ED 338 077 FL 019 800 AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson ... · DOCUMENT RESUME ED 338 077 FL 019 800 AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara TITLE Intermediate Pashto. Workbook.

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 338 077 FL 019 800

AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, BarbaraTITLE Intermediate Pashto. Workbook.INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED) , Washington,

DC.

PUB DATE 91

CONTRACT P017A-00022NOTE 169p.; For the Beginning Pashto Workbook (Units

1-14), see ED 323 765; for related IntermediatePashto documents, see FL 019 797-799.

PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (ForLearner) (051)

LANGUAGE Pashto; English

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Traits; Foreign Countries; *Form Classes

(Languages); *Grammar; *Pashto; Politics; ReligiousCultural Groups; Second Language Instruction; SocialBehavior; *Sociocultural Patterns; Uncommonly TaughtLanguages; Workbooks

IDENTIFIERS Afghanistan

ABSTRACTThe workbook accompanies the "Intermediate Pashto"

textbook (FL 019 797), and provides additional explanations, inEnglish, of Pashtun cultur,=.! and Pashto grammar. It also containsadditional exercises, with answer keys. The units and sectionscorrespond to those of the textbook. Unit overviews are intended tobe read, with parallel textbook sections, before the class session inwhich the unit is to be w.)rked on. Exercises for each unit are to bedone at the completion of classwork for the unit. Some exercisesrequire oral prompts, which are provided in the "Teachers Manual"(FL 019 799). Notes aue generally in English; exercises are inPashto. (MSE)

n Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *

* from the original docUment. *

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Workbook

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Center for Applied LinguisticsWashington, D.C.

1991

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Intermediate Pashto Workbook iii

Introduction

Table of Contents

v f I

Unit 15: 44511:,

Preview to Section 1: Dialogue 1

Preview to Section 2: Perfective Participles 4

Preview to Section 3: Reading 5

Preview to Section 4: Diversions 6

Exercises 7

Answers 11

Unit 16: . . . JAW** 414....*

Preview to Section 1: Reading 13

Preview to Section 2: Relative Clauses in Pashto 14



Exercises 17

Answers 23

Unit 17: .1..1 jlt_1

Preview to Section 1: Dialogue 26Preview to Section 2: The Imperfective Participle 28Preview to Section 3: 'Can Phrases in Pashto 28Preview to Section 4: Reading .. . 29Preview to Section 5: Diversions 30Exercises 31

Answers 35

Uni t 1E1: ..5.1.S 4.1 _rat, 4.4

Preview to Section 1 Dialogue ...... 37Preview to Section 2: Clauses with 4.a 38

Preview to Section 3: Reading . 38Preview to Section 4: Diversions 39Exercises 40Answers 45

Intermediate Pashto Workbook iv

Unit 19: .0j 44Preview to Section 1: Dialogue 4

Preview to Section 2' ComparisonsPreview to Section 1 Reading 49Preview to Section 4: Diversions 50Exercises 51

Answers 56

Unit 20: .Sj 4.; 0...Ai ,J.1...tj 4;);1 JI.;

Preview to Section 1:Preview to Section 2:Preview to Section 3:Preview to Section 4:Exercise',Answers

Dialogue 58

Conditional Statements 58

Reading 59Diversi ons 59

60

66

Unit 21: c5L,.. 45

Preview to Section 1: Dialogue 68Preview to Section 2: Relatives 69Preview to Section 3: Past Unreal Conditions 70Preview to Section 4: Reading 70Preview to Section 5: Diversions 72Exercises 73Answers 76

(hit 22: 4; 43 .5i a; 45 aS.

Preview to Section 1: DialoguePreview to Section 2: Genealogies of the Major Pashtun TribesPreview to Section 3. Present Unreal ConditionalsPreview to Section 4: ReadingPreview to Section 5: Diversions .....ExercisesAnswers .

78

78

BO

81

82

83

89

Un i t 23: 4;

Preview to Section 1

Preview to Section 2Preview to Section 3Preview to Section 4ExercisesAnswers

DialogueReading AReading 8Diversions

92

92

949495

100

...

Intermediate Pashto Workbook v

Unit 24: JLPreview to Section 1: Reading 102

Preview to Section 2: 4i in More Detail 103


Preview to Section 4: Diversthns 104

Exercises 105

Answers 110

Unit 25:J.1.1Preview to Section 1: Dialogue 112

Preview to Sections 2-4 112

Preview to Section 2: The Story Begins 113Preview to Section 3: The Story Continues 114

Preview to Section 4: The Story Concludes 115


Exercises 117

Answers 123

Unit 26: 415.11.c.:. jiPreview to Sectthn 1: Peading 126Preview to Section 2: Verb Phrases with Possessive Suffixes 127Preview to Section 3: Dialogue 127Preview to Section 4: Diversions 128Exercises 129Answers 135

Unit 27:Preview to Section 1:Preview to Section 2:Preview to Section 3:Preview to Section 4:ExercisesAnswers

Reading 13B

Conversation 139Reading 139Diversions 139

140

Unit 28:Preview to Section 1Preview to Section 2.Preview te Section 3Preview to Sectthn 4ExercisesAnswers

The Story BeginsThe Story ContinuesThe Story ConcludesD: wersions

147

150

151

152

153

154

160

Intermediate Pashto Workbook vi

Introduction

This Textbook is one of the three components of Intermediate Pashto The othercomponents are a Workbook, a Teachers' Manual, and an Interim Glnssary.

Ml the components of Intermediate Pashto are available in microfiche or hardcopy through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. The materials are described indetail in the ERIC Document entitled The CAL Pashto Materials: Overview. For

information, please contact ERIC/CLL, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.

Th :se materials have been developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics withfunding from Grant No, PO 1 7A 00022 from the international Research and StudiesProgram of the U. S. Department of Education. The same office funded CAL to developBeginning Pashto, the components of which are available from the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service as well Intermediate Pashto continues the study of Pashtowhere Beginning Pashto left off, and the two together constitute a relatively completeoverview of the spoken and written Pashto language, as well as a fairly extensiveintroduction to Fashtun culture. 'he development of a Pashto Reader has also beenfunded; the reader will be available through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service inearly 1993

This Workbook accompanies the Intermediate Pashto Textbook, and providesadditional explanations of Pashtun culture and Pashto grammar It also provides thestudent with exercises in addition to the ones in the Textbook

The units and sections of the Workbook correspond to those in the Textbook. ThePreview sections should be read, along with the parallel sections in the Textbook, beforethe class session in which the section is worked on. The exercises at the end of eachunit are to be done when class work on the unit has been completed.

The exercises marked with a T require or& prompts, and are intended to providethe student with additional listening practice. These prompts are given at the 'id of thecorresponding unit in the Teachers Manual

NM. eir.7-"=7"......... -ram ..,,,F,?-,r ^-r^r .from".' ple 114-1 ri.'"IC . ^

Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 5:

Unit 5:

Overview

Workbook 1

The topic of this unit is Pashtun/Afghan weddings, the urban type discussed inthe dialogue, and the rural type talked about in the reading. You will also learn how thePashto perfective participle is formed, and how to use it In phrases equivalent to theEnglish perfect tenses (e g. 'I have gone and 'I had gone').

Preview to Section 1: Dialogue

Theresa has been invited to the wedding of a friend of Asad's, and is asking Lay15what to expect. Lay13 is describing a wedding of the type that is put on in Kabul, andthat has been carried over into the Afghan community in the United States

Cultural notes.. Lay13 is describing the part of the wedding that is parallel toAmerican wedding rezeptions. There will have been a religious ceremony bef ore theparty, at which a mullah will have read parts of thes Koran, and the couple will haveexchanged vows similar to those in a western religious ceremony. Only the bride andgroom and a few very close family members will have attended this ceremony.

The part of the wedding that Lay13 is describing is put on by the groom's family,who also decide how many guests to invite, who to do the music and food, and so on,

As Laylã impliet:, the wedding couple does not attend the early part of their ownreception. At some later point, usually after everyone has been served food, the couple'processes' into the room, surrounded by women from the groom's family, one of whichfollows behind them holding a Koran over their heads, All the guests stand and applaudthe couple as they proceed to the platform. When they reach it, they are showered withcandy, as LayIN describes, and also sometimes with flowers On the platform there is acouch or sofa for the couple to sit on, and there they take part in other ceremonies.

One of these is a traditional Kabul ceremony in with a mirror, specially handled(no one but the bridal couple should be reflected in it), decorated and wrapped. Thecouple's heads are covered with a large scarf, and then the mirror is handed to them.They unwrap it under the scarf, and look at themselves in it This custom is clearlybased on the premise that the bride and groom have not seen each other before thewedding; the writer of the dialogue comments that the bride and groom are supposed tolook not only at each other but also at themselves either to congratulate Lhemselves

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: slit; Workbook 2

for Zieing such a handsome couple, or to reconcile themselves that neither one isparticularly handsome._

Another ceremony involves henna, which Is put on the palms of the bride and thelittle finger of the groom. Close family and friends may also apply henna to theirfingers.

There are other ceremonies as well that might or might not occur. The particull.r:of any one Afghan wedding are different from other Afghan weddings: Afghan families oicourse vary in their customs and beliefs, and these variances are reflected in theweddings they put on for their sons.

After the reception, the bride and groom go to the groom's home, accompanied bya subset of the reception guests. There, a breakfast is served, and finally the guestsleave the couple to start their married life. Unlike some other Islamic cultures, anAfghan wedding does not include any public fuss over the consummation of the nlarriage.

