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COLLECTED WORKS
OF POE, VOLUME I
WEBSTER'S FRENCH THESAURUS
EDITION
for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL, TOEIC
, and AP
Test Preparation
Edgar Allan Poe
TOEFL
, TOEIC
, AP
and Advanced Placement
are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which
hasneither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights
reserved.
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TOEFL, TOEIC, APand Advanced Placementare trademarks of the
Educational Testing Service which
has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights
reserved.
Collected Works of Poe,
Volume IWebster's FrenchThesaurus Edition
for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL, TOEIC, and APTestPreparation
Edgar Allan Poe
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ii
I C O N C L A S S I C S
Published by ICON Group International, Inc.7404 Trade Street
San Diego, CA 92121 USA
www.icongrouponline.com
Collected Works of Poe, Volume I: Webster's French Thesaurus
Edition for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL,TOEIC, and APTest Preparation
This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005Printed in the
United States of America.
Copyright2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.Edited by Philip
M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright 2005, all rights reserved.
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No
part of it may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or
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rights reserved.
ISBN 0-497-25593-6
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
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iii
Contents
PREFACE FROM THE
EDITOR..........................................................................................1
AN
APPRECIATION............................................................................................................
2
LIFE OF EDGAR ALLAN POE BY JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL
.......................................... 11
DEATH OF EDGAR A. POE BY N. P. WILLIS
....................................................................
20
THE UNPARALLELED ADVENTURES OF ONE HANS
PFAAL............................................ 29
THE GOLD BUG
.............................................................................................................
75
FOUR BEASTS IN ONE THE
HOMO-CAMELEOPARD....................................................
114
THE MURDERS IN THE RUE
MORGUE.........................................................................
123
THE MYSTERY OF MARIE ROGET A SEQUEL TO THE MURDERS IN THE
RUEMORGUE.....................................................................................................................
159
THE
BALLOON-HOAX...................................................................................................
208
MS. FOUND IN A
BOTTLE.............................................................................................
222
THE OVAL PORTRAIT
...................................................................................................
235
GLOSSARY
...................................................................................................................
239
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Edgar Allan Poe 1
PREFACE FROM THE EDITORWebsters paperbacks take advantage of the
fact that classics are frequently assigned readings inEnglish
courses. By using a running English-to-French thesaurus at the
bottom of each page, this
edition of Collected Works of Poe, Volume Iby Edgar Allan Poe
was edited for three audiences.
The first includes French-speaking students enrolled in an
English Language Program (ELP), anEnglish as a Foreign Language
(EFL) program, an English as a Second Language Program (ESL),
or in a TOEFLor TOEICpreparation program. The second audience
includes English-speaking
students enrolled in bilingual education programs or French
speakers enrolled in English speakingschools. The third audience
consists of students who are actively building their vocabularies
in
French in order to take foreign service, translation
certification, Advanced Placement (AP)1or
similar examinations. By using the Webster's French Thesaurus
Edition when assigned for an
English course, the reader can enrich their vocabulary in
anticipation of an examination in French
or English.
Websters edition of this classic is organized to expose the
reader to a maximum number ofdifficult and potentially ambiguous
English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are
given lower priority compared to difficult, yet commonly used
words. Rather than supply a single
translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings
in French, allowing readers to
better grasp the ambiguity of English, and avoid them using the
notes as a pure translation crutch.
Having the reader decipher a words meaning within context serves
to improve vocabulary
retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already
highlighted on previous pages. If
a difficult word is not translated on a page, chances are that
it has been translated on a previous
page. A more complete glossary of translations is supplied at
the end of the book; translations are
extracted from Websters Online Dictionary.
Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be
found at www.websters-online-dictionary.org. Please send
suggestions to [email protected]
The EditorWebsters Online Dictionary
www.websters-online-dictionary.org
1TOEFL, TOEIC, APand Advanced Placementare trademarks of the
Educational Testing Servicewhich has neither reviewed nor endorsed
this book. All rights reserved.
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://../to%20be%20ISBNd/Classic_French_02062006/DOCS/[email protected]://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://../to%20be%20ISBNd/Classic_French_02062006/DOCS/[email protected]://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I2
A N A P P R E C I A T I O NCaught
%
from someunhappy
master whomunmerciful
Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one
burdenbore
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden boreOf
never--never more!
This stanza from The Raven was recommended by James Russell
Lowell asan inscription upon the Baltimore monument which marks the
resting place ofEdgar Allan Poe, the most interesting and original
figure in American letters.
And, to signify that peculiar musical quality of Poes genius
which inthrallsevery reader, Mr. Lowell suggested this additional
verse, from the HauntedPalace:
And all with pearl and ruby glowingWas the fair palace
door,Through which came flowing, flowing, flowing,And sparkling
ever more,
A troop of Echoes, whose sweet dutyWas but to sing, In voices of
surpassing beauty,
Frenchbore: ennuyer, percer, forer, alsage,
lasser, rencontrer, toucher, vrille,calibre, fatiguer.
burden: charge, fardeau, alourdir, litde fusion, charger,
grever.
flowing: coulant, coulement, fluent.genius: gnie.glowing:
incandescence.inscription: inscription.marks: marque.melancholy:
mlancolie,
mlancolique, abattement, sombre.
monument: monument.musical: musical.pearl: perle.peculiar:
trange, singulier, drle,
particulier.recommended: recommandtes,
recommandas, recommandmes,
recommandai, recommanda,recommandrent, recommand.
ruby: rubis.signify: signifier, signifies, signifiez,
signifient, signifions, signifie.
sing: chanter, chante, chantes,chantent, chantez, chantons.
sparkling: tincelant, brillant,mousseux, ptillant.
stanza: strophe, stance.surpassing: dpassant, surpassant,
matrisant.troop: troupe.unhappy: malheureux,
mcontent.unmerciful: impitoyable, sans piti.verse: vers,
strophe.wit: esprit.
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Edgar Allan Poe 3
The wit and wisdom of their king.%
Born in poverty at Boston, January 19 1809, dying under
painfulcircumstances at Baltimore, October 7, 1849, his whole
literary career of scarcelyfifteen years a pitiful struggle for
mere subsistence, his memory malignantlymisrepresented by his
earliest biographer, Griswold, how completely has truthat last
routed falsehood and how magnificently has Poe come into his own,
ForThe Raven, first published in 1845, and, within a few months,
read, recited andparodied wherever the English language was spoken,
the half-starved poetreceived $10! Less than a year later his
brother poet, N. P. Willis, issued thistouching appeal to the
admirers of genius on behalf of the neglected author, hisdying wife
and her devoted mother, then living under very straitened
circumstances in a little cottage at Fordham, N. Y.:
Here is one of the finest scholars, one of the most original men
of genius,and one of the most industrious of the literary
profession of our country,whose temporary suspension of labor, from
bodily illness, drops himimmediately to a level with the common
objects of public charity. Thereis no intermediate stopping-place,
no respectful shelter, where, with thedelicacy due to genius and
culture, be might secure aid, till, withreturning health, he would
resume his labors, and his unmortified senseof independence.
And this was the tribute paid by the American public to the
master who hadgiven to it such tales of conjuring charm, of
witchery and mystery as The Fall ofthe House of Usher and Ligea;
such fascinating hoaxes as The UnparalleledAdventure of Hans
Pfaall, MSS. Found in a Bottle, A Descent Into aMaelstrom and The
Balloon Hoax; such tales of conscience as WilliamWilson, The Black
Cat and The Tell-tale Heart, wherein the retributions of
remorse are portrayed with an awful fidelity; such tales of
natural beauty asThe Island of the Fay and The Domain of Arnheim;
such marvellous studies
Frenchbiographer: biographe.bodily: corporel, physique,
physiquement.conjuring: conjurant.delicacy: friandise,
dlicatesse, finesse.drops: drops.falsehood: mensonge.fidelity:
fidlit.industrious: laborieux, appliqu,
assidu, travailleur, industrieux.labor: travail.magnificently:
de manire
magnifique, de faon magnifique.malignantly:
malignement.misrepresented: dform,
dformmes, dnatur, dnaturtes,dnaturas, dnaturmes,
dnaturai,dnatura, dformrent, dformas,dnaturrent.
neglected: nglig.pitiful: pitoyable, pauvre, misrable,
malheureux, lamentable.portrayed: peignit, peigntes,
peignirent, peignmes, peignis, peint.
recited: rcitas, rcittes, rcitai,rcitmes, rcit, rcita,
rcitrent.
remorse: remords.respectful: respectueux.resume: reprendre,
reprennent,
reprenons, reprenez, reprends,recommencer, recommence,
recommencent, recommences,recommencez, recommenons.
subsistence: subsistance.tribute: tribut, hommage.wherein:
o.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I4
in%ratiocination as the Gold bug, The Murders in the Rue Morgue,
ThePurloined Letter and The Mystery of Marie Roget, the latter, a
recital of fact,demonstrating the authors wonderful capability of
correctly analyzing themysteries of the human mind; such tales of
illusion and banter as The
Premature Burial and The System of Dr. Tarr and Professor
Fether; such bitsof extravaganza as The Devil in the Belfry and The
Angel of the Odd; suchtales of adventure as The Narrative of Arthur
Gordon Pym; such papers ofkeen criticism and review as won for Poe
the enthusiastic admiration of CharlesDickens, although they made
him many enemies among the over-puffed minorAmerican writers so
mercilessly exposed by him; such poems of beauty andmelody as The
Bells, The Haunted Palace, Tamerlane, The City in theSea and The
Raven. What delight for the jaded senses of the reader is
thisenchanted domain of wonder-pieces! What an atmosphere of
beauty, music,color! What resources of imagination, construction,
analysis and absolute art!One might almost sympathize with Sarah
Helen Whitman, who, confessing to ahalf faith in the old
superstition of the significance of anagrams, found, in
thetransposed letters of Edgar Poes name, the words a God-peer. His
mind, shesays, was indeed a Haunted Palace, echoing to the
footfalls of angels anddemons.
