedinteractionsbetweensociety,environmentandtechnologymeanhowpeopleknowairpollutionandwhatitmeansisdifferentacrossspacesandtimes.Inrecentyears,therehavebeenattemptstocommunicatedifferentlytheissueofairpollutiontovariouspublics.SpeakingaboutParticleFalls,anartinstallationthatmeasuresanddisplaysconcentrationsofparticulatematter(alsoPM2.5)onalargeprojectioninapublicsquare,OlgaKuchniskaya(2017)hasarguedthatenvironmentalvisualisationscanaidinterpretationofacomplexissuelikeairpollution.InParticleFalls,themoredotsofcolourdisplayed,themoreparticlestherearedetectedintheair.Thisprovidesatangibleframeworkforengagingwithdata,potentiallyoveraperiodoftime.However,Kuchniskayaalsorecognisesthedifficultyofinterpretingwhatthevisualisationproducesandindeedhowtorecognise‘communityinvolvement’.Partofthe‘action’wasanticipatedastheresultof‘beingthere’withthevisualization,which,byprovidinganunderstandableframework,supports‘fastinterpretation’ofdatadescribingairpollution.However,YDmovesawayfromvisibilityandfocusesonotherformsofsensinginordertoexploredifferentoutputsto‘fastinterpretation’.Theassumedscalarrelationshipbetweendata-knowledge-action,andthepersonalandthecollective,canbecomplicatedandrefiguredthroughthematerialandaffectiveconceptofintimacyasatooltospecifyengagementswithdata.YDmaterialiseddatainwaysthatcouldhelpspecifyengagementswithairpollutionbyaligningitwithaffectiveandembodiedexperiences.Broadly,theconceptofdataintimacyhasbeenusedtodescribedataofpersonallives,datathatisnotsharableandwhichbelongstotheprivaterealm(Sun-haHong,2016).Butourtakeisdifferent.Whatwewilldiscussareformsofencountering(environmental)datathatgobeyond-orthatdon’tfocuson-visibility,andwhichexaminetheintimateandembodiedencounterswithit.Thisintimacy,again,doesnotrefertoapresupposed‘self’thatentersintocontactwithdata,buttowhatMelChenhastermed‘molecularintimacies’(2012,p.208):thetransferofmatterthattakesplacethroughbodies.If,totakeherexample,molecularintimacytakesplacethroughtheleadtransferredfrommothertochildinbreastmilk,hereitisaboutairparticlestransferredtoourbodiesthroughwatervapor.Understandingthatintimaciesarealwaysmediated,bylanguage,affectandtechnologies(Atwoodetal.,2017),data,transformedinwaterparticles,accessourskin,hair,noses,lips,andthroughtheairgetinsideourbody,distributingitscontentbetweendifferentorgans.Theseexchangesmayalsoperformaqueerintimacy,followingChen(2012:206),whichreferstothewayintimaciescanbegoodanddetrimentalatthesametime.Althoughitseffectsareusuallybeneficial,becausewatervaportouchesbodies,entersintothemitdoesinclude,despitebeingdiluted,metals,carbon,andothertypesoftoxic

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particles.Andyetwhentheseparticlesgetlodgedinbodiestheyaretakenoutofatmosphericcirculation,sootherscannotinhalethemandbecomeexposed.Suchanexchangeputsbodiesatrisk,bothnowandinthefuture(seeJablonka,2013).Althoughallmolecularintimaciesaresituated,oneofthemainconditionsofthemolecularintimacyinourcasestudyisthatittakesplaceinpublicspace.Aswellasshowingtheissue(thepollutedair),throughthemistYDputspeopleinthestuffandinsidetheproblemofairpollution.Beinginsidetheproblemmeansbeingintouchwiththematerialandaffectiverelationsofdata,pollutionandbodies.YDholdsdifferentformsandprocessestogetherinonespaceinordertofosternewmodesofcaringandrelating(PuigdelaBellacasa,2011,2017).Indoingso,therelationsbecomeconcernedwithhowtobreatheandmovewiththeparticles,insteadofmeasuringandtherebydetachingoneselffromthem.Bystayingwiththetrouble(Haraway,2016)ofparticles,molecularintimacyissharedbetweenbodies,thingsandtheclimate:humans,benches,insects,particles,gases,bricks,wind,machines.Thismeansthatotherconcernsandmore-than-humanrelationsarebroughttoaccount,beyondthoseinvolvedingeneratingaccuratemeasurementsandinterpretingthemwithauthorityinrelationtohumanhealth.Constructingtheproblemcollectivelymeansthesolution(action)canalsobedifferent(Stengers,2000,p.59).InYD,theprovocationthatwecanconstructtheproblemdifferentlyinwaysthatopenotherwaysofpotentiallyrespondingwasmaterialised,inpart,throughaspecificformofmolecularintimacy:thetouchingofmistontheskinandtheingestingofairthroughbreath.Bodiesbecomeactive,responsiveandpartofthesensinginfrastructure,asanaffectiverelationbetweenselfandworld,selfandotherandbetween-us(Paterson,2004cf.Irigaray1996).Recognisingtheformsofsocialitythatembodiedprocessescomprise,fromtouchtobreathtoingestion,alsoencouragesdifferentwaysofrelatingtoairpollution.In‘molecularintimacies’weconsidertheembodimentofdataasmistasamore-than-humanassemblagethatincludesskin,gesture,matterandaffect.Touchandotherformsofrelationalembodimentlikebreathhighlightthematerialityandcorporalityofbeinginthemist.Bythinkingabouttouchasintra-action,Barad’s(2007)conceptforunderstandingbodiesasconstitutedbytheinteractionsbetweenthem,pollutioncanbeconsideredintermsofitsunfoldingrelationswithbodies,forthereisnodistinctionbetweenwhoorwhatisdoingthetouchingandwhoorwhatisbeingtouched(PuigdelaBellacasa,2009cfBarad2007).LikethequeerintimacythatChenrecalls,thematerialityandcorporalityofairpollutionisnotsomethingthatcanbeachievedatadistancebutemergesindirectmaterialengagementwiththeworld(air’smateriality)(Barad,2007,p.49).Further,engagingwithmaterialandembodiedexperiencesandprocessescanacquirepoliticalsignificancethroughthecraftingofformsofactionwitheverydaypractices(PuigdelaBallacasa,2009).