One element wnich appears to be constant is that the women involved In an Afghanwedding make it a point to dress up, as Layla mentions. Most woman who can afford it goto beauty parlors to have their hair done, their face made up and their hands manicured.Younger women wear the equivalent of western cocktail dresses, although with moremodest necklines, sleeve lengths and hemlines. Older women might wear a westerndress, but will cover their hair with sheer white pkrays Some women choose to wearsaris or dressy vry-sions of the Afghan kamis and partug.

Everyone Is expected to give a present to the couple, but traditionally the presentis taken to the groom's house and not brought to the wedding. These days, the sometimeAmerican custom of providing a place at the reception for guests to leave their presentshas been adopted for Afghan weddings.

Warn stuclu. The word for ceremony, , is an Arabic word, and has an Arabic

plural I .

You might encounter another word besides AI for 'bridegroom' - [zuml rti3 is aterm which usually translates as 'son-in-law', but many speakers use it to refer tobridegrooms as well.

is an alternative masculine oblique form of j.e.

.1 and are forms of .1, the participle formed from the verb This

verb has the following dialectal variants in the past tenses.Pr-es Ina, Pres_ Pcrf, Past Imo, Pas1 Pert,

z [Icégd--1.34)TS [kexod(ál)-1 (kéxod(al)-I

[ixod(61)-1 I i1xod(a1)-] I

..01110 I II I orger I nrmrlp gm, rm., in-wwwcr. AJAP.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 40,Le.; r.e. 4.; j Workbook 3

The phrases 0.0.5 41111. 'are eaten' and LsiS J.14 'are invited' are parallel in

structure to the phrase oj j5.t_i 'have been written', which occurred in the reading

in Unit 14. jif and are ordinary infinitives, and when they are followed by

the verb -5 (not the auxiliary) they translate almost perfectly as English passives.

In the sentence

4.1 cjl_k. 40_4. 41ttranslates as 'for themselves', and the sr, refers to the food mentioned in the

previous sentence. In other words, the food at an Afghan wedding is set up buffet-style

The word [sNzand6) belongs to separate class of masculine nouns. This

class, which we will label M4, consists of masculine nouns ending in [al A, with the

following case endings:DSg: [slizandaI DPI: [stizandagln)

0Sg: [sNzandal 303L 0111: [sAzandagNnol

Sentence structure. Theresa's question about whether she sheuld wear her ownAfghan clothes to the wedding:

J I se 1÷

involves a participle different from the one you are learning in this unit. Theseparticiples with r.t, sr:, etc. will be studied in Unit 16.

The underlined part of LayIN first sentence'

k.5.) .! 4-, Da I, ,.;LUL;l

4J 1

is a relative clause (a sentence which modifies a noun). The clause translates as theEnglish relative clause 'in which on average more than a hundred people take part, andmodifies the noun 1-, -1r

Note that in the sentences

if L5J-C j 3 L. JL 4.1-C

.51 ri..)

47; Li-51.; ,J Lt 41S-

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: vit Workbook 4

LT _Lt.; tT53 '4;' .3/ c.511-1-.4 (5-17fil-1.

the verbs in the 415 clauses (they're underlined) are present perfective, and the

verbs In the following clauses are present imperfective. (Thl j..t.; in the first sentence

above is a stress-shifting verb; the perfective isn't shown in the writing system, butthe stress is on the first syllable rather than the last ) In general, any verb in a clauseheaded by 4..r will be perfective.

Preview to Section 2: The Perfective Participle

In this section, you are shown, first, how to form perfective participles, andsecond, two of the constructions in which they are used. Participles are adjectiveswhich have been derived from verbs. Participles in English are such words as runnina inthe phrase rurtnIng water and broken in the phrase Draken recerd.

The participles shown in this section are used in high-frequency constructions inPashto, They are called 'perfective participles both to show that they are derived fromthe (past) perfective forms of verbs, and also to differentiate them from the Imperfec-tive participies which will be studied In the next unit. As is shown in the notes to "UsingParticiples", these perfective participles have the same agreement patterns as verbs inthe past tenses.

The construction involving the perfective participle and r., ksj etc., is fairlyclose to the English present perfect tense; it is used when the speaker or writer istalking about an event that has occurred at some unspecified time previous to the timehe/she is speaking or writing.

The construction involving the perfective participle and ssj, etc, is parallel tothe EngHsh past perfect tense; it is used when the speaker or writer is talking about anevent iat occurred at some unspecified time previous to a reference point. The firstline f the dialogue in Unit 12 illustrate this, in both languages:

Rabya: You weren't home last night

David: No, I wasn't I hallzasie to the

hospital to ask about A5ad

44;

In this exchange, WOO establishes the reference point as the time she called ordropped by. David, by using tea gone in English and tst4 v..L1; in Pashto, shows that he left

for the hospital before she called, The Pashto construction is used in broader contextsthan the English past perfect, as is illustrated in the next exchange in the dialogue:

"Pr ir" '040,"77,310"^Vir'r Plar ran. 4.617 VACIMIN .fina. ter vprmersirp "wise, ern rpe ,r,rmeele, r-nr

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 4r.I Workbook 5

RZibyg: Nol What happened to Asad? 4.L ; t 4,JjDavid: His car was [not tied been] in an accident. 4,$1;..5 415.e. :

and in the following exchange from the Unit 14 dialogue:

Layla: You weren't around for awhile; CYi ssittr 'r5-1b Z j. 4.,..L 1 Z : 1,1

where were you?

RAbyS: I went [not had gone] to Maryland . 41111; CO .1.:.i.)"7,4 : Lt., I j

Preview to Section 3: Reeding

In this reading_ rural Afghan (including Pashtun and non-Pashtun Afghans)weddings are described.

Cultural notes. The major difference between rural and urban Afghan weddings isthat in the rural weddings, each family gives a party, whereas in the urban weddings,just the groom's family gives one.

Another important difference is that at the rural wedding parties, the sexes donot mix: while an entire family, including servants, is invited to one or other of theparties, the father and older sons join the men's group, and the mother, older daughtersand babies go with the women. The little children are allowed to play wherever they like

The religious ceremony with the mullah usually takes place, in rural weddings, theevening before the all-night wedding parties.

Word stud.u. Remember that 4.t, bal., a refers to the evening Defore the

wedding, not the evening after. The phrase ..J1. I4.5.j

is talking about the afternoon before the evening of the wedding

a.LA is the ordinary word for 'boy' or 'youth' Older Pashtun men also use it in

addressing one another, as in the equivalent of glig in such contexts as "Look, guys, weraed another touchdown" in other contexts, the term refers unambiguously to theprofessional dancers described in the passage There is an interesting and accuratedescription of one of these dancers in Caravans, James Michener's 1940s novel aboutAfghanistan

is another of those phrases in which the infinitive plus -4,r5 translates

perfectly as the passive, in this case 'is called'

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 419.1.1: 4; 41 4.31i Workbook 6

jentence_structure. More relative clauses, in

siSA:L...ti..Q__45.0 Li .3 ssii;

4 . 475,11.; 4wes j 41.2 .31,:i

the underlined relative clause translates as 'who are usually women and a number of thebride's close male relatives', and modifies the noun In

. J3 .3 s 4.5.1 4.-Li (bi-)

the underlined relative clause translates as 'in which there are many women and men'and modifies And in

_91 4,5j 4D L(1-4

..5.04' 4.;

the relative clause translates as 'who have put on special clothes and put bells on theirfeet', and modifies z,LSIA. And finally, in

.k.5.PTS de-) 1JJ 41.,4 4re4L; 4:;

the relative clause translates as 'who go to the bride's house', and modifies 1.5..L.

Preview to Section 4: Diversions

The first story (which has also turned up with Mullah Nasruddin as the husband)revolves around the requirement that a woman cover her face in the presence of strangemen. Every family apparently differs es to which of a bride's male in-laws are'strangers' and which are not, hence the bride's problem.

The second story makes Pashtuns laugh, but leaves most westerne(s wonderingwhat's supposed to be funny. The Pashtuns who laughed explain that the joke is in thefact that the mullah, who has disrupted the proceedings considerably, can think ofnothing to advise his daughter about except something trivial.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 4115_11-.

Unit 15 Exercises

Workbook 7

Exercise T I. Listen to each of the following sentences, then write down the subjectand direct object of the sentence

Direct Object Subject Direct Object Silbject

v .

.

A . T

.

. 11 . o

. 1 T .1

Exercise T2. Listen to the statements, and mark whether they are true of a rural( 47950LS or urban ( .,L+ 4. ) wedding, or all Afghan weddings (4 jai Lj.).

1/4,1.41 sos 015 4:

. T

. T

. o

. V

. A

. 1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: s9.lt 4.

Exercise T3. Listen to the sentences, and write the participles.

. V

. V

Exercise 4. In the previous fourteen units

Workbook 8

4,5 d_;_t 42,1iitg .3

. T

. T

5 L.t. Tc.5,7

c

6 .3 ti5 41L,3 4I L .v

$, ygg L""çJbj L .v

L5.3 of . A

4.19.4 j ji Lt.

L.L:n4-1 .1.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: ssill re. 4: 4.3 a .51 j

Exercise 5. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word

Workbook 9

4 .,;LL:Li41 3 1$11:1" 4 .3 4. Zr.