No man, Poe himself wrote, has recorded, no man has dared to
record, thewonders of his inner life.
In these twentieth century days -of lavish recognition-artistic,
popular andmaterial-of genius, what rewards might not a Poe
claim!
Edgars father, a son of General David Poe, the American
revolutionarypatriot and friend of Lafayette, had married Mrs.
Hopkins, an English actress,and, the match meeting with parental
disapproval, had himself taken to thestage as a profession.
Notwithstanding Mrs. Poes beauty and talent the youngcouple had a
sorry struggle for existence. When Edgar, at the age of two
years,was orphaned, the family was in the utmost destitution.
Apparently the future
poet was to be cast upon the world homeless and friendless. But
fate decreedthat a few glimmers of sunshine were to illumine his
life, for the little fellow was
Frenchanalyzing: analysant.angels: anges.banter: badiner,
badinage,
plaisanterie.color: couleur, colorer.confessing: confessant,
avouant.decreed: dcrt.demons: dmons.demonstrating: dmontrant,
manifestant.destitution: indigence, misre.disapproval:
dsapprobation.
echoing: reformulation, renvoi encho.
enchanted: enchant, enchantmes,enchantai, enchantrent,
enchanta,enchantas, enchanttes.
extravaganza: oeuvre fantaisiste,superspectacle.
friendless: sans amis.jaded: las, fatigu, surmen.lavish:
prodigue, prodiguer, gnreux.melody: mlodie.mercilessly: de manire
impitoyable,
de faon impitoyable.orphaned: orphelin.patriot:
patriote.recital: rcital, rcit.superstition:
superstition.sympathize: compatir, compatis,
compatissez, compatissons,
compatissent.transposed: transposas, transpostes,
transposmes, transposai, transposa,transposrent, transpos.
utmost: extrme.
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Edgar Allan Poe 5
adopted by John Allan, a wealthy merchant of Richmond, Va. A
brother andsister, the remaining children, were cared for by
others.%
In his new home Edgar found all the luxury and advantages money
couldprovide. He was petted, spoiled and shown off to strangers. In
Mrs. Allan hefound all the affection a childless wife could bestow.
Mr. Allan took much pridein the captivating, precocious lad. At the
age of five the boy recited, with fineeffect, passages of English
poetry to the visitors at the Allan house.
From his eighth to his thirteenth year he attended the Manor
House school,at Stoke-Newington, a suburb of London. It was the
Rev. Dr. Bransby, head ofthe school, whom Poe so quaintly portrayed
in William Wilson. Returning toRichmond in 1820 Edgar was sent to
the school of Professor Joseph H. Clarke. Heproved an apt pupil.
Years afterward Professor Clarke thus wrote:
While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote
genuinepoetry; the boy was a born poet. As a scholar he was
ambitious to excel.He was remarkable for self-respect, without
haughtiness. He had asensitive and tender heart and would do
anything for a friend. Hisnature was entirely free from
selfishness.
At the age of seventeen Poe entered the University of Virginia
at
Charlottesville. He left that institution after one session.
Official records provethat he was not expelled. On the contrary, he
gained a creditable record as astudent, although it is admitted
that he contracted debts and had anungovernable passion for
card-playing. These debts may have led to hisquarrel with Mr. Allan
which eventually compelled him to make his own way inthe world.
Early in 1827 Poe made his first literary venture. He induced
Calvin Thomas,a poor and youthful printer, to publish a small
volume of his verses under thetitle Tamerlane and Other Poems. In
1829 we find Poe in Baltimore withanother manuscript volume of
verses, which was soon published. Its title was
Frenchafterward: aprs, plus tard.apt: dou.bestow: accorder,
accorde, accordes,
accordez, accordons, octroyer,accordent.
captivating: captivant.childless: sans enfants, sans
enfant.compelled: oblig, obligrent,
obligetes, obligeas, obligemes,obligeai, obligea,
astreintes.
contracted: contract.contrary: contraire, oppos,
contradictoire.creditable: honorable, estimable.excel: exceller,
excelles, excellez,
excellent, excellons, excelle.expelled: expulsas, expulstes,
expuls, expulsmes, expulsrent,expulsa, expulsai.
haughtiness: arrogance, hauteur.induced: induit, induismes,
induistes, induisit, induisis,induisirent.
manuscript: manuscrit.
precocious: prcoce.quaintly: de manire singulire, de
faon singulire.quarrel: querelle, dispute, se quereller,
se disputer, noise.scholar: savant, rudit, colier.selfishness:
gosme.spoiled: gt.suburb: banlieue, faubourg.thirteenth:
treizime.ungovernable: ingouvernable.youthful: jeune, juvnile.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I6
Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Other Poems. Neither of these ventures
seems tohave attracted much attention.%
Soon after Mrs. Allans death, which occurred in 1829, Poe,
through the aid ofMr. Allan, secured admission to the United States
Military Academy at WestPoint. Any glamour which may have attached
to cadet life in Poes eyes wasspeedily lost, for discipline at West
Point was never so severe nor were theaccommodations ever so poor.
Poes bent was more and more toward literature.Life at the academy
daily became increasingly distasteful. Soon he began topurposely
neglect his studies and to disregard his duties, his aim being to
securehis dismissal from the United States service. In this he
succeeded. On March 7,1831, Poe found himself free. Mr. Allans
second marriage had thrown the lad onhis own resources. His
literary career was to begin.
Poes first genuine victory was won in 1833, when .he was the
successfulcompetitor for a prize of $100 offered by a Baltimore
periodical for the bestprose story. A MSS. Found in a Bottle was
the winning tale. Poe had submittedsix stories in a volume. Our
only difficulty, says Mr. Latrobe, one of the judges,was in
selecting from the rich contents of the volume.
During the fifteen years of his literary life Poe was connected
with variousnewspapers and magazines in Richmond, Philadelphia and
New York. He wasfaithful, punctual, industrious, thorough. N. P.
Willis, who for some time
employed Poe as critic and sub-editor on the Evening Mirror,
wrote thus:
With the highest admiration for Poes genius, and a willingness
to let italone for more than ordinary irregularity, we were led by
commonreport to expect a very capricious attention to his duties,
andoccasionally a scene of violence and difficulty. Time went on,
however,and he was invariably punctual and industrious. We saw but
onepresentiment of the man-a quiet, patient, industrious and
mostgentlemanly person.
Frenchacademy: acadmie, institut.accommodations:
emmnagements.admiration: admiration.bent: courb, courbe,
courbai,
disposition, cambrai, pench.cadet: lve officier.capricious:
capricieux.competitor: concurrent, comptiteur.critic: critique,
censeur.dismissal: renvoi, licenciement, cong,
congdiement, destitution.disregard: ngliger.
distasteful: dsagrable, dplaisant,rpugnant.
faithful: fidle, loyal, honnte, droit.gentlemanly: distingu,
bien lev.glamour: prestige, gloire.irregularity:
irrgularit.neglect: ngliger, ngligence,
ddaigner, coups partis aveclments errons, ngligent.
periodical: priodique, revue, journal,gazette.
presentiment: pressentiment.
prose: prose.punctual: ponctuel.purposely: dessein,
exprs.selecting: slectionnant, invitation
recevoir, slection.speedily: de manire rapide, de faon
rapide, rapidement.thorough: minutieux.toward: vers, en, , en
relation avec.ventures: entreprises.willingness: volont, gr,
bonne
volont.
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Edgar Allan Poe 7
Poes%
first genuine victory was won in 1833, when he was the
successfulcompetitor for a prize of $100 offered by a Baltimore
periodical for the best prosestory. A MSS. Found in a Bottle was
the winning tale. Poe had submitted sixstories in a volume. Our
only difficulty, says Mr. Latrobe, one of the judges,was in
selecting from the rich contents of the volume.
During the fifteen years of his literary life Poe was connected
with variousnewspapers and magazines in Richmond, Philadelphia and
New York. He wasfaithful, punctual, industrious, thorough. N. P.
Willis, who for some timeemployed Poe as critic and sub-editor on
the Evening Mirror, wrote thus:
With the highest admiration for Poes genius, and a willingness
to let italone for more than ordinary irregularity, we were led by
common
report to expect a very capricious attention to his duties,
andoccasionally a scene of violence and difficulty. Time went on,
however,and he was invariably punctual and industrious. We saw but
onepresentiment of the man-a quiet, patient, industrious and
mostgentlemanly person;We heard, from one who knew him well (what
should be stated in allmention of his lamentable irregularities),
that with a single glass of winehis whole nature was reversed, the
demon became uppermost, and,though none of the usual signs of
intoxication were visible, his will waspalpably insane. In this
reversed character, we repeat, it was never ourchance to meet
him.
On September 22, 1835, Poe married his cousin, Virginia Clemm,
inBaltimore. She had barely turned thirteen years, Poe himself was
but twenty-six.He then was a resident of Richmond and a regular
contributor to the SouthernLiterary Messenger. It was not until a
year later that the bride and her widowedmother followed him
thither.
