EDEXCEL IGCSE History Revision Checklist: Paper 1: Superpower Relations: 1945-1962 Use this revision checklist to help you keep track of all the topics you need to revise for your exam. You need to have a confident grasp of the subject knowledge about each event. Try revising facts and key features about each event and recalling the key points and details on paper. Try to answer at least one exam question for each event. When you feel confident enough, progress onto the next event. Key Question 1 Topics You should be able to: Check list Exam Questions Check list What were the causes of the Cold War? Long-term Rivalries Describe the differences between Capitalism and Communism. Describe why Capitalist countries feared Communism. C.) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946? Explain your answer (8 marks). Differences during the Second World War Describe why actions during the War led to mistrust between the Allies. Describe why the USSR controlled Eastern Europe immediately after WW2. Yalta Conference Feb 1945 Describe the reasons why the conference was called. Describe who represented each nation at the conference. Describe what was agreed at the conference. Describe how the conference effected relations between the USA and USSR. B.) Describe one effect of the Yalta Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). C.) Why did relations between the USA and USSR change in the period between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer (8 marks). Potsdam Conference Jul-Aug 1945 Describe the reasons why the conference was called. Describe who represented each nation at the conference. Describe what was agreed at the conference. Describe how the conference affected relations between the USA and USSR. B.) Describe one effect of the Potsdam Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). C.) Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer. C.) Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta? Explain your answer (8 marks). The Long Telegram 1946 Describe what the Telegram said about the USSR. Describe what Novikov’s Telegram said about the USA. Describe how the two telegrams increased tensions between the Superpowers. B.) Describe one effect of Kennan’s Long Telegram on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). Iron Curtain Speech Mar 1946 Describe what Churchill said in his speech. Describe how Stalin reacted to the speech. Describe how the speech affected relations between the Superpowers. B.) Describe one effect of Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks). C.) Why did Churchill give his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March 1946? Explain your answer (8 marks).
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EDEXCEL IGCSE History Revision Checklist: Paper 1: Superpower Relations: 1945-1962
Use this revision checklist to help you keep track of all the topics you need to revise for your exam. You need to have a confident grasp of the subject knowledge
about each event. Try revising facts and key features about each event and recalling the key points and details on paper. Try to answer at least one exam
question for each event. When you feel confident enough, progress onto the next event.
Key Question
1 Topics You should be able to:
Checklist
Exam Questions Check
list
What were the causes of the Cold War?
Long-term Rivalries
Describe the differences between Capitalism and Communism.
Describe why Capitalist countries feared Communism.
C.) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946? Explain
your answer (8 marks).
Differences during the
Second World War
Describe why actions during the War led to mistrust between the Allies.
Describe why the USSR controlled Eastern Europe immediately after WW2.
Yalta Conference Feb 1945
Describe the reasons why the conference was called.
Describe who represented each nation at the conference.
Describe what was agreed at the conference.
Describe how the conference effected relations between the USA and USSR.
B.) Describe one effect of the Yalta Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did relations between the USA and USSR change in
the period between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Potsdam Conference
Jul-Aug 1945
Describe the reasons why the conference was called.
Describe who represented each nation at the conference.
Describe what was agreed at the conference.
Describe how the conference affected relations between the USA and USSR.
B.) Describe one effect of the Potsdam Conference on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam
Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer.
C.) Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta? Explain your answer
(8 marks).
The Long Telegram
1946
Describe what the Telegram said about the USSR.
Describe what Novikov’s Telegram said about the USA.
Describe how the two telegrams increased tensions between the Superpowers.
B.) Describe one effect of Kennan’s Long Telegram on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
Iron Curtain Speech
Mar 1946
Describe what Churchill said in his speech.
Describe how Stalin reacted to the speech.
Describe how the speech affected relations between the Superpowers.
B.) Describe one effect of Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
C.) Why did Churchill give his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March
1946? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Key Question 2
Topics You should be able to: Checklist Exam Questions Checklist
How did the Cold War develop
1945-1949?
The Truman Doctrine
Mar 1947
Describe the reasons for the Truman Doctrine.
Describe what the Doctrine stated.
Describe the effect of the Doctrine on Superpower relations.
C.) Why was the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947? Explain your answer (8 marks).
The Marshall Plan
Jun 1947
Describe why the USA launched the Marshall Plan.
Describe what the Plan hoped to do.
Describe the effect of the Plan on Superpower Relations.
B.) Describe one effect of the Marshall Plan on relations between the USA and Soviet Union (4
marks).
Creation of Satellite States
1947-1949
Describe what a satellite state is.
Describe how and why Stalin created satellite states in Eastern Europe.
C.) Why did Stalin create Satellite States in
Eastern Europe in the years 1945-1949? Explain your answer (8 marks).
COMINFORM Sep 1947
Describe why Stalin created COMINFORM.
Describe how COMINFORM strengthened Stalin’s control of Eastern Europe.
C.) Why did the USSR establish COMINFORM in September 1947? Explain your answer (8
marks).