4: .3 1.1 I .3

ss-C

sge, 1,5-74 L-5-1 15

631 .3

j----- 4.a. 415

C5j..1 ti5.1"1 Jj

4511 y_te .SjLLE I 0

L5TS 1.11 L5 Lc 4,15 j j 4 b L(Las . 1v

i5; iiS' .3.3 1 ri 3 L...... 4. v S514

.3 0.31i .3 V

. _______ yib a 4; l...L., ji; -II

4r5tt 4.; JAI ,1 s9- 4 .;---... 14, 4T9-C bali 4.:, 1.-4...? . A

6./.5

JJ-1.!

-$1 s95W1 i

a LI ss jL

Exercise 6. Read the following passage, and answer the questions.

j L. 41 4. .5.3 . 3 s9S j L.? a 1 j-4-15 -A J J 44-0 Jj 4_1

l_c_Ls j 1 s5; L jy . 3 4.5.a4 1 j ,a..; L .., A j

. c"..; I .3 .1.1 . 4t. 4_1 j

band, combo n, Fl [dastáj such, so adv. [dSsej

be surprised der int. vb. therAneg-1

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise 6 (cant.)

Unit 15: scit 4.; a; ali

495

Workbook 10

JL 4 1 a L.% aV V

j bali jt..1.5 la . T

i53 011/J

0111

T

jig LI, 3Le.

. 0

.6 Lir.. 4. JL.? i .

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise T I .

DirRct Dbject,

-4-464

L.

Exercise 12.4;

,Unit 1 5: I

Answer Key

Subject

. V

t.)

Exercise T3.

I

IT

so5

Direct Object

j-4,1 .

Workbook 11

Subject

sfrs ut-5

. T

. o

. 1

. v

. A

I

. L

Intermediate Pashto Unit 15: 41911; Workbook 12

Exercise 4..0 . 1, I .T J . T J . 1

JJ .1. 411..1 I . A L I,, . v 01-4-1 .

Exercise 5.

s51L."4; 47.,

a .31 J 4.5_AL .3 1 .3 .4"..t

. c) Aj 4 A .11 .3 . T

4.15 crt is5.3",; "L,..; JILI DLL. .L

krAl144 LS. 0

J L ",;-4 L5 pi ss5 yj.3j 41 41a . cD1-CIA r . 1

; a 4 .3 A Lt 47ea 4#7.64. .3 A .31 J .3 . V

15il.; J;; J 1

Exercise 6

L5J 415-14 sl5A.31J 4. . A

A.A--4.Aig J 1 40,:a s95 AI/ jj 3 `k

. 4cxj. 4.4 ol..t yil.; 1

_1 'Le. e s5.5

. s5,7.5 4.1,1

A .31 j N....) 31 ..A.1 .

ac. *01j LJj ,z4j T

. _515 .3 J J.3 .

ii. ij

LP I-) 4:j ,(-4, 4 1 4..J t 1. D.todo A j 3 . 1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: 41.;4-,

Uni t 1 6: .

Unit Overview

Workbook 13

The topic of this unit is the engagement process in Pashtun society. The reading,in which the parents actions in forming an engagement are described, is Section 1.Section 2 presents Pashto relative clauses. The dialogue, in which Amgn discusses withTheresa some of the effects of the custom of arranged marriages, is in Section 3.Section 4, Diversions, gives some of the landaus Amgn was thinking of in the dialogue

Preview to Section 1: Reading

This reading describes how engagements are made in rural Pashtun society,focussing in particular on the actions of the boy's family in initiating negotiations, thegirl's family's acceptance or rejection of the boy's family's offer, and the ceremoniesannouncing a successful engagement

_Cultural notes. The reading makes the point that in traditional Pashtun society,the boy and girl have no input into the choice of spouse: marriages are effectivelypolitical arrangements between families. If the boy and girl are relatives (first cousinsare frequently married to each other) or neighbors, they might have gotten to know oneanother in childhood; and if they are from the same area, the girl might have seen the boyas they both went aoout their business in the village.

The secret visits of the engaged boy to his fiancee, mentioned in the lastparagraph, are arranged by the girl's mother, and always take place at the girl's house

Word tvs,ty The word 0.)Vj consists of 'sitting' plus ..,V 'standing'.

PashtUN associates sit and go with one another!The syllable at the end of is a Pashto suffix roughly parallel to

English -hoodThe word s5.".; is one of the one-word forms which substitute for a prepositional

phrase, like 1/415 and

Sentence It.ructure The verb 4.5..ti in the phrase 4.) 4,9.2 4.5 is a past

perfective verb, although the translation is 'If they are able' This is an instance of thePashto subjunctive' verbs following 45 do not follow the same pattern as English verbs

following 'if' All of which will be the subject of a future unit.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ... Ay!. Workbook 14

The sentence

-it-1 j 4.; LLI...6 a/A .3 alai' Aa.C.Fe

is based on the author's knowledge that the girl is more likely to have seen the boy (whogoes about with his face uncovered) than the boy is to have seen the girl (who sincepuberty has covered her face).

Preview to Section 2: Relative Clauses

Relative clauses in Pashto are formed very similarly to relative clauses inEnglish, and are therefore relatively easy for English speakers to understand and use. in

both languages, they are most easily thu,ight of as sentences embedded in othersentences dependent clauses, in traditional grammatical terminology. Any sentencewith a relative clause in it can be converted into two sentences, for example:

'The girl who is buying the

dress is R3byN's sister'

1: 'The girl is Rgbyg's sister'

. Cs j LI j 011.1

2 'The girl is buying the dress

Note that in the second sentence the one that becomes the relative clause there is anoun that is identical to the noun being modified, i e 4A-Is This identical noun

always shows up when you break a sentence with a relative clause into two sentences

The rules for converting a Pashto sentence into a relative clause are very simple:a: change the identical noun into the corresponding weak pronoun;b apply all the weak pronoun rules (e.g. delete it if it's the subject of a

present tense sentence or a past tense intransitive sentence; deleteit if it's the object of a past tense transitive sentence; move itto a position after the first stressed element in the sentence.)

c: add the clause marker to the beginning of the clause;

d drop the clause after the noun it modifies.

Applying the rules to the two sentences aboveSentence 2: . j jAfter rule a " *i571.*

After rule b

Intermediate Pashto

After rule c:

After rule d.

Unit 16: a,.t 41;4.1 j÷; Workbook 15


In this dialogue, Theresa and Amn are discussing the Pashtun custom wherebythe parents choose one's mate, and the repercussions therefrom

Cultural notes. When Aman talks about a , he is doing so in the context of

Pashtun society In that context, the term does not necessarily imply a closerelationship: a might be, for example, a neighbor boy the.k a girl has seen countless

times and formed an affection for, but never spoken toPart of the engagement and marriage negotiations have traditionally involved a

hefty bride price an amount that the boy or his family pays to the girl's family. Giventhe size of the bride price, a man is frequently relatively old when he finally becomesable to afford a wife and, of course, he and his family are most interested in finding ayoung girl for him to marry, The young girl compares this "old" man to the young boys shesees; the young boys yearn after the girls they cannot afford to marry; and the result isas Arran describes it.

As AmEn comments, girls in Kabul and In the refugee community here in the UnitedStates are allowed more freedom to meet and get tc, know young men, and are given somesay in the choice of husband. In their freedom, and their use of it, these Afghan girlsappear strikingly parallel to the heroines in Victorian literature of the late nineteenthcentury cf the novels of Trollope and Thackeray

Word studis and are all pure Pashto words The suffix

is the same suffix as that in is literally lover-hood', or 'romance'

The term 0:3.3.. in general means 'stingy person or 'one who does harm' In the

context of love and romance and marriage, however, it clearly refers to the girl'sunwanted husband

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: 4.1.kr1

Prev;ew to Section 4: Diversions

Workbook 16

These landays are some of the ones Aman remumbers which reflect the feelings ofa woman married to a man she had no part in choosing, as well as those of her lover. It isthe lover speaking in the first two landays, the wife speaking in the second two.

The term 0,7..c.14 .3 in the first landau refers to a glass bracelet of the sort

worn in India and Pakistan one more easily broken than one of silver or gold.7. is an adjective, the usual translation for 'dead' The verb for 'kill' is

but the verb for 'die' in the landau is the simple intransitive verb 7. without theretroflen jr-i. The simple verb has been replaced by the intransitive derivative verb

7. in modern speech and writing, but the simple verb is preserved in folklore

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: _41.1 alrl kk..; Workbook 17

Workbook Exercises

Exercise T1. Listen to the following sentences, then write the word that is describedwith a relative clause

Exercise T2, Listen to the following sentences, then mark whether theg describe awedding or an engagement

D.31.3 tv.31.)

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: 41;1.1 41,:. otiz

Exercise T3. Listen to the passage, then answer the questions

Workbook 18

oit16-4 i)7.1 *2'1,1 4." .

L.J,) 15.

j.a j.5 4J Ur, . 0

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ... a.rt aljarl at 04..0 Workbook 19

Exercise 4. Read the following letter, then answer, in English, the questions below.