Poes devotion to his child-wife was one of the most beautiful
features of hislife. Many of his famous poetic productions were
inspired by her beauty and
Frenchbarely: peine, de manire nue, de
faon nue.bride: fiance, accorde, marie.connected: connect,
connectrent,
connectai, connectmes, connectas,connecttes, connecta,
cohrent,branch, abouch, abouchrent.
contributor: contribuant, cotisant,collaborateur.
cousin: cousin, cousine.demon: dmon.devotion: dvotion,
dvouement.
insane: fou, agit, aberrant, insens,alin.
inspired: inspiras, inspirtes, inspira,inspirmes, inspirrent,
inspirai,inspir.
intoxication: ivresse, intoxication,brit, griserie,
empoisonnement.
invariably: de manire invariable, defaon invariable,
invariablement.
lamentable: dplorable.palpably: de manire palpable, de
faon palpable.
poetic: potique.resident: rsident, habitant, interne,
pensionnaire, rsidant.reversed: inverse, renvers.submitted:
soumtes, soumirent,
soumit, soummes, soumis.tale: conte, rcit, relation.thirteen:
treize.thither: l.uppermost: le plus haut, le plus lev,
en dessus, suprme.widowed: veuf.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I8
charm. Consumption had marked her for its victim, and the
constant efforts ofhusband and mother were to secure for her all
the comfort and happiness theirslender means permitted. Virginia
died January 30, 1847, when but twenty-fiveyears of age. A friend
of the family pictures the death-bed scene-mother and
husband trying to impart warmth to her by chafing her hands and
her feet,while her pet cat was suffered to nestle upon her bosom
for the sake of addedwarmth.%
These verses from Annabel Lee, written by Poe in 1849, the last
year of hislife, tell of his sorrow at the loss of his
child-wife:
I was a child and she was a child,In a kingdom by the sea;
But we loved with a love that was more than love-I and my
Annabel Lee;
With a love that the winged seraphs of heavenCoveted her and
me.And this was the reason that, long ago;In this kingdom by the
sea.A wind blew out of a cloud, chillingMy beautiful Annabel
Lee;
So that her high-born kinsmen cameAnd bore her away from me,To
shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kingdom by the sea.
Poe was connected at various times and in various capacities
with theSouthern Literary Messenger in Richmond, Va.; Grahams
Magazine and the
Gentlemans Magazine in Philadelphia.; the Evening Mirror, the
Broadwayjournal, and Godeys Ladys Book in New York. Everywhere Poes
life was
Frenchblew: soufflmes, soufflai, soufflrent,
souffla.bosom: sein, poitrine.capacities: capacits.chafing:
usure au talon par frottement,
usure, frottement.charm: charme, amulette, ravir,
charmer, breloque.chilling: trempe, rfrigration,
givrage, refroidissement brusque,refroidissement,
refroidissementrapide.
cloud: nuage, brouiller, rendretrouble, rendre confus.
comfort: confort, consoler,consolation, rconfort,
rconforter.
consumption: consommation,consomption.
everywhere: partout.happiness: bonheur, flicit.heaven: ciel,
paradis.impart: communiquer, donner.kinsmen: parents.loved:
aim.
nestle: se pelotonner, se nicher.permitted: permis.pet: choyer,
dorloter, chouchou,
animal de compagnie.sake: sak.sepulchre: spulcre.slender: mince,
svelte, maigre.sorrow: abattement, chagrin.victim:
victime.virginia: virginie.warmth: chaleur.winged: ail, bless.
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Edgar Allan Poe 9
one of unremitting toil. No tales and poems were ever produced
at a greater costof brain and spirit.%
Poes initial salary with the Southern Literary Messenger, to
which hecontributed the first drafts of a number of his best-known
tales, was $10 a week!Two years later his salary was but $600 a
year. Even in 1844, when his literaryreputation was established
securely, he wrote to a friend expressing his pleasurebecause a
magazine to which he was to contribute had agreed to pay him
$20monthly for two pages of criticism.
Those were discouraging times in American literature, but Poe
never lostfaith. He was finally to triumph wherever pre-eminent
talents win admirers. Hisgenius has had no better description than
in this stanza from William Winterspoem, read at the dedication
exercises of the Actors Monument to Poe, May 4,
1885, in New York:
He was the voice of beauty and of woe,Passion and mystery and
the dread unknown;Pure as the mountains of perpetual snow,Cold as
the icy winds that round them moan,Dark as the eaves wherein earths
thunders groan,Wild as the tempests of the upper sky,
Sweet as the faint, far-off celestial tone of angel whispers,
flutteringfrom on high,And tender as loves tear when youth and
beauty die.
In the two and a half score years that have elapsed since Poes
death he hascome fully into his own. For a while Griswolds
malignant misrepresentationscolored the public estimate of Poe as
man and as writer. But, thanks to J. H.Ingram, W. F. Gill, Eugene
Didier, Sarah Helen Whitman and others thesescandals have been
dispelled and Poe is seen as he actually was-not as a man
without failings, it is true, but as the finest and most
original genius in Americanletters. As the years go on his fame
increases. His works have been translated
Frenchangel: ange.celestial: cleste.colored: color.contributed:
contribumes, contribuai,
contribua, contriburent, contribu,contribuas, contributes.
dedication: ddicace.discouraging: dcourageant.dispelled: dissip,
dissipai, dissiptes,
dissiprent, dissipa, dissipmes,dissipas.
drafts: brouillons.
dread: crainte, redouter.eaves: gout.elapsed: pass.exercises:
exerce.expressing: exprimant.faint: faible, s'vanouir,
dfaillir.fame: renomme, gloire, rputation,
clbrit.fluttering: battement des gouvernes,
flottant.gill: branchie, oue, lamelle, gill.groan: gmir,
gmissement, geindre.
icy: glac, glacial.malignant: malin.moan: gmir, gmissement,
geindre.perpetual: perptuel.securely: solidement.tear: dchirer,
larme, pleur, dchirure.tender: offre, tendre, adjudication,
doux, tender, annexe, offrir,prsenter, proposition, gentil,
suave.
toil: travailler dur, labeur.unremitting: inlassable.woe: hlas,
ae, malheur.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I10
into many foreign languages. His is a household name in France
and England-infact, the latter nation has often uttered the
reproach that Poes own country hasbeen slow to appreciate him. But
that reproach, if it ever was warranted,certainly is untrue.%
W. H. R.
Frenchappreciate: apprcier, apprcie,
apprcies, apprciez, apprcions,apprcient, estimer, aimer,
aime,aiment, aimes.
certainly: certainement, certes,assurment, srement, d'abord, si,
demanire certaine, de faon certaine.
foreign: tranger, extrieur.household: mnage.latter:
dernier.nation: nation, peuple.reproach: reproche, reprocher,
rprimander, gronder, sermonner,reprendre.
slow: lent, lentement, lourd, ralentir.warranted: garanti.
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Edgar Allan Poe 11
L I F E O F E D G A R A L L A N P O EB Y J A M E S R U S S E L L
L O W E L L
The%situation of American literature is anomalous. It has no
centre, or, if ithave, it is like that of the sphere of Hermes. It
is, divided into many systems,each revolving round its several
suns, and often presenting to the rest only thefaint glimmer of a
milk-and-water way. Our capital city, unlike London or Paris,is not
a great central heart from which life and vigor radiate to the
extremities,but resembles more an isolated umbilicus stuck down as
near as may be to thecentre of the land, and seeming rather to tell
a legend of former usefulness thanto serve any present need.
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, each has its
literature almost more distinct than those of the different
dialects of Germany;and the Young Queen of the West has also one of
her own, of which somearticulate rumor barely has reached us
dwellers by the Atlantic.
Perhaps there is no task more difficult than the just criticism
of contemporaryliterature. It is even more grateful to give praise
where it is needed than where itis deserved, and friendship so
often seduces the iron stylus of justice into avague flourish, that
she writes what seems rather like an epitaph than acriticism. Yet
if praise be given as an alms, we could not drop so poisonous a
one
into any mans hat. The critics ink may suffer equally from too
large an infusionof nutgalls or of sugar. But it is easier to be
generous than to be just, and we
Frenchalms: aumne.anomalous: anormal, anomal.articulate:
articuler, articul.boston: Boston.deserved: mrit, mritmes,
mritrent, mritai, mrita, mritas,mrittes.
dialects: dialectes.epitaph: pitaphe.extremities:
extrmits.flourish: prosprer, prosprent,
prosprons, prospres, prosprez,
prospre.glimmer: luire, briller, faible lueur.infusion:
infusion, perfusion, tisane,
injection.ink: encre, encrer.legend: lgende, marquage.poisonous:
toxique, venimeux,
vnneux.presenting: prsentant.radiate: rayonner, rayonnent,
rayonnes, rayonnez, rayonnons,rayonne.
resembles: ressemble, rejoint.revolving: tournant.rumor:
renomme, rputation,
rumeur.seduces: sduit, dvoie.seeming: semblant,
paraissant.sphere: sphre.stylus: stylet.umbilicus:
ombilic.usefulness: utilit.vague: vague, imprcis, flou.vigor:
vigueur.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I12
might readily put faith in that fabulous direction to the hiding
place of truth, didwe judge from the amount of water which we
usually find mixed with it.%
Remarkable experiences are usually confined to the inner life of
imaginativemen, but Mr. Poes biography displays a vicissitude and
peculiarity of interestsuch as is rarely met with. The offspring of
a romantic marriage, and left anorphan at an early age, he was
adopted by Mr. Allan, a wealthy Virginian, whosebarren marriage-bed
seemed the warranty of a large estate to the young poet.