COMECON Jan 1949
Describe why Stalin created COMECON.
Describe how COMECON strengthened Stalin’s control of Eastern Europe.
C.) Why did Stalin launch COMECON in 1949?
Explain your answer (8 marks).
The Berlin Blockade and
Airlift 1948-1949
Describe the causes, events and effects of the Berlin Blockade.
Describe how the Blockade effected Superpower Relations.
C.) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the
years 1948-49? Explain your answer (8 marks).
NATO Apr 1949
Describe why NATO was created.
Describe what NATO was designed to do.
Describe how the creation of NATO effected relations between the USA and USSR.
C.) Why was the NATO alliance created in April 1949? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Key Question 3
Topics You should be able to: Checklist Exam Questions Checklist
How did the Cold War
develop in the 1950s?
The Korean War
1950-1953
Describe the causes, events and effects of the Korean War.
Describe the impact of the Korean War on Superpower Relations.
C.) Why was there a war over Korea in the years 1950-1953? Explain
your answer (8 marks).
The Arms Race Describe how the arms race started.
Describe how the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 increased the arms race.
B.) Describe one effect of the Arms Race on relations between the USA
and Soviet Union (4 marks).
Warsaw Pact May 1955
Describe why the Warsaw Pact was created
Describe who the members of the Pact were.
Describe the impact of the Pact on Superpower Relations.
C.) Why did the USSR establish the Warsaw Pact in May 1955? Explain
your answer (8 marks).
Peaceful Coexistence
and De-Stalinisation
1956
Describe what peaceful co-existence means.
Describe what de-Stalinisation means.
Describe the impact of Khrushchev’s peaceful co-existence policy on Superpower Relations.
C.) Why had Khrushchev’s Policy of Peaceful Co-Existence ended by 1961? Explain your answer (8
marks).
The Hungarian Uprising
1956
Describe the causes, events and effects of the Hungarian Crisis.
Describe the impact of the Hungarian Uprising on Superpower Relations.
C.) Why did Warsaw Pact troops invade Hungary in November 1956?
Explain your answer (8 marks).
Key Question 4
Topics You should be able to: Checklist Exam Questions Checklist
How serious was the
Berlin Crisis?
The Berlin Issue
Describe why there was a crisis in Berlin 1949-1960.
Describe what talks were held to solve the issue in 1959.
C.) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 1949-1961? Explain your
answer (8 marks).
The U2 Incident
May 1960 Describe what happened during the U2 incident.
B.) Describe one effect of the U2 Incident on relations between the USA
and Soviet Union (4 marks).
The Paris Summit
Conference May 1960
Describe how the U2 incident led to the Paris Summit walk-out by Khrushchev.
C.) Why did Khrushchev walk out of the Paris Summit in May 1960? Explain your answer (8 marks).
Vienna Summit
Conference Jun 1961
Describe what happened at the Vienna Conference.
B.) Describe one effect of the Vienna Summit Conference on relations
between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
Construction of the Berlin
Wall Aug 1961
Describe when, how and why the Berlin Wall was constructed.
Describe the impact of the construction of the Berlin Wall on Superpower Relations.
C.) Why did the USSR build the Berlin Wall in 1961? Explain your answer (8
marks).
Key Question 5
Topics You should be able to: Checklist Exam Questions Checklist
How serious was the Cuban
Missile Crisis?
The Cuban Revolution
1959 Describe the causes, events and effects of the Cuban Revolution.
C.) Why did the USA decide to launch the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961? Explain your answer
(8 marks).
B.) Describe one effect of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on relations between the USA and Soviet
Union (4 marks).
C.) Why was there a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962? Explain
your answer (8 marks).
B.) Describe one effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis on relations
between the USA and Soviet Union (4 marks).
Bay of Pigs Invasion Apr 1961
Describe why the USA launched the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Describe why the invasion failed.
Describe how the invasion strengthened relations between Cuba and the USSR.
Describe why the USSR agreed to station missiles on Cuba.
Key Events of the Crisis Oct 1962
Describe the key events of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Describe the deal that was made between Kennedy and Khrushchev
Impact on East-West Relations
Describe the impact and effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis on Superpower Relations.
Differences between communism
and capitalism
What is Communism and how is a communist nation organized both
economically and politically?
What were the long term reasons for Russian distrust of the United
States between 1917 and 1944?
What is capitalism and how is a capitalist nation organized both
economically and politically?
What were the long term reasons for American distrust of the Soviet
Union between 1917 and 1944?
Potsdam and Yalta Conferences
When, where and who met at each of the two conferences at Yalta and
Potsdam?
How did the relationship between the USA and the Soviet Union change
during and after the two conferences?
What did they agree upon and disagree upon at the Yalta Conference?
What did they agree upon and disagree upon at the Potsdam Conferenc?
Policy of Containment
Describe both the Long Telegram and the Iron Curtain speech and explain
how they helped form the policy of containment.
What was the long and short term results of the implementation of the
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plans?
What were Truman reasons for creating the Truman Doctrine and what
did it state?