1 -1 _<15..) I.". se r

44 14....al 4:1 L55.) 1.0...4' a 4.15 3 (15

4ff..? s5 a 4.7J Li r... au4t. 07.11,9 .51 41--i-'43 .78.1-5

,75 L53.3..) s5.5 L.51- -c5.5

J

1. What does 0.5..,11 probably mean in English?

2 Does Layla's sister seem to know her fiancee well? What clues does the letter give?

3 Is [zcaviári ).3 j3 likely to be a good quality or a bad one? Why?

4 What does probably mean in English? Why do you think so?16.

5 What were Lay15's parents apparently looking for in a young man for her sister?

Intermediate Pashto Uni t 1 6: . . . I..: cL;.1.1 4...r 06.; Workbook 20

Exercise 5 Read the following passage, and answer the questions

c)t.1 r..ch f3L! 4: 4,31 j T5 j..; JS .3

.:1j1 j..1

jl6 _91 6 ,7r-a LS . 41

4:,.. J., ts..b. 6...tr-a

4:

beauty parlor n, F3 Ear4ishg51 o1 L ji gift n, F1. [tufif á]

It's my wish phr, [zr.-6 me dal oz ii).3 brief, short adj I karrjr5God willing that phr. [khwdãy w6ki tsel 41. ify.5

AzIj .

C. .3 A .3 I j L .

4.2N-44 45 5 it; 4 0.3

4; AZ1 it 0.07: a.t. .5 .3

o .3 Ij ,):c at .3 I . 0

$

Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 6: . . . Workbook 21

Exercise 6. Relative clauses are often used in definitions of nouns, for example

LS 27t-C 0-4. A.J 15jl

Give Pashto definitions for the following words in sentences constructed along the linesof the example

Exercise 7. Rewrite the paragraph below in the past tense

. o

. 1

S5-3L;.

. A

1*

°.."A' .0-1-7"6-3 ji Aj. .3S

L55*

1 .3 A 1

v -6.

a..z. ras .3 A "LS 5 17.5jj je ,1/4.*:n

1 3 "Ld ,04..1 S57°. J 17,1 J 1 J y ":1` *97:

4.1 or 1.4 I j ss.g +-7:, 4-7; 471'

.3 a 415 j LL.t .3 L5i 4..LSL A.Si

L.5 3 4" I) 4:0 3 4.1 1SL; a .3 4.".../ 3.5 .5

a LI+ L5"-! 3 _13 Le. A 7r... L; .3 s5.5

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ....J.:. Workbook 22

Exercise Write out the sentences from the second exercise in the Practice sectionof Section 2

Ic

0

. V

. A

.i

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ...aj.1 a:14.1 4t Lola; Workbook 23

Exerrise T I.

.)

Exercise T2.

Exercise T3.

Wv

Answers

o Lt .L -4

_t5 . . A

.3 1 s.5.31,5 ,T533

. V

x . V x . T

x . A x . T

x .4k ____x . 1.

x .10 _x_ .o

.J9 L5La

sSi 01-1:" 4:" ci5z11.5 yq-17:i:" . I

L.51-12; 41. J-t; 1 3 .

a'11.J./1 rs. 3L J9 4=--";

LP 4.1 _JD! j . t

3 o

Exercise 4.1 It probably means something like 'congratulations'2 No, the sister doesn't, or Layla would not be describing the boy to her.3 Probably a good quality; Layl seems to approve of the boy.4 Probably something to do with education: 4.--1_,SU is likely to be borrowed from English

facult6t or French faculte.5 Apparently they wanted a boy who was educated, and who came from a good family

Exercise 5

"1.5

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: Workbook 24

4.2. 0 ..3 41.1.1. I I . Tv

. 5.4. a; * z I i 6..,...., Jiro i 1 a171.....

jv.I. 4.1 i L.54)..2 .p.a. 4.2. 0 a .1.1...4 I .3 A.T

4-,t 0 ii 1 J 41 ,"-`5 "A L5 .2.1,41.101.pi 4..% 0.3 LI .ov

.4::...._....1. I i

Exercise 6.

571. L74...) s9.S cj Z..4 LI I L9-- _3941 4t4...; Lab

c,34,7S.

.1)t J j 3 4; 4..k.6 4 5..t5 4.17: L. c.) .

4.3 .3 j2c- LI'. 4; 4.W...6 45-2 IJ 3 417 . T

0 LI .u;,.6 L5,5 6.3Ij

j 4.1.a d5j5 I dkJ 41-4 . 0

. L5 z?tS j 4.1ab ss.5 4.e. j dLt

cis" k.S.,S 4.a 4.1.:441 4.4 jg .

. 4:r 4.;a L5S.2.1 .

..52Y:E.S _I 4D L_33 LI rig .k1/4. 5 L Z. ".414 41.15 47; C) 4t. IgN,5 "

Exercise 7.

'ii C.r.:- A-.51 4:11'6 Lt

0.A.S1 .07S-jj j.!.o7Ci `L7.

45L 41! 4197/. J1 J- J1 ° -11.-

41A 1 4.1 .,; jaja a j I 4155 4.1 4.t

4..a. L-..! 47. kis j 0..te L.Lt . L5 L., jfS II.

4. t. jj415c

Exercise 8.

Le 01.1.. L.; a .t.a 4...0

jt.5 j 4.;,6 1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: ... h.t. .W.7.1 cr J.?.:.

'.5a 0)i/J k19 2

Workbook 25

L....6...j L;L:$ I 4Li 4t Lcisoo 0......e.r&S eLLTb ... I . T

r....1".1 ,_.l_z_C 4.A.A 03 . L

4::_.....1i ,..) L. I . 0.1.:.; L,... 4,5S 41 s5_4. .L.. I 41. 1..0 4. .il a

jij 4 c#11.:........;L:Lil a 4,.., .I;L:N. 4.1. v)Vi A ...y....1 %.1.1.1.6 4..) 1. . . I

(5.... j I <IAA ZjIZ . V

_.1._(14. A

' d 1/ J-4 4_- yq5 .ii-"-r: `..1 -,_) i)., -4 4-r. 5,7"' 4." 4.)L5.,"1- `:'

.0.7; li s5 J .1440 A L.5.; )14..0. ..!-1.6 4..Lb .1.0 I . 1


Unit 17: Jitz

Unit Overview

The subject of this unit is children's education. The dialogue in Section 1 givesyou a sample of a child talking to his father. The reading in Section 3 is a discussion ofelementary education in Afghanistan. In the Diversion in Section 4, you are given asample of a fourth grade textbook. The grammar covered in this lesson (in Section 2) isthe imperfective participle, in particular ±ts use in phrases equivalent to 'can' in English.


Amän's son Khoshal has come home from his first day in junior high, and Arran isasking him about it

,Cultural notes. The words and .31.1...1 41.6.1.3 all refer to elementary

education, not higher education. The phrase .31.1...; 4.1:,.1.3 in particular is a "schoolish"

phrase only children and school officials use it!

Word stitclu You have seen the adjective before, in the landau in Unit 1 of

Beginning Pashto The landau is repeated here; gou now know enough Pashto to

understand its structure4.! 45

yj .5 Le ss.e US-

student (Arabic) Ralabi LI, blue [shinkii 0<t_

remember, think of (ygdaw-] L.2 beauty mark [khAII

The word is a noun, and as such translates as English or 'individual' A more

idiomatic translation is 'of them' the phrase IL; .3 in Khoshal's comment

L5.7! 1 4. -? J-1; J-2 ylf

for example, translates best as 'some of them', referring to his fellow students who

don't like one of the teachers, and Khoshal's sentence

i z

Intermediate Pashto Unit 17:"15"2

Workbook 27

translates as 'in some classes the attendance is twenty of them', referring to thestudents in Amin's question,

Since cl-.4 always occurs with a number, its plural ending is the special masculine

plural WI that occurs with numbers: .c1; rather than

Eashiazauivalents. Some of the words in the dialogue referring to education areof Arabic or Persian origin. These words have 'pure' Pashto equivalents which have beenconstructed by the Pashto Academy, and which are sometimes used instead of the non-Pasnto words. Here is a list of them, with their Pashto equivalents:

Non-Pashto

n , 113 ixowandzSyl

Pashto

0-C".31.5

n 113 (1.olgáy)

Impersonal transitive verbs. You might have noticed that in Khoshal's sentence

'LL.".9the pronoun L. is used, although it's an intransitive sentence and you would expect the

pronoun .3. is one of a small but frequently-occurring class of simple verbs

traditionally called "impersonal transitive verbs" Others in the class are listed below;note that most of them denote sounds made by animals (including hum,ansi)

'bray' (hang-)

'bark' (ghAp-J

'whinny' Eshishn-)

'dance' (nãts-)

'swing' (zgng-J

'swim' (lamb-]

'cry' (zgr."--1

'sneeze' (prinj--]

'cough' (tukh-1

These verbs are odd, in that1. In the past tenses, the subject is in the oblique case, even though the verbs are

intransitive.2. In the past tenses, they always and only take a third person masculine plural

verbal ending, regardless of the person of the subject, for example

Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: .1..1 01.9_,L2.; Workbook 28

'I was laughing' (m3 khandal/khandalal L.

'you were laughing' RA khandal/khandalaj /LJ

'Layla was laughing' (1ay13 khanual/khandala( dt,J tJ'we were laughing' (mung khandal/khandala( 4J /J.LL:1.

and, moreover, the J suffix never drops.

3 In the verbs with (3) in the present stem, the fEJ changes to (al in the past

tense

A ovt. of olace. In Khoshal's sentence about Mike's reactlon to the pizza, the

that occurs after LL is not the relative clause marker. In this context it means

'when', and is one of the uses of as a conjunction These will be studied in the next

unit

Preview to Section 2: The Imperfective Participle

You'll immediately realize that the perfective and imperfective participles of anyparticular verb will be different only if the verb has different perfective and imperfec-tive past stems 1.e if they are derivative or doubly irregular verbs.