Having received a classical education in England, he returned
home andentered the University of Virginia, where, after an
extravagant course, followedby reformation at the last extremity,
he was graduated with the highest honorsof his class. Then came a
boyish attempt to join the fortunes of the insurgentGreeks, which
ended at St. Petersburg, where he got into difficulties through
want of a passport, from which he was rescued by the American
consul and senthome. He now entered the military academy at West
Point, from which heobtained a dismissal on hearing of the birth of
a son to his adopted father, by asecond marriage, an event which
cut off his expectations as an heir. The death ofMr. Allan, in
whose will his name was not mentioned, soon after relieved him
ofall doubt in this regard, and he committed himself at once to
authorship for asupport. Previously to this, however, he had
published (in 1827) a small volumeof poems, which soon ran through
three editions, and excited high expectationsof its authors future
distinction in the minds of many competentjudges.
That no certain augury can be drawn from a poets earliest
lispings there areinstances enough to prove. Shakespeares first
poems, though brimful of vigorand youth and picturesqueness, give
but a very faint promise of the directness,condensation and
overflowing moral of his maturer works. Perhaps,
however,Shakespeare is hardly a case in point, his Venus and Adonis
having beenpublished, we believe, in his twenty-sixth year. Miltons
Latin verses showtenderness, a fine eye for nature, and a delicate
appreciation of classic models,but give no hint of the author of a
new style in poetry. Popes youthful pieces
have all the sing-song, wholly unrelieved by the glittering
malignity andeloquent irreligion of his later productions. Collins
callow namby-pamby died
Frenchaugury: augure.authorship: paternit.barren: strile, aride,
infertile.biography: biographie.boyish: puril, de garon,
enfantin.callow: inexpriment.competent: comptent,
qualifi.condensation: condensation.consul: consul.directness:
franchise.eloquent: loquent.extravagant: extravagant.
extremity: extrmit.fabulous: fabuleux.glittering: clat,
scintillant.graduated: gradu.heir: hritier, lgataire.hiding:
cachant, dissimulation,
masquant.honors: honore.imaginative: imaginatif.insurgent:
insurg.irreligion: irrligion.malignity: malveillance.
offspring: descendant, descendance,progniture, successeur.
orphan: orphelin.overflowing: dbordant,
dbordement.passport: passeport.peculiarity: particularit,
bizarrerie,
singularit.reformation: rforme.rescued: rescap.tenderness:
tendresse, tendret.warranty: garantie.
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Edgar Allan Poe 13
and %gave no sign of the vigorous and original genius which he
afterwarddisplayed. We have never thought that the world lost more
in the marvellousboy, Chatterton, than a very ingenious imitator of
obscure and antiquateddulness. Where he becomes original (as it is
called), the interest of ingenuity
ceases and he becomes stupid. Kirke Whites promises were
indorsed by therespectable name of Mr. Southey, but surely with no
authority from Apollo. Theyhave the merit of a traditional piety,
which to our mind, if uttered at all, hadbeen less objectionable in
the retired closet of a diary, and in the sober raimentof prose.
They do not clutch hold of the memory with the drowning
pertinacityof Watts; neither have they the interest of his
occasional simple, lucky beauty.Burns having fortunately been
rescued by his humble station from thecontaminating society of the
Best models, wrote well and naturally from thefirst. Had he been
unfortunate enough to have had an educated taste, we shouldhave had
a series of poems from which, as from his letters, we could sift
hereand there a kernel from the mass of chaff. Coleridges youthful
efforts give nopromise whatever of that poetical genius which
produced at once the wildest,tenderest, most original and most
purely imaginative poems of modem times.Byrons Hours of Idleness
would never find a reader except from an intrepidand indefatigable
curiosity. In Wordsworths first preludings there is but a
dimforeboding of the creator of an era. From Southeys early poems,
a safer augurymight have been drawn. They show the patient
investigator, the close student of
history, and the unwearied explorer of the beauties of
predecessors, but theygive no assurances of a man who should add
aught to stock of household words,or to the rarer and more sacred
delights of the fireside or the arbor. The earliestspecimens of
Shelleys poetic mind already, also, give tokens of that
etherealsublimation in which the spirit seems to soar above the
regions of words, butleaves its body, the verse, to be entombed,
without hope of resurrection, in amass of them. Cowley is generally
instanced as a wonder of precocity. But hisearly insipidities show
only a capacity for rhyming and for the metricalarrangement of
certain conventional combinations of words, a capacity wholly
dependent on a delicate physical organization, and an unhappy
memory. Anearly poem is only remarkable when it displays an effort
of reason, and the rudest
Frenchantiquated: vieilli.arbor: tonnelle, arbre, axe.ceases:
cesse.chaff: balle, menue paille, paillette.closet: armoire,
placard.clutch: embrayage, saisir, agripper.contaminating:
contaminant.drowning: noyant, noyade.ethereal: thr.explorer:
explorateur.fireside: coin du feu.foreboding: pressentiment.
imitator: imitateur.indefatigable: infatigable.indorsed:
approuvrent, approuvtes,
approuvas, approuvmes, approuva,approuvai, approuv.
ingenious: ingnieux.ingenuity: ingniosit.intrepid: audacieux,
intrpide.investigator: investigateur, enquteur,
chercheur.kernel: noyau, amande, centre.metrical: mtrique.
modem: modem.objectionable: rprhensible.pertinacity:
enttement.piety: pit.poetical: potique.precocity:
prcocit.resurrection: rsurrection.sift: tamiser, tamises,
tamisent,
tamisons, tamisez, tamise, cribler,crible, criblons, criblent,
cribles.
soar: monter en flche.sublimation: sublimation.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I14
verses in which we can trace some conception of the ends of
poetry, are worth allthe miracles of smooth juvenile versification.
A school-boy, one would say,might acquire the regular see-saw of
Pope merely by an association with themotion of the play-ground
tilt.%
Mr. Poes early productions show that he could see through the
verse to thespirit beneath, and that he already had a feeling that
all the life and grace of theone must depend on and be modulated by
the will of the other. We call them themost remarkable boyish poems
that we have ever read. We know of none thatcan compare with them
for maturity of purpose, and a nice understanding of theeffects of
language and metre. Such pieces are only valuable when they
displaywhat we can only express by the contradictory phrase of
innate experience. Wecopy one of the shorter poems, written when
the author was only fourteen. There
is a little dimness in the filling up, but the grace and
symmetry of the outline aresuch as few poets ever attain. There is
a smack of ambrosia about it.
TO HELEN
Helen, thy beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore,That
gently, oer a perfumed sea,The weary, way-worn wanderer boreTo his
own native shore.
On desperate seas long wont to roam,Thy hyacinth hair, thy
classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that
was GreeceAnd the grandeur that was Rome.
Lo! in yon brilliant window-nicheHow statue-like I see thee
stand!
Frenchambrosia: ambroisie.attain: atteindre, atteins,
atteignent,
atteignons, atteignez, parvenir,acqurir, parviens,
parvenez,parvenons, parviennent.
contradictory: contradictoire.dimness: obscurit.filling:
remplissage, plombage,
chargement, remplissant, trame,masticage.
grandeur: noblesse, grandeur.hyacinth: jacinthe, hyacinthe.
innate: inn, naturel, congnital.juvenile: juvnile.maturity:
maturit, chance.metre: mtre.modulated: modultes, modulas,
modulai, modulmes, modula,modulrent, modul.
native: autochtone, naturel, natif,aborigne, inn, indigne,
natal.
perfumed: parfum.poets: potes.roam: errer, errez, errons, erres,
erre,
errent, vaguer, rder, rdent, rdes,rdez.
smack: faire un bruit de succion, fairedu bruit avec les
lvres.
symmetry: symtrie.thee: toi, te, vous.thy: ton.wanderer:
vagabond.weary: las, fatigu.wont: coutume.yon: y, l.yore:
jadis.
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Edgar Allan Poe 15
The agate lamp within thy hand,Ah! Psyche, from the regions
whichAre Holy Land!
It is the tendency of the young poet that impresses us. Here is
no witheringscorn, no heart blighted ere it has safely got into its
teens, none of thedrawing-room sansculottism which Byron had
brought into vogue. All is limpidand serene, with a pleasant dash
of the Greek Helicon in it. The melody of thewhole, too, is
remarkable. It is not of that kind which can be
demonstratedarithmetically upon the tips of the fingers. It is of
that finer sort which the innerear alone can estimate. It seems
simple, like a Greek column, because of itsperfection. In a poem
named Ligeia, under which title he intended to
personify the music of nature, our boy-poet gives us the
following exquisitepicture:%
Ligeia! Ligeia!My beautiful one,Whose harshest ideaWill to
melody run,Say, is it thy will,On the breezes to toss,Or,
capriciously still,Like the lone albatross,Incumbent on night,As
she on the air,To keep watch with delightOn the harmony there?
John Neal, himself a man of genius, and whose lyre has been too
longcapriciously silent, appreciated the high merit of these and
similar passages, and
drew a proud horoscope for their author.