What were Truman reasons for creating the Marshall Plan and what did
it state?
Salami Tactics
Why did Stalin want to control Eastern Europe and explain what is meant
by the term Buffer Zone.
What were the objectives of both Cominfom and Comecon and explain
why they were created.
Explain fully how Stalin was able put in place a puppet communist
government in Poland after World War Two?
Explain fully how Stalin was able put in place a puppet communist
government in Hungary after World War Two?
The Berlin Blockade
Describe the situation in Berlin before Stalin decided to put the blockade
in place, including explaining how it was divided.
How did the Berlin blockade impact on relations between the USA and
the Soviet Union?
What were the short term reasons behind Stalin’s decision to blockade
Berlin?
What was Operation Vittles and was it successful?
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Why was NATO set up and what were its objectives?
What was the impact on American and Soviet Union relations after the
formation of the two alliances?
Why was the Warsaw Pact set up and what were its objectives?
Name the important nations in both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
The Korean War
Explain how the Korean Peninsula had come to be divided along the 38th
Parallel and what were the names and leaders of each country?
What were the long and short term results of the Korean War for both
Korea and the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union?
What were the main causes of the outbreak of war in Korea and how did
the United Nations come to be involved?
Describe the main events of the Cold War and explain how each side
came to get the upper hand in the fighting.
The Arms and Space Races
Explain the different stages of the atomic and nuclear arms race and how
it threatened world peace.
Explain how both the Arms Race and the Space Race affects relations
between the USA and the Soviet Union.
Explain the race to put a satellite in orbit and why it was important for
both the USA and the Soviet Union.
What is Mutually Assured Destruction and how did it affect Cold War
relations?
The Hungarian Revolution
What were the results of Khruschev becoming Soviet premier including
de-Stalinization and peaceful coexistence?
What were the results of the revolution for the Hungarian people,
Khruschev and for America-Soviet relations?
What were the reasons for the mass protests during the Hungarian
revolution in 1956?
What were the main events of the revolution including the reaction of
Khruschev?
Failure of Peace Talks
Why did Khruschev and Eisenhower agree to meet in Paris in 1960 and
what were their aims?
Why did Khruschev agree to put up the Berlin Wall and how did the
Americans respond to it?
What happened during the U2 Spy plane incident and how it impact on
peace negotiations?
What happened during the Vienna peace summit of 1961?
The Cuban Revolution and America
What was the impact of the communist revolution in Cuba on America?
What was Operation Mongoose and explain any of its successes or
failures?
Describe the plan behind the Bay of Pigs invasion and why did Kennedy
agree to it?
What happened during the Bay of Pigs invasion and how did it affect the
American reputation globally?
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Why was there a crisis over the island of Cuba in 1962 and what were the
options open to Kennedy?
What were the long term results of the crisis and how did it impact on
American-Soviet relations in the Cold War?
Describe the 13 days of the crisis and the actions of both Kennedy and
Khruschev during this time.
How was the crisis finally resolved and who, if anyone, could be
considered the winner?
A10: Superpower Relations 1945-1962: Key Events
#
1.) The Yalta Conference – February 4th-11th 1945
Who? Causes What happened? Consequences
USA led by
President
Roosevelt
UK led by
Prime
Minister
Winston
Churchill
USSR led
by Joseph
Stalin
War situation
had changed:
Germany was
close to defeat.
Discussions over
the post-war
world were
needed.
USA & UK
wanted USSR
to declare war
on Japan.
Needed to
agree a political
solution for
liberated
countries,
especially
Germany and
Poland.
Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan
within three months of the defeat of
Germany.
Compromise over Poland. All agreed to form
a Polish government pledged to hold ‘free
elections’. Borders of Poland also changed
– USSR gained land from Eastern Poland
whilst Poland would gain land from East
Germany.
The ‘Declaration on Liberated Europe’.
USA, USSR & UK commit to work for
democracy in Europe.
Allies agree to form the United Nations.
Germany and Berlin to be divided into four
zones of occupation between Britain,
France, USA and USSR.
Big Three restate their agreement that the
USSR should have a ‘sphere of influence’ in
Eastern Europe.
The talk of ‘democracy’ and ‘free
elections’ was interpreted differently
by USA and USSR. American free
speech vs. Stalin’s idea that communism
represented the people so no opposition
allowed.
Yalta raised false expectations in the
USA that Stalin would allow western-
style governments in Eastern Europe.
Stalin paid only lip service to idea of
‘free elections’ in Poland. In March, 16
leaders of the Polish resistance were
arrested by Stalin and never seen again.
Further talks over Poland achieved
nothing. USSR refused to allow pro-
western Poles into new government.
Soviet troops had captured most of
Eastern Europe. Stalin’s demand for a
‘sphere of influence’ had to be taken
seriously.
Knowing and understanding the key events from each topic is obviously essential. For
Section A topics like Superpower Relations, you need to be able to describe or explain the
causes, key features and consequences of each event. Make sure you study the following