Hapticsinresearchcanbeputtoworkinwaysthatincreaseasenseofourentanglementwithmultiplematerialities.Myers(2008)hasshownthisthroughherstudiesofsensinginscientificresearch,andinparticularthewaysinwhichproteincrystallographersmovetheirbodiestoexplorephenomena.Garnett’s(2016)researchhasshownhowwhenproducingdata,scientistsdevelopafeelingforwhatconstitutesgooddata.Scientists’fosteringrelationswithdataproducematerialresponses,suchasthewritingofpapersorthesharingofdatawiththoseoutsideofthedisciplinaryfield.However,suchadevelopingofafeelingfordatatakesyearsofstudyanddisciplinaryexpertise.YDwasanopportunitytodevelop,

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ordesign,otherrelationswithdatathatmaybeinstantaneousordevelopovertime:datawerefiguredinmistandactiongroundedthroughskinandtouch.Thesesituatedencounterswereanticipatedasmomentswhereasenseofdatamayemergethatcouldmobilisedataasmeaningfulandactionable.Perhapsthroughthemistourbodiescanpotentiallyopenuptonewwaysofmakingsenseofthisdataofparticlesintheair,suchasinpublicspacesorcollectively.However,asinthepreviousexamples,thismaytaketime,whichiswhyYDwasdesignedtobeinapublicspaceforalongerperiodthantheBiennale.Attendingtocorporealprocessesof‘practisingair’(Hauge,2013)andmundaneandspecificencounterswithtouch(PuigdelaBellacasa,2017,p.115)challengesthehierarchicalstructureofknowledgethatplacesnumericaldataasmoreauthoritativethanembodiedknowledge.Bodilyintuitionofscientistsorthesensoryknowledgedevelopedaboutairthroughitseverydayperformanceareoften‘devaluedcategories’informalknowledgestructureslikethoseofscienceandpolicy,andactivismtoo.Intermsofenvironmentaljustice,measuringandsensingpracticesareoftendesignedtochangehumanbehaviour.However,asdetailedinthehypotheses,YDwasbuiltonthepremisethatingenericandunmediatedcontextslikeapublicspaceinacrowdedcity,acausalrelationbetweenknowledgeandactionasbehaviouralchangecannotbepresumed.Sensingairpollutionthroughthedensityofmistforegroundsthedensityofwatervapourandthefeelingofitontheskinoverthatoftheaccuracyofnumericaloutputs.Theembodimentofdataasmistwasaninvitationforpeopletoparticipateintheissueofairpollutionontheirownterms:themist,similartothedescriptionofskinbyCastaneda(2001),wasanencounteroftouchforlearning,interactionandpossibility.Thequestionweask,then,is:dothesemolecularintimaciesproduceentanglementsthatenhanceotherformsofengagementwithairpollution?Can‘action’bechallengedfromtheseexperiments?

DataethnographyToaccountforwhattookplaceundertheinfrastructureoncetheexhibitionopened,theethnographyexaminedthewaysinwhichYDwasengagedwithandinterpretedinaction.ResearchinvolvedparticipantobservationontheYDsitefor10daysandtheadministrationofshortquestionnairesforpeopletorecordtheirexperience,interpretationandresponsetoYD.ThesewereprintedinEnglishandKorean(n=73werecompletedintotal).Eleveninterviews(n=11participants)wereconductedwithanticipatedend-usersoftheinstallation,includingmunicipalgovernment(environmentalpolicymakers),urbanplanners,activists,culturalpractitionersandarchitectsbasedinSeoulandinternationally.InterviewswereconductedinEnglishandwithaKoreantranslatorwhenrequired.RecruitingvisitorstotheBiennaleforin-depthinterviewwasnotconsideredfeasiblebecauseofthepublicsettingofYDandlanguagebarriers.Further,asasensoryinfrastructureitwasnotonlycognitiveunderstanding,thatcanusuallybemoreeasilyverballyarticulated,thatneededtoberecorded.Throughobservations,aswellasthequestionnairesandinformalconversationswithpublicvisitors,emergentformsofsharedengagement,interactionsandembodiedresponsesbypublicvisitorscouldbestudied(attimeswiththehelpofBiennaleguideswhospokebothKoreanandEnglish).Observationsbroadlyfocusedon:howvisitorsengagedwiththeinfrastructure;people’sdifferentresponsestotheenvironmental