Frenchagate: agate.albatross: albatros.appreciated: apprci,
apprcites,
apprcias, apprcirent, apprcimes,apprciai, apprcia, aimrent,
aim,aimtes, aimas.
arithmetically: de manire
arithmtique, de faon arithmtique.breezes: poussier de coke,
brises.capriciously: de manire capricieuse,
de faon capricieuse.dash: tiret, trait.
ere: avant, avant que.exquisite: exquis.finer: affineur.harmony:
harmonie.horoscope: horoscope.lamp: lampe, ampoule.limpid:
limpide.lone: solitaire, seul.lyre: lyre.merit: mrite, mriter,
gloire.passages: canalisation.perfection: perfection.
personify: personnifier, personnifies,personnifie,
personnifient,personnifiez, personnifions, incarner.
poem: pome.poet: pote.psyche: psychisme, psych.safely: de manire
sre, de faon sre.serene: serein, tranquille.teens:
adolescence.tips: feuilles du sommet.toss: lancement, tirage au
sort.vogue: vogue.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I16
Mr. %Poe had that indescribable something which men have agreed
to callgenius. No man could ever tell us precisely what it is, and
yet there is none whois not inevitably aware of its presence and
its power. Let talent writhe andcontort itself as it may, it has no
such magnetism. Larger of bone and sinew it
may be, but the wings are wanting. Talent sticks fast to earth,
and its mostperfect works have still one- foot of clay. Genius
claims kindred with the veryworkings of Nature herself, so that a
sunset shall seem like a quotation fromDante, and if Shakespeare be
read in the very presence of the sea itself, his versesshall but
seem nobler for the sublime criticism of ocean. Talent may
makefriends for itself, but only genius can give to its creations
the divine power ofwinning love and veneration. Enthusiasm cannot
cling to what itself isunenthusiastic, nor will he ever have
disciples who has not himself impulsivezeal enough to be a
disciple. Great wits are allied to madness only inasmuch asthey are
possessed and carried away by their demon, While talent keeps him,
asParacelsus did, securely prisoned in the pommel of his sword. To
the eye ofgenius, the veil of the spiritual world is ever rent
asunder that it may perceivethe ministers of good and evil who
throng continually around it. No man ofmere talent ever flung his
inkstand at the devil.
When we say that Mr. Poe had genius, we do not mean to say that
he hasproduced evidence of the highest. But to say that he
possesses it at all is to saythat he needs only zeal, industry, and
a reverence for the trust reposed in him, to
achieve the proudest triumphs and the greenest laurels. If we
may believe theLonginuses; and Aristotles of our newspapers, we
have quite too many geniusesof the loftiest order to render a place
among them at all desirable, whether for itshardness of attainment
or its seclusion. The highest peak of our Parnassus is,according to
these gentlemen, by far the most thickly settled portion of
thecountry, a circumstance which must make it an uncomfortable
residence forindividuals of a poetical temperament, if love of
solitude be, as immemorialtradition asserts, a necessary part of
their idiosyncrasy.
Mr. Poe has two of the prime qualities of genius, a faculty of
vigorous yetminute analysis, and a wonderful fecundity of
imagination. The first of these
Frenchaccording: selon.asserts: affirme.contort: tordre,
tordent, tordez,
tordons, tords.creations: crations.disciple: disciple.disciples:
adhrents, parti, suite.fecundity: fcondit, fertilit.geniuses:
gnies.hardness: crudit, compacit,
difficult, duret d'un feuil, degr duvide.
idiosyncrasy: idiosyncrasie.immemorial: immmorial.impulsive:
impulsif.indescribable: indescriptible.inkstand: encrier.kindred:
parent.laurels: lauriers.loftiest: le plus haut.magnetism:
magntisme.pommel: pommeau.reposed: repos.reverence: rvrence.
seclusion: solitude.sinew: tendon.solitude: solitude.sublime:
sublimer.thickly: de manire paisse, de faon
paisse.throng: cohue, affluer, foule, se
presser, multitude.veil: voile, voiler.veneration:
vnration.writhe: se dbattre, se dmener.zeal: zle, ferveur.
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Edgar Allan Poe 17
faculties is as needful to the artist in words, as a knowledge
of anatomy is to theartist in colors or in stone. This enables him
to conceive truly, to maintain aproper relation of parts, and to
draw a correct outline, while the second groups,fills up and
colors. Both of these Mr. Poe has displayed with singular
distinctness in his prose works, the last predominating in his
earlier tales, andthe first in his later ones. In judging of the
merit of an author, and assigning himhis niche among our household
gods, we have a right to regard him from ourown point of view, and
to measure him by our own standard. But, in estimatingthe amount of
power displayed in his works, we must be governed by his owndesign,
and placing them by the side of his own ideal, find how much is
wanting.We differ from Mr. Poe in his opinions of the objects of
art. He esteems thatobject to be the creation of Beauty, and
perhaps it is only in the definition of thatword that we disagree
with him. But in what we shall say of his writings, weshall take
his own standard as our guide. The temple of the god of song
isequally. accessible from every side, and there is room enough in
it for all whobring offerings, or seek in oracle.%
In his tales, Mr. Poe has chosen to exhibit his power chiefly in
that dim regionwhich stretches from the very utmost limits of the
probable into the weirdconfines of superstition and unreality. He
combines in a very remarkablemanner two faculties which are seldom
found united; a power of influencing themind of the reader by the
impalpable shadows of mystery, and a minuteness of
detail which does not leave a pin or a button unnoticed. Both
are, in truth, thenatural results of the predominating quality of
his mind, to which we havebefore alluded, analysis. It is this
which distinguishes the artist. His mind atonce reaches forward to
the effect to be produced. Having resolved to bringabout certain
emotions in the reader, he makes all subordinate parts tend
strictlyto the common centre. Even his mystery is mathematical to
his own mind. Tohim X is a known quantity all along. In any picture
that he paints he understandsthe chemical properties of all his
colors. However vague some of his figures mayseem, however formless
the shadows, to him the outline is as clear and distinctas that of
a geometrical diagram. For this reason Mr. Poe has no sympathy
withMysticism. The Mystic dwells in the mystery, is enveloped with
it; it colors all
Frenchalluded: insinua, insinurent, insinu,
insinutes, insinuas, insinumes,insinuai.
anatomy: anatomie.assigning: assignant, attribuant,
adjugeant.colors: colore.combines: combine.conceive: concevoir,
concevez,
conoivent, conois, concevons.confines: confins.distinctness:
diffrenciation,
distinction, nettet.distinguishes: distingue, dgage.dwells:
demeure, loge.enveloped: envelopp, enveloppmes,
enveloppai, envelopprent,enveloppa, enveloppas,envelopptes.
estimating: estimant, valuant, taxant.fills: bonde,
remplit.formless: informe.geometrical: gomtrique.impalpable:
impalpable.
influencing: influant.needful: ncessaire.niche: niche.paints:
peintures.predominating: souverain,
prdominant.singular: singulier.stretches: tire.subordinate:
subordonn, infrieur,
subalterne, subordonner.unnoticed: inaperu.unreality:
irralit.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I18
his thoughts; it affects his optic nerve especially, and the
commonest things get arainbow edging from it. Mr. Poe, on the other
hand, is a spectator ab extra. Heanalyzes, he dissects, he
watches
with an eye serene,The very pulse of the machine,
for such it practically is to him, with wheels and cogs and
piston-rods, allworking to produce a certain end.%
This analyzing tendency of his mind balances the poetical, and
by giving himthe patience to be minute, enables him to throw a
wonderful reality into his mostunreal fancies. A monomania he
paints with great power. He loves to dissect
one of these cancers of the mind, and to trace all the subtle
ramifications of itsroots. In raising images of horror, also, he
has strange success, conveying to ussometimes by a dusky hint some
terrible doubt which is the secret of all horror.He leaves to
imagination the task of finishing the picture, a task to which
onlyshe is competent.
For much imaginary work was there;Conceit deceitful, so compact,
so kind,
That for Achilles image stood his spearGrasped in an armed hand;
himself behindWas left unseen, save to the eye of mind.
Besides the merit of conception, Mr. Poes writings have also
that of form.
His style is highly finished, graceful and truly classical. It
would be hard tofind a living author who had displayed such varied
powers. As an example of hisstyle we would refer to one of his
tales, The House of Usher, in the first
volume of his Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. It has a
singular charmfor us, and we think that no one could read it
without being strongly moved byits serene and sombre beauty. Had
its author written nothing else, it would alone
Frenchaffects: affecte, meut, influe.analyzes: analyse.balances:
quilibre.compact: compact, compacter.conveying: transport,
vhiculant,
acheminant, transmettant.deceitful: trompeur.dissect:
sectionner, dissquer,
sectionne, sectionnons, sectionnez,sectionnent, sectionnes,
dissquent,dissquons, dissquez, dissques.
dissects: sectionne, dissque.
dusky: crpusculaire, sombre.edging: lisire, bord, bordure,
bordage.finishing: terminant, finissant,
achevant, finition, finissage,achvement.
graceful: gracieux, lgant, mignon.imaginary: imaginaire.loves:
amours, aime.monomania: monomanie.nerve: nerf.optic: optique.
patience: patience.practically: de faon pratique, de
manire pratique, pratiquement.pulse: pouls, impulsion,
pulsation.rainbow: arc en ciel.sombre: sombre.spear: lance,
javelot.spectator: spectateur.unreal: irrel.unseen:
inaperu.watches: montres, guette.wheels: roues.
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Edgar Allan Poe 19
have been enough to stamp him as a man of genius, and the master
of a classicstyle. In this tale occurs, perhaps, the most beautiful
of his poems.%
The great masters of imagination have seldom resorted to the
vague and theunreal as sources of effect. They have not used dread
and horror alone, but onlyin combination with other qualities, as
means of subjugating the fancies of theirreaders. The loftiest muse
has ever a household and fireside charm about her.Mr. Poes secret
lies mainly in the skill with which he has employed the
strangefascination of mystery and terror. In this his success is so
great and striking as todeserve the name of art, not artifice. We
cannot call his materials the noblest orpurest, but we must concede
to him the highest merit of construction.