Preview to Section 3: 'can Phrases in Pashto

As is mentioned in the notes, the imperfective/perfective distinction in Pashto'can' phrases isn't reflected in English; for example, an exact translation of Raby3'sstatement that she couldn't find work 4:1A is something like "I

wasn't able to have found work", which doesn't work very well as an English sentenceFor practical purposes, we suggest that you learn to say the imperfective 'can'

phrases, as they are the ones that most frequently occur in ordinary conversation. Keepin mind that there are perfective 'can' phrases as well, so that when you run across onein your Pashto studies you will be able to deal with U.

You will often see an imperfective 'can' phrase used with a future adverb like'tomorrow'. Pashto is like English in this respect; note the following Pashto sentencesand their translations''She can cook aushak today

j....a I L.'She can cook aushak tomorrow

Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: f""


Workbook 29

The topic of the reading is the education of children in Pashto-speaking areas inAfghanistan before the Russian invasion

Cultural notes. In the passage, the verb is used to describe what the

children in the mosque schocls were learning to do. Our usage of the English verb readdoes not match Jz.,.1 cs it is being used In the passage, in that read Includes

understanding of what you're reading, whereas Jz,1 in the passage refers to the

decoding process only. The children were being taught just the correspondencesbetween the letters of the Arabic alphabet and the (Arabic) sounds they represented, nalwhat the words meant.

The students would first learn the Arabic alphabet, via primers showing theshapes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet. Then they would learn to read ( decode)verses from the Koran, which has always been written with tashquil - diacriticswritten over and under the consonant symbols to indicate which of Arabic's three vowelsto say.

The writer of the passage, who attended one of these schools, comments that thework was fiendishly difficult, as it consisted of brute memorization

Infinitives. There are several infinitives in the reading, all of which translatestraightforwardly as English 'to study' and 'to read'

45 L LJ 1waySto1..L.1.3 j. . ,L; LS.Isis

[lwastáll zJ Li 3 L., L.5.! 3 jj I 41 J.; (..1.6 4! 14

j,75 az3 flwast61) cji.,..3.3 at 41 "AS-La

1.4 (lwastSll lag j.c _Id"; Le

Infinitives, you recall, are formed with the imperfective past stem of the verb plus the J

ending For agreement purposes, infinitives are always masculine plural In the firstsentence above about where boys go to study their lessons, the infinitive ,.12.1 is in the

oblique case (it's the object of a preposition), and as a plural has the final

Word study. Note the differences in vocabulary and structure among thefollowing:

memorize der, tr. vb. [paya-daw-q jibe reminded der, int. vb fyNdeg-1


think phr. [fikir kaw-1

remember (r. be in (someone's) mind) phr, [pa yki de] 5.3 zLe


The passage reproduced in the Students Text is a photocopy of an early passagein a fourth grade Pashto reader. The reader was written in 1968, and was in use in thepublic schools in Pashtun areas until the educational system fell apart after the Russianoccupation

About half of the selection is given; the other half goes on in the same vein,exhorting the students to follow the rules and work hard. The selections in the textbookhave been hand-written rather than typed or type-set, for aesthetic reasons and to be ofa size the children could handle. By comparing the photocopy with the typed versionbelow it, you can easily figure out the characteristics of the handwriting

IL)

Intermediate Pashto Unit 17:

Exercises

Workbook 31

Exercise T1, Listen to the sentences, then mark whether the sentence refers to thepresent, past or future Some of the sentences are ambiguous; mark both possibilities.

Present Past Future

2

3.

4

5

6

7

6.

9

1 0

Exercise T2. Listen to the passage, then write the answers to the questions below,

Lt ss

L.:1.j 41 0 3 I

ou r..5 3 44.4

icS

4:714.-rg

T

.41

LC:4j. """ C.r-4-"" °

Exercise T3. Listen to the following sentences, then mark whether they are talkingabout remembering something or memorizing something

Remembering riemori zing Remembering flemoriztno6

2 7

3. 84 95

Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: .1.1 ve, Workbook 32

Exercise 4. Read the following definitions, then give the English equivalent of theword listed

L5e.1.., L5J1-1 4-a 45 teijb %.5 slIS

Egharman3r6y1 odb

5 )7.'-C J. t-"C 4j1476 5,7 r_t-C

[kabgbil

4.A.A 4 j 41. ssS c5 T

`Lit 450_14 4.a,5

E5shpazkhNnál

u 4`; 4;A 5 -5 .51-11 4,95 4. L-vuo L4.1.5 4.70 US

Lki

Ji 4 ""6 LFIL 4y.J 4-t. 415S .t-C 4-;°

Eghojall

Exercise 5 Answer the following questions about the characters in these materials

.fit " L575 J15

44.; "S.; 4.,J J.* .3 .1..0 I .

.01 .,".;

j.S s6S I : I , T

I 3 c, L. I a

Intermediate Pashto Unit 17: . 1....4. sc./ ti j i i.,..... -. Workbook 33

43 y. .t.tAl JLN--t): - 045-t J.)..) .t.50.14 s.14-'s

01...:-.4 _, I ii; AZIJ LTS Ls..; LO

Exercise 6. Change the following sentences to past tense.

.T5i" T5i.,-,' c5,-1- J-,4 41 JL-,-t.,.

iL5,1 4.b...4....r 4.;trts . T

l.5-5 4te i.) 1; 4t Lfe. 4 i l.5 .,;" ZATI. 3 J^0 ,<- . Tit

ji;

I....2; Is 3 . 0

..".4 . NtiV . "?


L5--?; qg 41 At jab L. I . A

_!1- 41.954.!

45 0Ij 1.3 , 1°

Exercise 7. Read the following account of a mosque school for information.

L.C14, 31 L 4.;

4; 43-=-"' J'e 41 LT:

.S IJ j0 j.e. je. j I j

1 4.a I <L;, t-J .:JU* J L b..,,7C jLI.)

at, s9 L iLt 4 3

.4"" -/-1 4; 4:it.° -t4 : 4"5 L5 L5 L/ .) INr"°

JLL 4.1.5 4.1.5 I io 415 415 )La 1.5 4.33

4; 41 4f ,;1.42* 415 j.t.: _t; L.12 4.; 415 415 4,

little boy r, 113. Iwarakáyl L5-5j)beat smp, tr. vb. twah-1

didn't mind phr. Itsa na räta wNyal] a; j a; t.

fight der. tr vb. fjangaw)

injure, hurt der. tr. vb [zoblaw=j

Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 7: Workbook 35

Answer Key

Exercise T I.Present Past Future

2.

3

4

5.

6.

7

8.

9

10.

Exercise T2.

_x

x_

_x

Exercise T3.Remo/tering Memorizing

1. _x__2.

3 _x__4

5

6

7

8 _x__9 _x__

Exercise 4.1 lunch 2 ken!) seller 3 kitchen

<1-51 47; it-;-"

ssg .)-CLIA-,1. 4-1.4 . T

4 dictionary 5 barn

. L

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise 5.

Unit 17: .f...t Liiiit...; Workbook 36

L5,A ..,--°- I ..L.:1 ..)1.5 ss.5

isl j )1 4.7.1 c.),44.41 _no 4 j.-c:10. 44J 4.7.....# j j j 41... J.!, 4.5jSi

Exercise el.

i-t t_5--C 4 1 -:-.;.' _ti L "--; 1----e. :; ss5 L-Ce ..ra 1 47,.

_rt.' LS ./.5 1 `L.:1! .) .1 1-.:-I il Ci L. I

. r..1.... I , 4.; . T

t

. 0.4 Li i ji.....? t 5 4 i .) 419.. ji .3 4C0 4:)1.4. J10......ti.a. ti.6 0

. crt oi.:4 jt. I 4:0 0 3 1j .7.....t.a.c LA-il j-,.... i.....e..?" !_t.as .1

LL."-1 i5J-n. 0-'11-4 dlr 4; J6j:..1' 1

`. WI, 454-' 4e" 1'j 41 4'4 -,-) L.' 4t L.5--. 1-+ ' 4.J-:' J.; .=' Le. 3 .,10 Sz:l. T

o

JL; 4.:Li 63/_te. 4195

. j...,..4$3 0 j...1. 1/4./e. .11 1 _,...,...; 1, 3

j...Jj s.s..5 .3.11,...... %... 4; j...

. 4..!

cj-:-*--J9 ss-C .1"`:'45


Unit 18: . L5_,5 at. ye 44t

Unit Overview

This unit is the first of several about agriculture in Afghanistan. The reading isan introduction to the subject, and lists the principal crops grown. In the dialogue, youwill see how basic gardening activities are talked about in Pashto. The grammar focusof the lesson is a review of clauses with which are nal relative clauses i.e. those

which function as subjects or objects (noun clauses in English terminology) and thosewhich are simple time clauses.

Preview to Section 1. Dialogue

In this dialogue, Amgn, Lay1g and their son Khoshal are planting their gardenThey have just returned from a trip to the nursery.

Word stuci4j. Many, many of the nouns having to do with agriculture and the namesof crops are irregular, which reflects the age of the words as well as the centralposition that farming has in Pashtun society. You will notice, both here in the dialogueand in the reading, that most of the names of crops are mass nouns, i.e. they are alwaysplural in form and in agreement. (Note that many of the Engl1s;1 names for crops are alsomass nouns, e.g. cerz, rft, Jytteat, etc. English mass nouns are &ways singular: we can'tsay, for example, "The rices are being harvested.")

8e sure to pronounce the word 'fence with the stress on the last syllable.