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conditionsYDproduced;howvisitorsinteractedwithoneanotherinthese.Theseobservationswerealsosupportedbythequestionnaire,whichwasgenerativeoffurtherdiscussionwithvisitors.Ratherthanstudyingtheintimacyofethnographicrelationsbetweenhumans(Fraser&Puwar,2008),theethnographywasattentivetothewaysinwhich‘molecularintimacy’emergedandtookforminparticularcircumstances.Incontrasttootherethnographicstudiesofenvironmentalpollutionthathavefocusedonthesocialandpublichealtheffectsofairpollution(Fukuda,2017);informationandmeasurementpractices(Garnett2016);pollution’sculturalmeanings(Liboiron,2015);orbytracingthematerialandtoxicologicalvalencesofdifferentlate-industriallandscapes(ShapiroandKirksey,2017;Fortun,2011),theYDethnographyattemptedtoarticulatesensoryandembodiedresponsestothemistasastartingpointfordevelopingwaysofthinkingaboutandconceptualisinginterveningandactingintheseconditions.Pollutants,toxicantsandtheirchemicalmaterialitieshaveledtonewmethodologicaldevelopmentsinthesocialsciences.Chemo-ethnography(Shapiro&Kirskey,2017),forinstance,isamethodologythatinvolvestracingwhatthechemicaldoestobodiesandsocio-materialrelations.Suchanapproachtochemicalsinvolvescaringfortheirsocialitiesandbuildingmethodologiesforfurtherexploringthese.Ourformof‘chemo-ethnography’tracesthedataofthechemical(pollutant),whatthisdataproduces,andwaysofconditioningandexploringtheseeffectsandaffectsratherthanattendingtothematerialityofthechemicalitself.Chemo-ethnographyisareminderthatthereareothersocialandmaterialpracticesandprocessesofpollutionthatneedtobetakenintoaccountifwearetocreatetheconditionsforenvironmentaljustice.Ethnographicresearchwasdevelopedheretoexaminethewaysinwhichdesignmightfosternewanddifferentrelationswithenvironmentaldatathatchangetheconditionsofenvironmentaljustice,specificallyintermsofhowthecontinuumdata,knowledgeandactionistypicallyestablished.Inthispaper,intimateentanglementsarewhatactionshappenedbecauseofmolecularintimacies,andthroughourmethodswedetailthewaysinwhichthelinearityoftheflowofdata-knowledge-actionwasdisruptedandchallenged.InthesectionsthatfollowweintroducesomeofthemolecularintimaciesthattookplacethroughYD.Wethenexplorethreedifferentintimateentanglementsthatemergedasaconsequence,andhowthesechallengedandre-specifiedwhatdata,knowledgeandactioncando.

YDmolecularintimaciesinSeoul

SomepeopleinstantlyreachtheirarmsintotheairwhentheyapproachYDtotouchthemist,othersarescrunchingtheirfacesinanticipationofthemist.Closingtheireyes,whatmustbefeltfirstisthemistonthebodyratherthanvisionofthemistoutsidethebody.Peopleareopeningtheirmouths,asifdrawinginthemistintotheirbody.Maybebreathinginandbreathingoutarebeingreversedhere.Ayoungboy,around5-7yearsold,isblowingoutatthemist.Insteadofbreathinginheisbreathingout,oratleastbecomingawareofhowhebreathes(Fieldnotes3rdSeptember‘17).

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Fromthemomentinwhichtheinfrastructurestartedfunctioning,molecularintimaciestookplace:particlestransformedintoenergypulsesthroughthesensors,whichblendedintowaterthatblewthroughtheair,touchingpeople’sskin.Thiswasnotapassiveinteraction.‘Beinginthemist’oftenencouragedmovement,eitherbyliftingarms,protrudingthefaceintothemist,orrunningthroughandfollowingthemovementofmistinspaceandtime.Children,especially,sangandranaroundincircleslaughing;itwasaverylivelysiteinwhichpeoplereactedwithothers,chasingoneanotherandrespondingtothemistandlightandcoolatmospherewiththeirbodies(Images1and2).

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(Image1,2:‘beingalongsidethemist’;‘chasingthemist’,Author’sphotos).Whilesomepeoplemovedtheirbodieswiththemist(Image1),otherssatontheperimetersoftheYDlookingin(Images1and2),mesmerisedbythemistorcapturedbypeople’smovementswithinit.Becomingimmersedinthemistwasnotanactivesearchformolecularengagement,however,becausethewatermoleculesalsowenttofindvisitors.Evenbreathingpracticesseemedtobeaffectedwhenenteringthemist,momentarilydisplacingtheideaofbreathingasanindividualact.Here,themediationofaffect(Raffles,2012)wasdifferenttothatofvisualisation,whichisgenerallyaboutpresentationandreceptionratherthanimmersionandreaction.Thecontentionoftheprojectwasthatpeoplewouldgainanunderstandingoftheintensityofairpollutionthroughembodiedencounters.Earlyonwerealisedthatthisonlyhappenedwhenpeopleknewthatthewaterre-presentedparticles.Despitethis,thecausalitywasnotthatlinear,andtheeffectsnotsopredictable.Infact,ambivalencewasthemostfrequentresponse.Howtomakesenseof,andinteractwiththemistgeneratedafeelingofuncertainty,incitingadialogueofcuriositywithothers,thepullingofconfusedlooksandsharedglances,aswellasmovingtowardsthemistwithtrepidation.IndividualsoftendescribedtheirinitialresponseasoneofenjoyingthefeelingofcoolnessontheskinatthesametimeasqueryingwhethertheairaroundYDwasbadorgood.SeveralvisitorsaskedNCandEGwhetherthemistwasunhealthy;wasthemistdangerous?(Fieldnotes1st-10th