As a critic, Mr. Poe was aesthetically deficient. Unerring in
his analysis ofdictions, metres and plots, he seemed wanting in the
faculty of perceiving the
profounder ethics of art. His criticisms are, however,
distinguished for scientificprecision and coherence of logic. They
have the exactness, and at the same time,the coldness of
mathematical demonstrations. Yet they stand in strikinglyrefreshing
contrast with the vague generalisms and sharp personalities of
theday. If deficient in warmth, they are also without the heat of
partisanship. Theyare especially valuable as illustrating the great
truth, too generally overlooked,that analytic power is a
subordinate quality of the critic.
On the whole, it may be considered certain that Mr. Poe has
attained an
individual eminence in our literature which he will keep. He has
given proof ofpower and originality. He has done that which could
only be done once withsuccess or safety, and the imitation or
repetition of which would produceweariness.
Frenchaesthetically: de manire esthtique,
de faon esthtique.analytic: analytique.artifice:
artifice.attained: atteint, atteigntes,
atteignmes, atteignis, atteignit,atteignirent, parvnmes,
parvins,
parvenu, parvint, parvinrent.coherence: cohrence.coldness:
froideur, froid.concede: concder, concdent,
concde, concdons, concdez,
concdes.deficient: dficient, insuffisant.eminence:
minence.ethics: thique.exactness: exactitude.fascination:
fascination.illustrating: illustrant.imitation:
imitation.mathematical: mathmatique.muse: muse.originality:
originalit.overlooked: nglig.
partisanship: partialit, partisanerie.perceiving: apercevant,
percevant,
discernant.precision: prcision, exactitude.refreshing:
rafrachissant, actualisant.repetition: rptition.resorted:
recouru.strikingly: de manire frappante, de
faon frappante.subjugating: soumettant.unerring: infaillible,
sr.weariness: lassitude, fatigue.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I20
D E A T H O F E D G A R A . P O EB Y N . P . W I L L I S
The%ancient fable of two antagonistic spirits imprisoned in one
body,equally powerful and having the complete mastery by turns-of
one man, that isto say, inhabited by both a devil and an angel
seems to have been realized, if allwe hear is true, in the
character of the extraordinary man whose name we havewritten above.
Our own impression of the nature of Edgar A. Poe, differs insome
important degree, however, from that which has been generally
conveyedin the notices of his death. Let us, before telling what we
personally know of him,copy a graphic and highly finished
portraiture, from the pen of Dr. Rufus W.
Griswold, which appeared in a recent number of the Tribune:Edgar
Allen Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore on Sunday, October 7th.
This
announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it.
The poet wasknown, personally or by reputation, in all this
country; he had readers inEngland and in several of the states of
Continental Europe; but he had few or nofriends; and the regrets
for his death will be suggested principally by theconsideration
that in him literary art has lost one of its most brilliant but
erraticstars.
His conversation was at times almost supramortal in its
eloquence. Hisvoice was modulated with astonishing skill, and his
large and variably
Frenchantagonistic: antagoniste.art: art.astonishing:
tonnant.consideration: considration.conversation:
conversation.dead: mort.degree: degr, grade, titre, intitul,
diplme, rang.devil: diable.differs: diffre.eloquence:
loquence.erratic: erratique, irrgulier.
fable: fable.friends: amis.graphic: graphique.grieved:
affligeas, affligetes, afflig,
affligea, affligrent, affligemes,affligeai, chagrinas,
chagrintes,chagrin, chagrina.
inhabited: habitas, habittes, habit,habitai, habitrent, habita,
habitmes.
literary: littraire.mastery: matrise, prminence.pen: plume,
stylo, enclos.
powerful: puissant.regrets: regrette.reputation:
rputation.skill: habilet, comptence, adresse.spirits:
spiritueux.stars: toiles.startle: effaroucher, alarmer,
effarouchez, surprenons,surprennent, surprenez,effarouchons,
effarouches, alarme,effarouche, alarmons.
written: crit.
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Edgar Allan Poe 21
expressive eyes looked repose or shot fiery tumult into theirs
who listened,while his own face glowed, or was changeless in
pallor, as his imaginationquickened his blood or drew it back
frozen to his heart. His imagery was fromthe worlds which no
mortals can see but with the vision of genius. Suddenly
starting from a proposition, exactly and sharply defined, in
terms of utmostsimplicity and clearness, he rejected the forms of
customary logic, and by acrystalline process of accretion, built up
his ocular demonstrations in forms ofgloomiest and ghastliest
grandeur, or in those of the most airy and deliciousbeauty, so
minutely and distinctly, yet so rapidly, that the attention which
wasyielded to him was chained till it stood among his wonderful
creations, till hehimself dissolved the spell, and brought his
hearers back to common and baseexistence, by vulgar fancies or
exhibitions of the ignoblest passion.%
He was at all times a dreamer-dwelling in ideal realms-in heaven
or hell-peopled with the creatures and the accidents of his brain.
He walked-the streets,in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in
indistinct curses, or with eyesupturned in passionate prayer (never
for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel,that he was already
damned, but) for their happiness who at the moment wereobjects of
his idolatry; or with his glances introverted to a heart gnawed
withanguish, and with a face shrouded in gloom, he would brave the
wildest storms,and all night, with drenched garments and arms
beating the winds and rains,would speak as if the spirits that at
such times only could be evoked by him from
the Aidenn, close by whose portals his disturbed soul sought to
forget the ills towhich his constitution subjected him---close by
the Aidenn where were those heloved-the Aidenn which he might never
see, but in fitful glimpses, as its gatesopened to receive the less
fiery and more happy natures whose destiny to sin didnot involve
the doom of death.
He seemed, except when some fitful pursuit subjugated his will
andengrossed his faculties, always to bear the memory of some
controlling sorrow.The remarkable poem of The Raven was probably
much more nearly than has
been supposed, even by those who were very intimate with him, a
reflection andan echo of his own history. Hewas that birds
Frenchaccretion: accroissement, accrtion,
augmentation, croissance,dveloppement.
chained: enchan.clearness: clart, limpidit, nettet.drenched:
tremp.engrossed: grossoyrent, grossoyai,
grossoymes, grossoyas, grossoytes,grossoy, grossoya.
fitful: irrgulier.ghastliest: le plus horrible.glimpses:
entrevoit.
gloomiest: le plus sombre.gnawed: rongeas, rongetes,
rongrent, rongea, rongeai,rongemes, rong.
idolatry: idoltrie.indistinct: confus, touffu, trouble,
indistinct.introverted: introverti.minutely:
minutieusement.ocular: oculaire.pallor: pleur.professed:
confessrent, confess,
confesstes, confessas, confessmes,confessa, confessai,
professtes,professas, professa, professai.
quickened: acclrmes, httes,htas, hta, htmes, htrent, htai,acclr,
acclras, acclrai, acclra.
repose: repos, se reposer, trve.shrouded: envelopp.subjugated:
soummes, soumirent,
soumis, soumit, soumtes.tumult: barouf, baroufle, bagarre,
tumulte.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I22
Unhappy master whom unmerciful DisasterFollowed fast and
followed faster till his songs one burden boreTill the dirges of
his Hope that melancholy burden bore
Of Never-never more.%Every genuine author in a greater or less
degree leaves in his works,
whatever their design, traces of his personal character:
elements of his immortalbeing, in which the individual survives the
person. While we read the pages ofthe Fall of the House of Usher,
or of Mesmeric Revelations, we see in thesolemn and stately gloom
which invests one, and in the subtle metaphysicalanalysis of both,
indications of the idiosyncrasies of what was most remarkableand
peculiar in the authors intellectual nature. But we see here only
the betterphases of his nature, only the symbols of his juster
action, for his harshexperience had deprived him of all faith in
man or woman. He had made up hismind upon the numberless
complexities of the social world, and the wholesystem with him was
an imposture. This conviction gave a direction to hisshrewd and
naturally unamiable character. Still, though he regarded society
ascomposed altogether of villains, the sharpness of his intellect
was not of thatkind which enabled him to cope with villany, while
it continually caused him byovershots to fail of the success of
honesty. He was in many respects like FrancisVivian in Bulwers
novel of The Caxtons. Passion, in him, comprehended -
many of the worst emotions which militate against human
happiness. You couldnot contradict him, but you raised quick
choler; you could not speak of wealth,but his cheek paled with
gnawing envy. The astonishing natural advantages ofthis poor
boy--his beauty, his readiness, the daring spirit that breathed
aroundhim like a fiery atmosphere--had raised his constitutional
self-confidence into anarrogance that turned his very claims to
admiration into prejudices against him.Irascible, envious--bad
enough, but not the worst, for these salient angles wereall
varnished over with a cold, repellant cynicism, his passions
ventedthemselves in sneers. There seemed to him no moral
susceptibility; and, what
was more remarkable in a proud nature, little or nothing of the
true point ofhonor. He had, to a morbid excess, that, desire to
rise which is vulgarly called
Frencharrogance: arrogance.comprehended: compris, comprmes,
comprirent, comprit, comprtes.contradict: contredire,
contredisons,
contredisent, contredis, contredisez,dmentir.
cynicism: cynisme.daring: audace, audacieux, hardi,
osant, aventurant.fiery: ardent, fougueux.gnawing:
rongeant.honor: honneur, honorer.
immortal: immortel, immortelle.intellect: intellect,
intelligence.invests: investit.irascible: irascible.metaphysical:
mtaphysique.militate: militer.morbid: morbide.numberless:
innombrable.passions: passions.readiness: disponibilit,
empressement.salient: saillant.
sharpness: acuit, nettet, finesse.shrewd: sagace, avis,
perspicace.solemn: solennel.stately: imposant.survives:
survit.susceptibility: susceptibilit,
recevabilit, prdisposition,
sensibilit.varnished: verni.vented: trou de fuite.vulgarly: de
manire vulgaire,
vulgairement, de faon vulgaire.