The same word pronounced with stress on the middle syllable means 'cow that isreluctant to be milkedl

The word Lt Is a noun, although it usually translates as 'behind', which is a

preposition in English It is used with the preposition 4. . Laylg's .),5

can be translated as 'We're planting the leeks behind the house' or mare literally as'We're planting the leeks at the back of the house

Mang dialects of Pashto use the word [s6ral Di.- for 'fertilizer' or 'manure',

instead of Other dialects use both words, with Ai referring specifically tu manure

that has dried to powder.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: . 0_,S 4, . 44,4. Workbook 38

Sentence structure. Amlin's phrase 0.1S a. ". 4+,1. with the verb

14)1. and a 4... clause is an idiom. It translates as a whole as 'Do whatever you like.'

Layla's sentence .0i 4.; 15.5 4.1..21.4. contains a sequence of weak

pronoun possessives in an order required by Pashto grammar but logically out of place.The sentence translates as 'Their (i.e. the plants') places are well known your father.'

Preview to Section 2: Clauses with 4.a.

This section is a summary of the clauses introduced by cr which are not the

relative clauses studied in Unit 16,The 41. clauses discussed in the section are for the most part clauses used as

nogns, or clauses modifying wnole sentences (i.e. clauses used as adverbs). The cr.

relative clauses, you will remember, are clauses used as adjectives.The structure of clauses used as nouns is much simpler than the structure of

similar clauses in English, as can be seen by comparing the .Lr clauses with their

translations, The 4.. clause is is simply an ordinary Pashto sentence prefaced with

whereas the required English clause is sometimes an infinitive (e.g.'to buy a good, biglamb') sometimes a sentence with subject and verb tense altered (e.g. '..that he had sungthe whole year,'), and only occasionally an ordinary sentence (e.g. '...that I will bury him

In short, the biggest problem with clauses is that as an English speaker you

might find yuurself trying to make them more complicated than they are


The reading is an introduction to agriculture and farming in Afghanistan.

Sentence,5trl&tAre, Phrases with , y, meaning 'for' or 'in order to' or 'for the

purposes of occur in the reading. Here they are, with idiomatic and literal translations.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: .05 ,A 4.av. "C Workbook 39

'for the purposes of agriculture' *iy sp;is'to carry manure]'for the carrying of manure' 6J11,-J

'to carry other things back and forth '/'for the carrying of other things 6,y 1.1,piL)

back and forth'


This poem was written by Rahman Baba, one of the most popular of the Pashtoclassic poets. In the Peshawar area and in the Northwest Frontier in particular, hispoetry has been widely used as a textbook, in mosques and in literacy programs forchildren and adults. His poems are in a language and style close to the spoken language;many of them, like the one given here, have become so familiar as to be almost proverbs

Intermediate Pashto Unit 18: .01.5 4..t ja cr

Exercises

Exercise T I. Listen to the descriptions of farms in Afghanistan, and writeinformation about the owner, the location and the crops raised,

U. Workbook 40sv"

1

2

3

4.

5.

Wbo§e farm? Where? Crops mentioned

Exercise T2. Who got married? Listen to the following sentences, then write thename or description of the person(s) who got engaged or married,

. 1 . 1

v . r

.1 . t

1 .0

Intermediate P9shto Unit 18: .0.15 c.4, 6. Workbook 41

Exercise T3. Listen to the following sentences and questions, and mark whether theyare comments on something that can be done, or has been done.

Can be done Has beep done Can be done Has been done

1 6.

2. 7.

4 9

5. 10.

Exercise T4. Read the following passage, then answer the questions.

j 4. Aj 4:.; Le 3 tim cjlal 1...)

,L; it.5 4.: 41'.1J1 t;1 j1 a_<. a5.1 .1SL4L4

4.1, Le iLS. jig.? Le 4J L. .

.J.)5

farm n, F 1 fmdzSkal take care of phr. fichnimat kawq

farmer n, PI irreg. [bazgárj hunt phr. kkär kaw-q

servant n, Imuzdijr1 buzkashi (Afghan game) n, 113 [buzkasht]

S L. L. a L. 3 .

3 T

46.5 LL L. . t

ss.S ,:)1.;t1 ae . 0

Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 8: . 0.2.5 41. ja cr 44 1.,.. L.:.. Workbook 42

Exercise 5. Group the following words under the correct heading.

J_, JJ rit 7' ss-?-:: JJJ5 -.):.t-:J_J(1.' cilli cilt,urn'

J.,5 41.i."5

J t°. .4 Jr: J _1J 4C--C. L.5Ji. C _i-; 4.3

kiii.: r"i Jisi LL: L.5.77., )-11.5J3

1

_J .9- .L.C.,...L55`;*

JS .31 s5,1-4 zJi:LT; -91 t 4 r.-:.5

Ve_getables

fruits

G ra i ns

..

D

Intermediate Pashto Unit 1 6: .015 a jA 44,6. Workbook 43

Tools

Azlicins related to farming

General yetirds relAteci to_fartning

Exercise 6. Translate the following into Pashto

1 Asad's father said that he would buy another orchard next year.

2. Laylä asked if Theresa wanted to come to their house for dinner,

3 Did you know that the leek seeds had come from Kabul?

4. we understood that the exam would be on Thursday

5 Khoshal said that he could use (like's math book

Intermediate Pashto Unit 18: . 015 4411. Workbook 44

Exercise 7. Read the following passage, and answer the questions

. Ls: J1 4; Jo.. 1 A.,a a 415; .1 .t.a .;SI cji "-C.4.

LS j 0 L. 3 Jr J a-Lat j 3 .3 J1 .t.1 ...rc a j...c.s.1 4.1

1..LL.0 4.1 ALit L k.5.3 LIi .

01-1.1 J15 A.) L-;-1 "3 3 . L °J1-4-/ .3

L5 -4' 415-01-: 0-1 V

owner n, 111 [khgwándj

cow n, F3 Lya

sheep n, [pas6I 4.41

stack n, 112 [dSrmancli

thresh phr. [maycla kaw=l Aat.4

milk n, F 1 fshudeJL54...:-1

wool n, F 1 ighwáxal 44_0.

load n, 112 [115r1

rig pits' _4..1 . 1

LT'

j LJo-11 te ..)I a . T

4"0.AS1_,:a T

L5i.5 a I 4).., Lir) Lc..t 41 a 4J ..)1 .1;3 .3 .

j: L. A Li 4.2.. 3 4.; . 0

Intermediate Pashto Unit Is: .L5,5 ,24. Workbook 45

Exercise T1Whose farm?

1.

2

3 ° _13

ii4

5 LL cji.41 a

Exercise T2

Answers

Where?

CJI-4-41

a Jlt jg 3&.. I .us.,5

LL 4:11.41 . v

Cdr1:4 41 .tm, . . A

4DLI .#A

.IL57'. J-

Exercise T3Can bt eine

1

2

3

4

5

Exercise 4

Has been done

Croos mentioned

161 J1... L$J15.):". 44...1344; st,...4

419."

I a

LJJ 3

J.. I .3 .

. T

La, tsd,..L1 .3 . 0

ran be done Has been done6

7 _x_9

10

trig

.51 . T

.46-5 i .1:01."-C31

_SS L5..t--C 3-1 s9-4 4.! 41..,15* +15'

Intermediate Pashto Unit 16: .0_,S 41 ja. 4t, .u.+.t 4,Lz. Workbook 46

Exercise 5VegetaIjles

6...'il4.., . . LFJJ

3-1-C

#<!4_.

31.4

ari ji.Lla

ith3J3JAI

4*. .A.S S:.jall

01-111 k.5 .

0 j.:

0-s-:-:

yl."-IliLl

Grains

i"LaIJ _lib ..)"1, ki5.4,11.ii

Tools

0 L.. .LIL j 1...., ..S

Actions relating_to farming

Lb / J-P5 41.J., j_ttiWs J.,5 ii J -1-1-1 jj.-..,+s

General words relating to farming

LF/L'..r LL

4J_Ii.: ,..5..,r-

Intermeciiate Pashto Unit 18: . mr Workbook 47

Exercise 6.

1-9 IslA Lie .5-4 41 4; J 4.t .

a_c L5.1 jj ,04.34 J.;.

.04 47; S5 e. t..)64:- 4t J z1;.,-

0-1 Lbit.e.a..:-.01 .7. US 45411.1... .1.1.e. L. .5 41. j j LJLN...t

Exercise 7. Ls: Lam ji abc...Lr. J.3 .5 J1

. J.:

4Jt s5;1-1..te Loc.2.

4.5..c...1 a .6 _p y 4.1 . T

. J.1.1

y J .1-1-1 ss; . T

4.1 1 4.1 .

.041-z-5 j.11. .3 4; . 0

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19. L5J J sce I -tl Workbook 48

Unit 1 9: .L5 j 4.; 4,971. JIJ

Unit Overview

In this unit you will learn about the processing of wheat, corn and rice - the threeprincipal gi ains grown in Afghanistan. The dialogue in Section 1 is a conversation aboutthe problems a friend of Asad's father is having with his crops. The reading in Section 3is a description of what happens to wheat, rice and corn after it Is harvested. Thegrammar focus of the unit, in Section 2, is on statements of comparison and equality. In

the Diversions section there are landays having to do with agriculture.


This conversation takes place in Asad's father's house Jamal Khan is a friend ofAsad's father. A young relative of his is passing through Logar, and is receivinghospitality from Asad's father.