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September’17).Thissharedambivalencealsogeneratedaspaceforinteraction,however,wherepeopletalkedtooneanothertodiscusswhatitmeansandinordertotryandworkoutwaystointeractwithit.HowYDmadepeoplefeelemergedinmultipleandoftenconflictingways(e.g.coolnessisrefreshingbutthemistmightbeunhealthy).Itwasthroughtheintimaciesproducedbythebody-mistentanglementsthatYDbecameaperformativespacewhereengagementswiththesensibledataunfoldedinindeterminateways.Wearguethatthisstateofambivalenceproducedqueerintimaciesthatmadesimultaneouslyperceptiblethesituationsinwhichpeoplecanbreathebetterandworse.Thus,theintimaciesproducedbyYDwerenotnecessarilypositiveandthemist,althoughofferingcoolnessinhumidSeoul,wasalsoalwaysanembodiedencounterwithpollution.Didtheperceptionofdata(orapresencethatsubstitutedit)produceknowledgeaboutairpollutionandtheninducechange,asthedata-knowledge-actionchainpresumes?AsKuchniskaya(2017)suggests,tracingthischainempiricallyisverydifficult.Weattemptedtotracethisthroughobservationsthatcouldhelpusunderstandwhat‘change’mightlooklike(e.gisnoticingbreathachange?),butalsothroughthequestionnairethatvisitorswereinvitedtocompleteintheexhibitionspace.Somepeoplewrotedown,orcommentedtotheethnographer,thattheywouldchangetheireverydaypracticesbyusingpublictransportorhavinglessBBQs,forexample.OtherscommentedthatYDhadcapacitiestoproduceawarenessandcollectivechange,proposingitsinstallationnexttobusyroadsorinpublicspacesinSeoulandotherpollutedcities.Indeed,theseareallgoodbutpredictableoutputs,andsimilartootherairpollutionvisualisationsinpublicspaces.However,werethereanyunexpectedaffectsandeffectsasaresultofthemolecularintimaciesthattookplace?Whichkindsofentanglementsdidthesemolecularencountersmakeemerge?Whatkindsofengagementwithpollutiondotheyspecifyandhow?Whatformsofactiondotheyevince/elicit?

Intimateentanglement1:Challengingdata,sensingcollectivityThemolecularintimacybetweendataandbodiesthroughwatervaporcreatedvisualeffects:themistblurred,atintervals,thebackgroundoftheBiennale.Byreducingvision,theattentionofvisitorsfocusednotontryingtodecipherquantitiesofdata.Thecloserobjects,likethesensors,cametotheforeground,entanglingparticles,sensors,humans,design,pedagogy,thesquare,watervapor,plexisemi-spheres,energy,etc.Thisfirstentanglementconsiderswhathappensifmakingaccuratedataisnotthemainaimorfinalend-point.

Thesensorsanddataexplainthisis‘ourdata’.[It]doesthepurposeand[...]engageswiththeaudienceineffectiveandaffectiveways.So,[itis]extremelypedagogical,talksallthetime,whatitisdoing[forexample,the]sensorshaveballsaroundthem,ofplastic,soeveryoneseestheyarethecentre.(Interview2,Architect1,3rdSeptember‘17)

Oneoftheexpectedeffectswerethecollectivitiesthatemergedthroughthedata;‘Ourdata’,asArchitect1mentioned.Dataandnotjusttheairwasdescribedaspersonal:‘thedatainfrastructuremakesairpollutionintimate,somethingthatisfeltandsurroundsthe