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Edgar Allan Poe 23
ambition, but no wish for the esteem or the love of his species;
only the hardwish to succeed-not shine, not serve -succeed, that he
might have the right todespise a world which galled his
self-conceit.%
We have suggested the influence of his aims and vicissitudes
upon hisliterature. It was more conspicuous in his later than in
his earlier writings. Nearlyall that he wrote in the last two or
three years-including much of his best poetry-was in some sense
biographical; in draperies of his imagination, those who hadtaken
the trouble to trace his steps, could perceive, but slightly
concealed, thefigure of himself.
Apropos of the disparaging portion of the above well-written
sketch, let ustruthfully say:
Some four or five years since, when editing a daily paper in
this city, Mr. Poe
was employed by us, for several months, as critic and
sub-editor. This was ourfirst personal acquaintance with him. He
resided with his wife and mother atFordham, a few miles out of
town, but was at his desk in the office, from nine inthe morning
till the evening paper went to press. With the highest admiration
forhis genius, and a willingness to let it atone for more than
ordinary irregularity,we were led by common report to expect a very
capricious attention to his duties,and occasionally a scene of
violence and difficulty. Time went on, however, andhe was
invariably punctual and industrious. With his pale, beautiful,
and
intellectual face, as a reminder of what genius was in him, it
was impossible, ofcourse, not to treat him always with deferential
courtesy, and, to our occasionalrequest that he would not probe too
deep in a criticism, or that he would erase apassage colored too
highly with his resentments against society and mankind, hereadily
and courteously assented-far more yielding than most men, we
thought,on points so excusably sensitive. With a prospect of taking
the lead in anotherperiodical, he, at last, voluntarily gave up his
employment with us, and, throughall this considerable period, we
had seen but one presentment of the man-a quiet,patient,
industrious, and most gentlemanly person, commanding the utmost
respect and good feeling by his unvarying deportment and
ability.
Frenchacquaintance: connaissance, relation,
personne de connaissance, abord.atone: expier, expie, expies,
expient,
expiez, expions.biographical: biographique.commanding:
commandant,
dominant, ordonner.courteously: courtoisement, de
manire courtoise, de faon courtoise.deferential: dfrent,
respectueux.deportment: procd.despise: mpriser, mprise,
mprises,
mprisez, mprisons, mprisent,ddaigner, ddaignent,
ddaignez,ddaignons, ddaignes.
disparaging: dnigrant.editing: dition, ditant, montage,
rdigeant.erase: effacer, effaons, effacez,
effacent, effaces, efface, gommer,effacement, gomme,
gomment,gommes.
esteem: estime, estimer, considrer,apprcier.
excusably: de manire pardonnable,de faon pardonnable.
resided: rsidrent, rsida, rsidai,rsidmes, rsidas, rsidtes,
rsid.
shine: briller, luire, tre lumineux,clat, lustre, reluire.
truthfully: de manire vridique,
vridiquement, de faon vridique.unvarying:
invariable.voluntarily: de manire volontaire,
volontairement, de faon volontaire.yielding: cdant.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I24
Residing as he did in the country, we never met Mr. Poe in hours
of leisure;but he frequently called on us afterward at our place of
business, and we methim often in the street-invariably the same sad
mannered, winning and refinedgentleman , such as we had always
known him. It was by rumor only, up to the
day of his death, that we knew of any other development of
manner or character.We heard, from one who knew him well (what
should be stated in all mention ofhis lamentable irregularities),
that, with a single glass of wine, his whole naturewas reversed,
the demon became uppermost, and, though none of the usualsigns of
intoxication were visible, his will was palpably insane. Possessing
hisreasoning faculties in excited activity, at such times, and
seeking hisacquaintances with his wonted look and memory, he easily
seemed personatingonly another phase of his natural character, and
was accused, accordingly, ofinsulting arrogance and
bad-heartedness. In this reversed character, we repeat, itwas never
our chance to see him. We know it from hearsay, and we mention it
inconnection with this sad infirmity of physical constitution;
which puts it uponvery nearly the ground of a temporary and almost
irresponsible insanity.%
The arrogance, vanity, and depravity of heart, of which Mr. Poe
wasgenerally accused, seem to us referable altogether to this
reversed phase of hischaracter. Under that degree of intoxication
which only acted upon him bydemonizing his sense of truth and
right, he doubtless said and did much thatwas wholly irreconcilable
with his better nature; but, when himself, and as we
knew him only, his modesty and unaffected humility, as to his
own deservings,were a constant charm to his character. His letters,
of which the constantapplication for autographs has taken from us,
we are sorry to confess, the greaterportion, exhibited this quality
very strongly. In one of the carelessly writtennotes of which we
chance still to retain possession, for instance, he speaks ofThe
Raven--that extraordinary poem which electrified the world
ofimaginative readers, and has become the type of a school of
poetry of its own-and, in evident earnest, attributes its success
to the few words of commendationwith which we had prefaced it in
this paper. -It will throw light on his sanecharacter to give a
literal copy of the note:
Frenchacquaintances: connaissances.attributes:
attribue.carelessly: de manire ngligente, de
faon ngligente, ngligemment.commendation: louange,
recommandation.confess: confesser, avouer, confessent,
confessons, confessez, confesses,confesse, avouent, avouons,
avoues,avoue.
depravity: dpravation.doubtless: sans aucun doute.
earnest: srieux.electrified: lectris, lectrisa,
lectrisrent, lectrismes, lectrisai,lectristes, lectrisas.
hearsay: renomme, rputation,rumeur.
humility: humilit, modestie.infirmity: infirmit.insulting:
insultant.irreconcilable: irrconciliable,
inconciliable.irresponsible: irresponsable.
literal: littral, libell.mannered: manir.modesty: modestie,
pudeur.possessing: possdant.reasoning: raisonnement.refined:
raffintes, raffinas, raffinai,
raffinrent, raffinmes, raffina,
raffin, dlicat, tendre, affin, pura.sane:
raisonnable.unaffected: naturel, simple.vanity: vanit,
futilit.wonted: habituel, accoutum.
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Edgar Allan Poe 25
FORDHAM, April 20, 1849
My DEAR WILLISThe poem which I inclose, and which I am so vain
as to hope you
will like, in some respects, has been just published in a paper
for whichsheer necessity compels me to write, now and then. It pays
well as timesgo-but unquestionably it ought to pay ten prices; for
whatever I send it Ifeel I am consigning to the tomb of the
Capulets. The versesaccompanying this, may I beg you to take out of
the tomb, and bringthem to light in the Home journal? If you can
oblige me so far as tocopy them, I do not think it will be
necessary to say From the -, thatwould be too bad; and, perhaps,
From a late ---- paper, would do.%
I have not forgotten how a good word in season from you madeThe
Raven, and made Ulalume (which by-the-way, people have doneme the
honor of attributing to you), therefore, I would ask you (if
Idared) to say something of these lines if they please you.
Truly yours ever,EDGAR A. POE
In double proof of his earnest disposition to do the best for
himself, and ofthe trustful and grateful nature which has been
denied him, we give another of
the only three of his notes which we chance to retain :
FORDHAM, January 22, 1848.My DEAR MR. WILLIS
I am about to make an effort at re-establishing myself in the
literaryworld, and feel that I may depend upon your aid.
My general aim is to start a Magazine, to be called The Stylus,
butit would be useless to me, even when established, if not
entirely out of
the control of a publisher. I mean, therefore, to get up a
journal whichshall be my own at all points. With this end in view,
I must get a list of at
Frenchaccompanying: accompagnant.attributing: attribuant.beg:
mendier, mendions, mendiez,
mendies, mendie, mendient,demander, prier, qumander,implorer,
supplier.
compels: oblige.consigning: consignant.dared: os, osa, osai,
osrent, ostes,
osmes, osas, aventurrent,aventurtes, aventura, aventuras.
disposition: disposition, don,
dispositif, aptitude, talent.journal: journal, tourillon,
quotidien,
revue, journal de bord, livre journal,porte d'arbre,
magazine.
necessity: ncessit, besoin.oblige: obliger, oblige, obliges,
obligez, obligent, obligeons.pays: paie, paye.proof: preuve,
preuve, tmoignage,
dmonstration.publisher: diteur.respects: respecte.
retain: retenir, retiennent, retenez,retenons, retiens,
rprimer.
sheer: coup de barre, pic, absolu,abrupt, accore, tonture,
transparent,tissu transparent, faire une embarde,faire des
embardes, embarde.
tomb: tombe, tombeau.trustful: confiant.unquestionably: de
manire
incontestable, de faon incontestable.useless: inutile, vain,
abortif.vain: vain, vaniteux, abortif, frivole.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I26
least%five hundred subscribers to begin with; nearly two hundred
I havealready. I propose, however, to go South and West, among my
personaland literary friends--old college and West Point
acquaintances -and seewhat I can do. In order to get the means of
taking the first step, I propose
to lecture at the Society Library, on Thursday, the 3d of
February, and,that there may be no cause of squabbling, my subject
shall not be literaryat all. I have chosen a broad text: The
Universe.