Lultural notes. You will remember that Asad's father's land is in Logar, south ofKabul. Jamal Khan's iand is in Baghlan, to the north of 1:abu1. Ghoray is an area inBaghlan province. aghóray] L5.,le is the Pashto word for a big, round plate; the place

[gh6(110.31.e. is a wide, flat round plain surrounded by mountain.) Baladuri is an area in

Ghoray. In general, wheat and corn are grown everywhere; rice, cotton, sugar beets,melons and various seeds are primarily grown in the north; barley, grass peas, andordinary peas are grown primarily in the south. Vegetables and fruit for localconsumption are grown in all the arable areas.

You can tell that Asad's father's visitor is young because Asad's father uses thetitle 1.51 when he asks about Jamal Khan. The visitor would address Jamal Khan with that

title in speaking directly to him.

When Asad's fathers guest says he has heard that the Ministry of Agriculture wasdistributing an antidote to 51 he is reporting a rumor. The ensuing remarks have to

do wi..n Asad's father's finding out whether the rumor is true, by sending someone tocheck it out

Word studj The phrase ji which means literally 'May you be in health",

is used in rural areas to mean "Thank you" ."..c..tz is a city phrase

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: sce Workbook 49

s9.1.2.1, refers to rice plants. Ls.A.e. J., refers to grains of rice. Either term is used in

talking about the crop yield. There are several spellings for 5.4.ejj , by the way,

reflecting the different dialectal pronunciations, e.g. s5.,..! ji and

In Pashto, diseases and other problems 'beat crops rather than 'strike' them,hence Jai 4.ts..., Jai and J, J....

A ..11.,.).& is about 1440 pounds, and is the common unit by which crop yields are

measured. Note that the visitor talks about his sugar beets in tons, however. Sugarbeets are sold to an East European processing plant in Baghlan, and are sold to theprocessors by the ton.

The word .4,1. by itself means 'good taste'. In the following sentences from the

dialogue, however,

. 4.1z..)"*.° J'a 3

4,15.e 4.5.j 3

the word is used in an idiom which means 'didn't turn out well.' The sentences abovetranslate literally as 'The good taste of his creps wasn't.' and 'The good taste of hisunirrigated wheat wasn't'.

translates literally as 'thought', but It is closer to 'peaceful frame of mind';

the idiom a - J.:. then translates as '(one's) peace of mind Is destroyed'

Preview to Section 2: Comparisons

Pashto does not have constructions parallel to English comparative ('older than'/'more studious than') and superlative (eldestimost studious') Instead, a prepositionalphrase with 41 J in conjunction with an adjective, conveys the notion that one thing is

being compared with another, And the superlative is expressed either by comparingsomething with everything else, or by reordering the words in the sentence.

The only difficult aspect of these sentences is remembering that sentences like. .tmey4 o_yy 4 4115 Lici t 4/

are possibly superlative in meaning, depending on context


This reading explains how wheat, rice, and corn are processed in Afghanistan Ifyou are a 'city type' not familiar with these grains, the reading will make more sense ifyou read up a little in English on them The children's section of your local library canprovide you with a quick background

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: imil6le 4.1 IIt Workbook 50

Cultural notes Wheat is by far the most important cash crop In Afghanistan: thegrain itself is used for bread, and In the north by the Turkic groups in making pasta-likefoods; and the dried leaves and stems of the stalk are fed to animals or used as fuel.

The processing of wheat in Afghanistan involves essentially four steps: an initialthreshing (separating the heads of wheat from the leaves and stems, and crushing thekernels, which at this point are each covered with a hard hull); then an initial winnowing(throwing the crushed material into the air: the wind blows the crushed leaves andstems aside, and the heavier grains fall to the floor); then a second threshing (crushingthe hard hulls by walking oxen over and over the grain); and finally a second cleaning(passing the grain through a sieve, which allows the smaller kernels to fell through butretains everything else).

The next most important grain in Afghanistan is corn Curiously, there is norecognition on the part of Pashtuns that corn, as a new world crop, Is a relativelatecomer to agriculture in Afghanistan.

Rice was first cultivated, anthropologists think, in India, and its cultivation veryprobably quickly spread northward into Afghanistan In Afghanistan, where there is notso much rainfall, the flooding of the rice plants Is controlled by the farmer There are,moreover, types of rice which do not require great amounts of water.

Like grains of wheat, the individual grains of rice are covered by hard hulls, whichmust be removed before the rice can be cooked. The reading describes the parallelsbetween the processing of wheat and that of rice


The first two landays show the Pashtun attitude towards pupcorn: in the first,the implication is that whoever the shrine was in honor of was angry at the gift ofpopcorn, so he made the offeror a widow....

The third landay hinges on the collecting of 00: It is the custom, as wheat is

reaped, that the heads of wheat that are accidentally dropped can be gleaned,

and need not be given to the owner of the field. In the landay, the woman expresses herdesire to follow behind her lover as he reaps wheat. Ordinarily, gleaning is very hardwork; but the speaker of the landay considers it an opportunity to be with her secretlover, and therefore wishes for harvest time

I 1 g

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: 41; Workbook 51

Exorcises

Exercise T1 The following table has been taken from Louis Dupree's Afghanistan(Princeton University Press, 1973, p 45) (The years 1345 1348 are Islamic years,and correspond to 1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69 and 1969-70 respectively ) Look at thefigures, then indicate whether the sentences you hear are true or false

1

2

3

4

5

Total yield 1345 1346 1347 1348(In 000 tons)

Wheat 2,033 2,241 2,354 2,450

Corn 720 768 773 785

Rice 337 396 402 407

Cotton 61 69 71 85

Sugar beets 56 67 62 68

Vegetables 590 638 654 671

Fruit 372 826 834 842

True false True false

6

9

10

Exercise T2. Listening challenge listen to the poem fragment, then answer thequestions below

1 What is the poem apparently about?

2 Which processes are mentioned?

3 How many lines does the poem seem to have?

4 What does the rhyming scheme seem to be?

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0.0 c+ 41 Workbook 52

Exercise T3. W-Ite the passage that Is dictated to you in the space below. Then readthe passage and answer the questions.

hill n, F3 [ghunc1Sy1

stalk n, F1 [WO] 4,:.;1;

build a fire phr. Iwor tichaw-I

burn smp. int. tswaztig--)

jackal n, 11 1 Ishagh511 jtjut,

ss5 J.51

j

iJu21 it-.4.-+J-1 63 T

JJ-4": SS'S ..).3 4-I ..!- 114

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0, 44 43 Workbook 53

Exercise 4. Convert the figures In the table In Exercise T I to and fill In the

blanks In the parallel table below

1TtA IT 1 T ta,

.111"1401j

oitg.?*

sr.6./r-m

Exercise 5 Rewrite the following sentences (from the 'most section in the Students'Text) using the phrase 4; )74 J.

-1/4.5.5 -11i

4,91a 4,94y4 kis-m.4 4,9'Lt...;L:31

L5 3 sr" b.t7:-. 44 a _hi _p_2.1

.0a rbv _h") L-C. T

A _.ty4 J.,,LS a

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0.1 44 401 _Alt Workbook 54

LrtS 4J. jr......04 ..10 . 0

Lt; 1,3 .5 .

.5.3 a-tr-a °J.Ir*L'A' 4-10 _t5L z

k.5z jL '03_13 44 bi14

. V

. A

Li j ipLt3 U.; I .5 .

L5 4.ós .3 ill io Jdfrs j S.'S .

Exercise 6. Rewrite the first paragraph of the reading In the past tense

() A

intermediate Pashto Uni t 19: .4. sorz, Workbook 55

Exercise 7. Read the following story for pleasure.

ss; lJ sge. 415 . s5.75 40,, I t. j 4Z

ji 4ie yJ,t1 sr, s5.5 JI j1 40,J,1.S;

3.1.J1. . Ij 11 4::J Lbw ji 41.

1/415 .3 .3 sg; L. je j ji 4.1..a s5.11(1.* L ss; j .1W1b 1,3 j..e. j j11 . ss; . 4., i.e. Le y

4 s5 irab 1.3 J., j s9J.51.1U sg JI j.zo

kitchen garden f7 , 11 irreg. Ipaléz).5titl

steal der. tr. vb. 1pataw-1-J

pick smp. vb, [shkaw-]

sack f7 , P12 [jwa-1]

owner n, [chext6n)

thief n, t1 irreg. [ghal] J. obl. and pl. [ghla]

was wondering phr. tarySn warn)

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0j 4-4, J , Workbook 56

Answers

Exercise T I.1, T 2. F 3F 41 5F 6F 7.T fl.T 9.1 10.F

Exercise T21 wheat 2 Jjji. jel.a. WA/ 3 Six

Exercise T3

4 Rhymed couplets

.J.5 04-1. vs it-1-:J

4T95 6-1-;J_Y-C

j di7:;_tci JUL:. L. J . T

ssS j 4 iy s5 3 .3 J- .11-11-1

Exercise 4.

T L A A 1T V 1Tt0

T A T 1 T 110 TTVT TI.1

1 1 1 1A 1 v 1A1 1 ..!4?

tlA oo 00A 011

v

VA AT Al A0

A 1- AM,/ A A A T 1- k..5-)1 C.. ..;-;

01 V 11LA 110 A 11v s5.,74-4

Exercise 5L5.3 ssrU 4.1 419.1.4. j1 ji J9 i ,165 I

. .3 j-z-41 4j ijT

4-;

A. -t!ji jirt- WO 3 4.5....tS 0

Intermediate Pashto Unit 19: .0.3 .4

Exercise 6.4.1 ,

Workbook 57

na IL; ta Lc 3 ki;;;1 1

6./V4 .t; L., .3 . v

3 .54.30 44 J/ 41 JJ.,; J J115 3/11 . A

.0a JL+ .)..93 ,Jj; 4J J11.5 A4. A Ail j.; 4.1 j . 1.