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body’(Interview2,Architect2,3rdSeptember’17);whilstatthesametimerelatingtoanundefinedcollective:‘[YD]isasmuchofacollectivething.Whentheyfeelitaltogether’(Interview4,Culturalcritic,8thSeptember‘17).Forthesamerespondent,touchingandsensingdatawererecognisedasarticulatingtheissueinadifferentregisterandonethatclearlyrelatedtoaction:‘itisnolongersomethingyouworryalonebutyoufeelit,youtouchitandsmellitasasocietytogether,andbydoingsodemocraticallywecanapplypressureontheauthorities’(Interview4,Culturalcritic,8thSeptember’17,authors’emphasis).Technologiescanengageandproduceagnosticencountersratherthanbeingrecipientsofthepublic(Marres,2011).Makingthehardwareoftheinfrastructurevisiblerevealedtheroleofdesigninmakingthesensors‘talk’.Thepump,arduinos4,controllers,andsoforth,areusuallyblackboxedbutinYDcomprisedpartofthesensoryexperienceofdata.Soinsteadofdiscussingthelegitimacyofthedata,whichisfundamentalwhenworkingwithspecificcommunities(Wylie,Shapiro&Liboiron,2017)andsomethingonearchitectweinterviewedwithexperienceincitizensciencedidraise(Interview2,Architect1,3rdSeptember’17),visitorsgenerallyengagedwiththepedagogicalcapacitiesoftheinfrastructure,thereforehighlightinghowsensinganddataareentwined.Bypayingattentiontothewaysinwhichpeopleinteractedinthesquarewecanobservehowtheinfrastructurere-specifiedengagementwithenvironmentaldata.Generatingfreshairwasachievedbecause‘everyoneissittinground[theinstallation]’(Interview1,Urbanplanner,2ndSeptember).Althoughthismightnotappeartobeaction,thesamerespondentgoesontoarguethat,becauseYDmakesvisible‘themechanicsoftheenvironment[…]wecan[beginto]modifyit’(Interview1,Urbanplanner,2ndSeptember).Insteadofunderstandingandpractisingcollectiveactionasadeliberativeprocessaboutwhattodowiththedataorasadiscussionaroundwhoisincludedinthecollective,whatemergedweredifferentpartialrelations(Strathern,1991).Peoplewereunderandaroundthemist,sharingthespaceandtheintimacyitproduced.Thesenseofcollectivedata,drivenbythepresenceofthesensorsinthepublicspace,andthesharedatmosphericmist,constitutedthe‘altogether’mentionedbytheculturalcriticquotedabove.Adistributedrecognitionofairpollutionemergedwhilstsharingthespacewithstrangers,whichopened-upandmademoreopen-endedthequestionofhowdatacouldbeusedtoevokefuturechange.

Intimateentanglement2:Challengingknowledge,sensingtheissue

‘(Hwangsa)itisanindustrialthingandeveryoneknowsitbuttheykeepblamingChina.’(Fieldnotes6thSeptember‘17).

ThemediaoftenportrayHwangsa-theyellowduststormscomingfromChinaandMongoliathatcoloniseSeoulinthespring.OneoftheobjectivesofYDwastomakevisiblethecity’sownproductionofparticulatematter,andchallengethepoliticaluseofHwangsaasaforeigninvasion.Eventhoughweexpectedtosparkconversationsaboutthepoliticsofdatathroughthecolourofthemist-yellow,inreferencetothecolourofHwangsa,-thesekindsofencountersemergedthroughtheinformationontheexhibitionpanels,too.Theexhibitionpanelsconnectedthedatameasuredbythesensorswithpeople’sbodiesand

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withemissionsourcesinthecity,includingunexpectedemitterssuchasBBQrestaurantsandsaunas,bothofwhichareverypopularspacesforsocialisationinSouthKorea.Theintimateentanglementsthatemerged,then,connectedtheGobiDesert,BBQs,saunas,watervapor,breath,particleswithpeoplelivinginSeoul.Whenaskedthequestion:‘canyoudescribeyourinitialresponsetotheYDinfrastructure?’oneindividualexplainedthatwhattheyfeltwasvaluableabouttheYDinfrastructurewasitsinclusionofsocialandculturalfactorsrelatingtoairpollutionandforarticulatingwhatisuniqueaboutSeoul’sair.Indeed,thisrespondentpushedtouchbeyondskinintimacy:‘TheBBQtouchesthem.KoreanshavethemeveryFridaynight,soincludingthisasasourceissignificant’(Interview5,Culturalandartisticcurator,8thSeptember‘17).VisitorsoftenlaughedandpointedatthereferencetoBBQsandSaunas.Thiscouldbeinterpretedastheinformationbeingsurprising,unexpectedorresonatingwithpeople.ThequestionnaireresponsesfurthercorroboratethisobservationbecauseofthefrequentreferencetoBBQsandfoodandleisurepatternsinrespondents’reflectionsonhowtheywillchangetheireverydaypractices.ThroughtheBBQ’s‘touch’,peoplesensedlocalpollutionemittersinasymbolicwayandinrelationtoeverydaypracticeslikeeatingtogetheronFridaysandchattinginsaunas.Themolecularintimaciesbetweenairpollutionandbodieswereexpandedheretoo,tofoodingestionandsweat,connectingintakesandexcretionstoenvironmentalissues.Inadditiontoprovokingvisceralresponses,suchaswhenpeopletouchedthemist,chasedthemist,triedtocatchthemist(Image3),scrunchedtheirfacestowardsitandopeneduptheirmouthstoingestthewaterdroplets,themistalsoheightenedawarenessofthesurroundingenvironmentandconnectedairpollutiontootherlocalissues.Onememberofthepublic,standingoutsideofthemistlookingin,talkedabouttheironyofthelocationofthebiennalenexttoabuildingsitethatwasgeneratingalotofdust(Interview8,Environmentalactivist,11thSeptember‘17).ThesamerespondentwentontodiscusstheevictionsofpeoplelivinginSeoulresultingfromrapidconstruction.Here,‘beingalongside’thecollectivealsoentangledthecontingenciesofexperiencewithwiderquestionsofurbanspaceandpower.Molecularintimacy,then,challengestheideathatdataofairpollutionproducesknowledgeofairpollutionbecausetheentanglementmobilisedbythisindividualconnectsthecausesofdustintheairtocommunitydisplacement(somethingthatdatadidnotmeasure).Thepoliticalandstructuralrelationsofpollutionmadeprescientheresuggestmolecularitydoesnotonlyconcernthematerialitiesofairbuthowthatmaterialityissuspendedintoaffectiveintensitiesofrace,geographyandcapital(Chen,2012),orinthecaseofYDtheintimateentanglementsofnationstate,culturalpracticesandgrowthincapital.