Having thus given you the factsof the case, I leave all the rest
to thesuggestions of your own tact and generosity. Gratefully, most
gratefully,
Your friend always,EDGAR A. POE
Brief and chance-taken as these letters are, we think they
sufficiently provethe existence of the very qualities denied to Mr.
Poe-humility, willingness topersevere, belief in anothers
friendship, and capability of cordial and gratefulfriendship! Such
he assuredly was when sane. Such only he has invariablyseemed to
us, in all we have happened personally to know of him, through
afriendship of five or six years. And so much easier is it to
believe what we haveseen and known, than what we hear of only, that
we remember him but withadmiration and respect; these descriptions
of him, when morally insane, seemingto us like portraits, painted
in sickness, of a man we have only known in health.
But there is another, more touching, and far more forcible
evidence thatthere wasgoodnessin Edgar A. Poe. To reveal it we are
obliged to venture uponthe lifting of the veil which sacredly
covers grief and refinement in poverty; butwe think it may be
excused, if so we can brighten the memory of the poet, evenwere
there not a more needed and immediate service which it may render
to thenearest link broken by his death.
Our first knowledge of Mr. Poes removal to this city was by a
call which wereceived from a lady who introduced herself to us as
the mother of his wife. She
was in search of employment for him, and she excused her errand
bymentioning that he was ill, that her daughter was a confirmed
invalid, and that
Frenchassuredly: assurment, de manire
assure, de faon assure.brighten: claircir,
s'claircir.capability: capacit, aptitude.cordial: cordial.errand:
commission, message, course.excused: excus.forcible: de
force.generosity: gnrosit, largesse.goodness: bont.gratefully: avec
reconnaissance, de
manire reconnaissante, de faon
reconnaissante.grief: peine, chagrin, dsolation,
abattement, douleur.invalid: invalide, non valide, non
valable, prim.lifting: levage.mentioning: mentionnant.morally:
moralement, de manire
morale, de faon morale.obliged: obligetes, obligeas,
obligea,
obligemes, obligrent, obligeai,oblig.
persevere: persvrer, persvres,persvrent, persvre,
persvrons,persvrez, persister.
refinement: raffinement, dlicatesse,affinement, affinage.
render: rendre.sacredly: de manire sacre, de faon
sacre.sickness: maladie.tact: tact, mesure.touching:
attendrissant, mouvant,
touchant.
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Edgar Allan Poe 27
their circumstances %were such as compelled her taking it upon
herself. Thecountenance of this lady, made beautiful and saintly
with an evidently completegiving up of her life to privation and
sorrowful tenderness, her gentle andmournful voice urging its plea,
her long-forgotten but habitually and
unconsciously refined manners, and her appealing and yet
appreciative mentionof the claims and abilities of her son,
disclosed at once the presence of one ofthose angels upon earth
that women in adversity can be. It was a hard fate thatshe was
watching over. Mr. Poe wrote with fastidious difficulty, and in a
styletoo much above the popular level to be well paid. He was
always in pecuniarydifficulty, and, with his sick wife, frequently
in want of the merest necessaries oflife. Winter after winter, for
years, the most touching sight to us, in this wholecity, has been
that tireless minister to genius, thinly and insufficiently
clad,going from office to office with a poem, or an article on some
literary subject, tosell, sometimes simply pleading in a broken
voice that he was ill, and beggingfor him, mentioning nothing but
that he was ill, whatever might be the reasonfor his writing
nothing, and never, amid all her tears and recitals of
distress,suffering one syllable to escape her lips that could
convey a doubt of him, or acomplaint, or a lessening of pride in
his genius and good intentions. Herdaughter died a year and a half
since, but she did not desert him. She continuedhis ministering
angel--living with him, caring for him, guarding him
againstexposure, and when he was carried away by temptation, amid
grief and the
loneliness of feelings unreplied to, and awoke from his self
abandonmentprostrated in destitution and suffering, beggingfor him
still. If womans devotion,born with a first love, and fed with
human passion, hallow its object, as it isallowed to do, what does
not a devotion like this-pure, disinterested and holy asthe watch
of an invisible spirit-say for him who inspired it?
We have a letter before us, written by this lady, Mrs. Clemm, on
the morningin which she heard of the death of this object of her
untiring care. It is merely arequest that we would call upon her,
but we will copy a few of its words--sacredas its privacy is--to
warrant the truth of the picture we have drawn above, andadd force
to the appeal we wish to make for her:
Frenchabandonment: abandon, dlaissement,
abdication, abandonnement.adversity: adversit,
abaissement.appreciative: reconnaissant.begging: mendiant,
mendicit.clad: cladd, vtu, chemisage, gaine,
revtu.countenance: encourager.disinterested:
dsintress.fastidious: difficile.guarding: garde.habitually: de
manire habituelle, de
faon habituelle, habituellement.hallow:
sanctifier.insufficiently: de manire
insuffisante, de faon insuffisante.lessening: diminuant,
amoindrissant.loneliness: solitude.mournful: sombre, morne,
triste,
mlancolique.necessaries: articles d'usage.pecuniary: pcuniaire,
financier.pleading: plaidant, plaidoirie.privation: privation.
recitals: expos des motifs.saintly: de saint, saint.sorrowful:
afflig, triste.syllable: syllabe.thinly: de faon mince, de
manire
mince.tireless: infatigable.unconsciously: de manire
inconsciente, de faon inconsciente,inconsciemment.
untiring: inlassable.urging: exhortant.
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Collected Works of Poe, Volume I28
I%have this morning heard of the death of my darling Eddie...
Can you giveme any circumstances or particulars?... Oh! do not
desert your poor friend in hisbitter affliction!... Ask -Mr. -- to
come, as I must deliver a message to him frommy poor Eddie... I
need not ask you to notice his death and to speak well of him.
I know you will. But say what an affectionate son he was to me,
his poordesolate mother
To hedge round a grave with respect, what choice is there,
between therelinquished wealth and honors of the world, and the
story of such a womansunrewarded devotion! Risking what we do, in
delicacy, by making it public, wefeel--other reasons aside--that it
betters the world to make known that there aresuch ministrations to
its erring and gifted. What we have said will speak to somehearts.
There are those who will be glad to know how the lamp, whose light
of
poetry has beamed on their far-away recognition, was watched
over with careand pain, that they may send to her, who is more
darkened than they by itsextinction, some token of their sympathy.
She is destitute and alone. If any, faror near, will send to us
what may aid and cheer her through the remainder ofher life, we
willjoyfully place it in her bands.
Frenchaffectionate: affectueux, tendre,
dvou, attach, amoureux.bands: bandes.beamed: rayonn.bitter:
amer, cre, acerbe.cheer: acclamation, acclamer,
applaudir.darkened: fonc, fonas, foncrent,
fontes, fona, fonai, fonmes,assombrmes, assombri,assombrirent,
assombris.
darling: chri.
deliver: livrer, livre, livrons, livrez,livrent, livres,
fournir, dlivrer.
desert: dsert, abandonner, dlaisser,quitter, dserter,
livrer.
desolate: dsol, sombre, morne.destitute: dpourvu,
indigent.erring: errant.extinction: extinction.gifted: dou,
surdou.grave: tombe, grave, srieux.hearts: coeurs.hedge: haie,
couverture, haie vive.
joyfully: de manire joyeuse, de faonjoyeuse.
poetry: posie.relinquished: abandonn,
abandonnas, abandonnmes,abandonnrent, abandonna,abandonntes,
abandonnai.
remainder: reste, dbris, reliquat.risking: risquant.sympathy:
sympathie, compassion.token: jeton, signe, tmoignage, signal,
marque, preuve, gage.
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Edgar Allan Poe 29
T H E U N P A R A LL E L E D A D V E N T U R ES O F O N EH A N S
P F A A L
By%late accounts from Rotterdam, that city seems to be in a high
state ofphilosophical excitement. Indeed, phenomena have there
occurred of a nature socompletely unexpected -- so entirely novel
-- so utterly at variance withpreconceived opinions -- as to leave
no doubt on my mind that long ere this allEurope is in an uproar,
all physics in a ferment, all reason and astronomytogether by the
ears.
It appears that on the -- -- day of -- -- (I am not positive
about the date), a vastcrowd of people, for purposes not
specifically mentioned, were assembled in the
great square of the Exchange in the well-conditioned city of
Rotterdam. The daywas warm -- unusually so for the season -- there
was hardly a breath of airstirring; and the multitude were in no
bad humor at being now and thenbesprinkled with friendly showers of
momentary duration, that fell from largewhite masses of cloud which
chequered in a fitful manner the blue vault of thefirmament.
Nevertheless, about noon, a slight but remarkable agitation
becameapparent in the assembly: the clattering of ten thousand
tongues succeeded; and,in an instant afterward, ten thousand faces
were upturned toward the heavens,
ten thousand pipes descended simultaneously from the corners of
ten thousandmouths, and a shout, which could be compared to nothing
but the roaring of
Frenchagitation: agitation, bagarre, barouf,
baroufle, brassage.assembled: montmes, montas,
monttes, montrent, assemblas,assembltes, monta, montai,
mont,assembl, assembla.
astronomy: astronomie.chequered: carreaux.corners:
accule.descended: descendu, descendirent,
descendmes, descendtes, descendis,descendit.
ferment: fermenter, ferment.firmament: firmament.heavens:
cieux.humor: humour, humeur.instant: instant, moment.momentary:
momentan.mouths: bouches.multitude: multitude, amas, foule,
tas,
masse.noon: midi.philosophical: philosophique.pipes: tuyaux.
preconceived: prconu.roaring: rugissant.shout: crier, cri,
pousser des cris.showers: douc