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(Image3:‘catchingthemist’,Author’sphoto).Thissecondintimateentanglementre-specifiedtheproblemofairpollutioninwayswesuggestinfluencedwhatcountsasvaluableformsofactionandresponse.Insteadofscientificandtechnicalknowledge,YDsuspendedbodiesandparticlestoproduce'intimateknowledge'(Raffles,2002)thatwasspecifictoplaceandgeneralizableintheformofnumericaldata.Intimateknowledge,however,wasnotaboutparticleconcentrationsbutaboutculturalandsocialaspectsofairpollution.Inthequestionnairespeoplestatedthattheywouldchangetheirhabits.Acknowledgingthecontributionofindividualpracticestoemissionstransformedexistingsocialbiasesabouttheoriginsand‘otherness’ofpollution(forinstance,thatitcomesfromChina).Thischangeinculturalframinghaslegalimplications.Inmanycountries,transboundarypollutioncanbediscountedfromtheaveragesthatmakethemaccountableinfrontofnationalandinternationalbodies.Challengingthispoliticallycouldenhanceinternationalcollaborationaboutairpollution.

Intimateentanglement3:Challengingaction,sensingaffectMolecularintimaciesproducedbythesensinginfrastructuretransformedtheenvironmentofthesquare.Themist,forinstance,reducedthesurroundingtemperature.Asonerespondentexplained,theinfrastructure‘shifts’theenvironmentinwaysthatmakesyouawareofitratherthanexperiencingitaspassive(Interview9,Architect4,14thNovember’17).Intransformingtheenvironment‘therhythmsandsensationsnotdisclosedtodailylifeareexperiencedatanintimatelevel’(Kanyeredezietal.,thisissue).Actioninrelationtoenvironmentaldataisusuallyconsideredasinvolving‘doingthings’thatcanbemeasured.Yetthisresultsintheenvironmentitselfbeingframedasfairlypassive.Thesamegoesfor

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the‘objects’ofmeasurementpractices.Yet,asBeer(2016)argues,theactofmakingvisiblethroughmeasuringandclassifyingalsoproduceemotionsandaffects.EvenifvisitorstoYDoftenmentionedthattheywould‘dothings’,likechangetheirbehaviour,wewerekeentoexplorewhethertheaffectsthatemergedcontributedtochangebyanyothermeans?WefoundthatveryfewpeopleexplicitlyacknowledgedtheremediationcapacitiesofYD(themistsedimentsparticles),despiteanticipatingthiswouldbethemainfeatureoftheprojectbecauseitdirectlyconnectswithprevailingtechno-scientificresponsestoairpollution:tocleanit.Nevertheless,YDsoughttoaltertheconditionsoftheenvironmentsurroundingtheinfrastructure.Inthisthirdintimateentanglement,weshowhowmakingsensibledatacreateddifferentenvironmentalconditionsandnewattachmentswithatmospheres(Choy,2012).Stengers(2000)writesthatdifferententanglementsemergebyincludingthings,feelings,processespresumedtobe‘outside’ofscience(and,perhaps,themakingof‘gooddata’).Withoutknowingthelevelofconsciousnessoftheactionsweobserved,peopledidfeeltheeffectsofthemist,spendingtimeunderitandcommentingonthecoolandfreshfeelingofit,andperhapsevenbreathingatease.Itisthroughbringingintoperceptionthespecificityoftheseattachments,andtherebyencounterswithairpollution,thataffectivitiescanhavemultiplyingeffects,‘extendingtherangeofexperiencesratherthanextendingonemodeofexperience’(PuigdelaBellacasa,2017,p.113).AsimaginedinYD’sdesign,thetranslationofonemolecule(PM)toanother(vapor)transfersaffectstoanewrealm,tothespacethattheYDinfrastructureoccupied.Becauseofthistranslationtheenvironmentoftheinfrastructurewastransformedandtheclimatemadesofter.Thiswasanatmosphericshiftpeoplenoticedandenjoyed.Inthequestionnaire,severalrespondentsdescribedthespaceasahappyspace,othersasaspacetochatandhangoutin(Image4).YDalsocreatedanatmosphereforpauseandinteraction.Inthedurationspentbytheethnographeronsite,thespaceoftheinfrastructurewasfrequentedbythemanualworkerssupportingtheBiennalewhentheytooktheirbreakseachmorningandafternoon(Fieldnotes1-10thSeptember’17).ThemistmadeconnectionsthatexpandedthepublicstowhomYDwasinitiallyaddressed,becomingameaningfulspacefornew‘visitors’.

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(Image4:‘sittingoutsidethemist’,Author’sphoto)Anotherunanticipatedeffectoftheinstallation,butwhichpointstoitsmultiplyingeffectsandaffects,wasthewayvisitorstookphotos.Oftenpeoplearrived,tookphotos,selfiesandgroupselfies,andleft.InanearlyconversationwithEG,NCwasconcernedthatpeoplewerenotengagingwiththeinfrastructure:‘peopletakeaphotoandleaveandseeitasanobject’(Fieldnotes,3rdSeptember).Yet,throughtheethnographywebegantoseethesepracticesasawayofmakingconnectionswithairpollution,connectionsthatarenotmediatedbyexpertisebutbyproximity.Proximalrelationsenableabroaderkindofrelationalengagementwithairpollution(PuigdelaBellacasa,thisissue)tothedistanceofrelationsoftenencouragedinthegenerationofnumericaldata.Aswehavealreadydescribed,peoplewereoftencautioustomoveinsidethecircularspaceofmist.Consciouslyavoidingthemistwasanavoidanceofthemolecularintimacyitproduced,andthereforealsooneofitseffects.Instead,takingphotosperformednewattachments,suchasfeedbackloopsbetweenthevisualandsensory,thatfurthergeneratedintimacy.Forinstance,sharingphotosonsocialmediaisaninteractivemediumforbeingwithothers,recordingthatmomentandre-creatingit.ThecollectivecapacitytorespondthatYDenabledwassomethingvaluedbyenvironmentalpolicymakersandtheindividualsEGspoketoproposeditasawayofencouragingwiderpublicparticipationinpracticesthatreducepollution,likeSeoul’sno-drivingcampaign(Interview6,Municipalgovernment,7thSeptember’17).Althoughthisexampleissomewhatinstrumental,thesensuoussensibilitiesandmaterialentanglementsmobilisedbymolecularintimaciesshowthatpayingattentiontowaysofbeingwithairpollutioncanalsohelpusscrutiniseandreimagineenvironmentalcareandmanagement(CallénandLópez,thisissue).

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ThephotosandtheirmobilisationconditionedthepublicuseofthespaceofYDthroughthefosteringofcuriosity,anticipation,friendship,memoryandsharedexperience.TheinterviewshighlightedthestrongroleofpublicspaceinSeoul.Describingaday-timecampingexcursioninabignationalparkjustoutsideSeoul,anexpatlivinginthecityrecalledhersurprisewhensherealisedtheexcursionwasabout‘beinginpublicspace’.Suchoccasionsinvolvefamilies,theyoungandoldgatheringtogether;theyare‘instagrammablespots’and‘aboutbeinginandbeingseeninpublicspacealtogether’(Interview5,Culturalandartisticcurator,8thSeptember).So,actinginthesquareasifitwasapublicspacewasanachievement.Takingphotosoutsidethemistdoesnotnecessarilyindicatedetachmentbecauseitwasalsoaperformanceofbeinginthepublic.Beinginthedata(asmist)producedamolecularintimacywithdatawhilstalsomobilisingopportunitiestoconjoindifferentspaces,peopleandatmospheresinsituatedways.Thisintimacyinvolvedsharingairandexperiencingitsproximity,whichledtoactionsthatcreatednewpracticesandsupportedthecontinuationofexistingones.Theseunfoldingrelationsandpracticesdidnotencouragechangecentredontheself-like‘Iwillwalkmore’-butwereinsteadcollectiveresponsesthathaddifferentaimsandeffects,fromsharingaspaceandtalkingtoeachotheraboutairpollution,toconsideringthedatagatheredasacommongood,orcirculatingandrecirculatingimagesofairpollutionvisualisations.Evenwhentryingtoavoidthemist,individualswerealsostillentangledwithitssocialandculturalresonances.AsCallénandLópez(thisissue)suggest,thinkingfrommatter,throughdifferentformsofcontactwithairpollution,inourcase,ratherthanaboutmatter(e.g.knowingairpollutionfrommeasurementdata),wecanbetterattendtotheiropeningsandclosures,limitationsandopportunities.YDre-specifiedabecomingentangleddifferentlywithairpollution,inwhichthemainfocuswasnottocleantheairbuttothinkandfeelwaysofbeingwithit.

ConclusionsThispaperhasexploredwhatintimateencounterswithdatathroughourbodiesandinspacesmightproduceintermsofpersonalandcollectiveformsofengagementwithairpollution.Ourfocushasbeennotontheproductionofknowledgeorpublicunderstandingofairpollutionsciencebutonexploringwaysofre-presentingdataofairpollutionthatmightafforddifferentformsofenvironmentalandpoliticalactiontothoseproposedinprevailingenvironmentalhealthnarratives(e.g.cleaningtheairorchangingbehaviour).DrawingondesignandethnographicresearchofYD,weexaminethreedifferentintimateentanglementsproducedthroughmolecularintimacies.Molecularintimaciesareformsofengagementwithairpollutionthatmakesense/ibleexpectedandunexpectedeffectsandaffects.Wearguethattheproductionofmolecularintimacieswithdatachangestheconditionsthroughwhichenvironmentaljusticecanbeachieved.Exploringthesesituatedrelationalencountersmeantwecouldspecifywhatwasandcouldbeachievedbymaterialisingdataaswatervapour,andtherebyre-specifythecontinuumdata,knowledgeandaction.Thefirstentanglementproducedbythevisualeffectsofthemolecularintimacieschallengedtheroleofdatainapublicspace.Surprisingly,nooneasked‘howmuchistheairpolluted?’.Insteadpeoplesensedthehardwareoftheinfrastructure,engagingwith

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epistemicquestionsaboutairpollution.Wesuggestthisbuiltanephemeralformofcollectivitythatre-specifiedenvironmentalactionthroughexperiencingdataspatiallyandinasituatedway,andwhichsetthegroundworkforfutureactionthroughpedagogy.Thiswasare-specificationofactioninrelationtodatabecause,aswestatedatthestartofthepaper,thefocusinscienceandpolicyisoftenonthequalityofthedataandtheinvocationofanindividualisedresponse.Thesecondentanglementre-specifiedpublicknowledgeabouttheenvironmentthroughan‘intimateknowledge’thatwasglobalandpersonalatthesametime.Thisintimateknowledgecaredfortheculturalandsocialaspectsofairpollutionbyshiftingfocusawayfromdecidingwhotoblameanddrawingattentiontothesocialandpoliticalarrangementsneededtorespondtoairpollution.DifferencesinexposureandharmthatresultfromactionsinurbanspacewereraisedbythoseinterviewedlivingandworkinginSeoul,demonstratingadisruptionoftheideaofothernessthatissodominantincontemporarynarrativesaboutairpollution.Gettingtoknowthepresenceofparticlesintheairthroughthemistwasdoneinembodiedwaysandbygeneratingasenseofproximitywiththeissue.Forinstance,BBQsandleisurepatternsintheexhibitionbecameentangledandre-situatedbyvisitorsinwaysthatproducednewconnections,suchasbetweenthegovernment’srapidconstructioninSeoulandthehealthburdenofpollutiononvulnerablepopulations.Thethirdentanglementchallengedassumptionsabouthowtoact.Thechemicaleffectsofthemolecularintimacies,aswellascreatingcorporealexperiencesofairquality,alsoconcernedthecompositionofthesurroundingenvironmentoftheinfrastructure.Ratherthandetachment,watchingthemistfromafarortakingphotosontheperipherywereacontinuationoftheintimacythatYDmadepossible.Theseresponsesdemonstrateengagementwithairpollutioninadifferentregister.Theaffectsmadesensiblebythemistledpeopletooccupyandre-claimspaceinwaysthatinvolvedbeingwithothers,bothhumanandnon-human.AttuningtothemistwasalsoawayofavoidingthemolecularintimacyproducedbyYD.YDinvitedvisitorstoclaimcommonnessandconnectionwhilstheighteningawarenessofthespacestheyinhabit,re-specifyingactionawayfromcleaningtheairtofeelingandbeinginthemist.Weproposethatthesethreeintimateentanglementsproduce,eveniftemporaryandephemeral(inpartduetotheshortdurationoftheBiennale,inpartduetoitslocationwithinaBiennaleandnotinapublicspace),formsofengagementthattranslateintodifferentkindsofenvironmentalaction.Theintimaciesproducedthroughthedataasmistgroundedbodiesintimeandspaceandgeneratedexperiencestotalkaboutwithothers. Thisintensifiedhumanandmore-than-humanrelationswithdata,builtsituatednarrativesaboutairpollutionandsubsequentlygeneratedalternativepossibilitiesforengagingwithit.Whattheseemergentresponsesshowisthatintimateentanglementsoccupyandco-producemultiplespacesandtemporalities,whichsuggestsintimacydoesnotrelatetoactioninthesamewayorspeedasvisualisedornumericaldata.Itisslower,moredistributed,difficulttograsp.Dataintimacies,wepropose,maybeaformofenvironmentalactivismbecausetheyre-specifyandexpandexistingformsofknowingandengagingwithairpollution,andenhancecollective(moreorlessarticulated)responses(Calvillo2018b).Fortheseresponsestotranslateintomoreestablishedformsofpoliticalaction,timeandstrongerformsoforganisationwouldbeneeded.Andyet,unsettlingtechno-scientific

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approachesisafundamentalsteptoachievingit.Bycarefullydesigningthematerialconditionsforgenerating(sensible)dataofairpollution(throughresearch,ethnographyanddesign),weshowthatitisalsopossibletofostertheun-designedintermsofhowtorespondandact,thatis,tonotsimplyreproduceexistingwaysofframingandenactingairpollutionbutinsteadsupportsituationsthroughwhichotherthingscanhappen.\AcknowledgmentsWewouldliketothanktheacademicfacultyattheCentreforInterdisciplinaryMethodologiesfortheirusefulfeedbacktoanearlydraftofthispaper,aswellasallthecollaboratorsandparticipantsofYDandtheethnographyformakingitpossible.

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1Theteamincluded:RaulNieves,PepTornabell,andYeeThongChai.2PM2.5isparticulatematterofadiameteroflessthan2.5micrometres.3ThenamingoftheinfrastructureafterYellowDustsituatedairpollutionasaparticularkindofissueinSeoul,whilsthighlightingthepoliticsofairpollutionanditsentanglementwithlocal-globalrelationsandsocio-economicprocesses.4Arduinoiswidelyusedopen-sourceelectroniccomponentusedtocreateinteractivity.