4. -.015 AjL":3 .)-1).51-;*

4.5 Laz.... Ls..., J.( 4 ,l L 0 n .71 j I

a a . ? _eh 4.1 j j ssre j j r.:11 4.1,5

. I _Ott 04.0 J 415T! A j

4,1 yj J1 oi j 4.11 4 j j JJ àj 7.:

Li.or a i.v.1 a 5.-4. ..1; j a 44 L. ya 4.1.5 4.15 . 3 4.;

T5J.4 V-C I JVA ri6 T5

_rAA 4-, ) Ji; Lr! J'e 3 41 Li"!

4"1 J Jj jljl 6..)-4L-r

Lk5e 45 J15 4.,5 -IT-- 44 .t,r. 41, ark,S rLe.j: , .5 ..9.5 a:,* LON. y yq.e 4 4.k.a Aj.Le' 0 .1:-a. J.e 4.!

Y:% cr5J7.' 'ATI Jj; r:fte ct, 4e 4-L5 4-le ye.

4.5 sc-e. "14-4 -PITS Jtg 4'1 A: 454

S5 `11.-ti .5 4151°. 4i. I 3 JI W.) *31! kIse. 4!

4;° Jr". J-e. 4197.! 41 17.'q Je '311 tTo

J1.5 s5,3 ,rt Dar- (-4 k,p1 iil /I.; Jj 4 "1(1 -,;;" 3 4'; 3 4j 3 ',PA-1'S JL4

17.S. 31.i.Z.6.1 4; JAI. 4.1 j.1., 6.19. 3

Intermediate Pashto Unit 2O:."5_, 41 0,1.1 ,j_t.ti 46,5 Workbook 58

Uni t 4 (5..0 4L;;Ut.;

Unit Overview

The focus of this unit is the use of manpower on en Afghan/Pashtun farm. Thedialogue in Section 1 is a discussion between two landowners. The reading in Section 3describes the different ways in which landowners can arrange for the farming of theirland, The grammatical focus of the unit, Section 2, is on conditionals - statementsabout future possibilities. The Diversions Section presents a Aesop-like fable about afox and a wolf.


The dialogue is a discussion between Asad's father and his friend Jamal Khan,The two are talking in the late fall, and are discussing Jamal Khan's clans for thefollowing spring and summer.

Cultural notes, It Is usually possible to predict, from the amount of early springrains, whether there will be more rain in the summer. Hence Jamal Khan can wait untilthe spring to decide what to plant. Seeds can be kept for a couple of years and stillsprout, so if he decides not to plant cotton, for example, he can keep the seeds for thenext year. Another factor which gives the landowner some leeway in planning is thedifferent planting times for the different crops. Exercise T2 will give you moreinformation on planting times.

SesittnQe etructure The 4.t.. clause in the sentence

') `1' L.! 3 4; 4,11-t."5 .1-6 4.a. j".

atifs placed after the first stressed element in the sentence and after the

weak pronoun y. . The sentence translates literally as "Last year when we tried

everything, we didn't find more than four workers", idiomatically as something like "Inspite of our best efforts last year, we didn't find more than four workers

Preview to Section 2: Conditionals

The sentences described in this section are directly parallel to their Englishequivalents Notice, in the English translations of the example sentences, the verbs in

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20: jSj 41 uraU 4,;ljte 45 Workbook 59

the if' clauses are in the present tense, although they describe something that mighthappen in the future. Many of the Indo-European languages follow this pattern; butPashto takes the pattern one step further In that the verb in the 4.5 clause can be in

either the present or past perfective.Pashto conditionals also differ from English conditionals in that the order of

clauses the 45 clause first, then the result clause is rigid, whereas in English we can

say either "If I buy the orchard, Asad's father will be pleased" or "Asad's father will bepleased if I buy the orchard".

Pashto and English conditionals are similar in that they imply that if what ispredicted doesn't happen, the result doesn't either. For example, the implication of thesentence "If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go on a picnic" Is that if the weatherisn't good, we won't go.


The topic of the reading Is the different ways Afghan/Pashtun landownersarrange for their land to be worked

Word study. The suffix )1.5 in ilz hLiI is the same as in )1.3

The suffix, as in .j.t.<1..t, can be attached to any number, and

translates best as 'the twenties', 'the hundreds', etc

The conjunction LI , which translates most of the time as 'but', Is sometimes used

to indicate a shift in topic, and when it does it starts a new paragraph, cf the next tothe last paragraph in the reading

Preview ta Section 4: Diversions

This diversion is a fable, showing as usual - the cleverness of the fox Don'tforget that gardens and orchards in Afghanistan characteristically have high mud wallsaround them A .0 Jr is a small hole cut into such a wall to allow a stream or irrigation

ditch to pass through

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:I.Ai 4e 04-1.1 Workbook 60

Exercises

Exercise T I Write the anecdote that your teacher dictates In the following space,then answer the questions

door n, F 1 idarwazál 03lida shoot smp. Irreg. vb. [wal=1

window n, F2. ikarkSyl Arc call out phr, Ighag !:aw=1

entered dbl 1rreg vb (nSnawot-1 anger n,F1. ighusál

"Li"); d" J.13-Y

,) 15.)-rt dtt

" t %' 4 SS'; -4j

.r

Li.

4., sy- k..5I .0

Intermediate Pashto Unit L.9.._11 z.t;1 .LS Workbook 61

Exercise T2. Listen to the following account, then list the crops that will be plantedand the conditions under which they will be planted.

Exercise T3. Listen to the following account List the crops mentioned and the timdof year they are planted

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:j 4I 5".1.1 Jr:, 4.11.11.) Li 45 Workbook 62

Exercise 4 Give the English equivalents of the indicated words

rli . ri; 45 "A j" .5 0-2:t

4: 4," .5 ,ç.L5J1;11--

.5.7" I56 L.°, 44

4-1 .

4s5 a 7-CLF41°

I LA 4:1 j.ka 44.5....4 I .1_4 j LS 41 4.5 41. 415.4s..144 4.0....9.5 t

4.;att s .."-c DsjJ j I J I 4 4-ass< v.o

LLJ k.5 J

4: 4-1-a ,..5 ss 4-To .

L5 LA. j 4.5..9 ji. NI 411. A

:IAA L5 j I

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:j.,S, 5.1J 45 Workbook 63

Exercise 5 Read the following pairs of sentences, then construct a conditionalsentence incorporating the information

Example:

s.4-4 ss_t; 4 c5,)1.1-a 5,75 L p 'Lk J." LL.57.-

j ssia. 1 i.J LeJ 4g14.4.47.

4. N I 5 -PI" 4-1 4165 j 47; 44 4"174-4 (.5 71.

4DIJ JI1 5 4 4.5,11). 511 _II JJ.4 zil .1

.5.331

ACJI'S 41 47: .L! L.51/4 T

rairc

.3 4-a, . L5-1 4:1 457;4

. 911 )1 4 Zi1Ji 44 1,4 bi 47, z 41. 4. 5.0

lz ...)71 J.11 1

c5,1S9 JL-C crsS trqg

J.31.9 41_70 L5a v

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:jj5j 4;j:.1)1f S Workbook 64

4."; J.)1.,e c5i 44 *; ljj.j 4;144 L57.1 Lio A

48 LAS

j 41 4t I .,1 4...A. I . 0.1 4: 4: C..4 Cf: ? j 41. 0_2 L+ .

.5,7,5.3 bi-- J.) Li. ssg

,I)1 4; ivt5 4.t k ,Le L... 1

-r-1-'19 ye. 44-t rz,JY' L.5.tC _7; .1- -L- I 4Lt 14 "

I te 0_1 .01 .) L I 4..;

L,5-4'

Exercise 6. Review: give the plural and oblique forms, snd the English equivalents, forthe following nouns.

Englisti Obl. 131 D b 1 Sg, D. PI,

J.3-4

J s,

0.13

Jiii

L. L

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:j.,5j 45 Warkbov 65

Exercise 7. Read the following passage for information

4.a. ..5 .5 j ig 4.Lb4-1 4,95 c.5ji..511' 01S l..rt"666"

tt.! 4jJ *i.e. 0 j,:% 4,, .3 a J./ oLC

jr6:"' J.); 4.5J_Ot1 3 '',1" S.5.541 -ST";

0-P3 L5 .3 4' 0C-;./

co L5 j 1L.1 A.; kyy.. 4.J jg,Iir."/ 4'. C)16". 46" 4195 ss.5 5.3 bit 3

. 4,6.1;4 )1 ail. ..y.t L.4.5 . _in...., J1 jo.6

J.* . .3 rA 4:P.5.); j I cr.:. ji-a L

"4" '3 _ta 17; _3 I 015 415 -1.4-6 '3

below adv. ikuzl _IS

Pulikhcmri, village in Afghanistan n, 112 tpulikhornril

above adv. [bar] _7!

parallel, be parallel to der, tr. vb. (teraw-=1

Musayi, area in Logar n, ti irreg. [musayll

immigrate said int. vb. [legdég-] '341;er/

government n,112. jhukumátl

officials n, ti irreg. jrnärnursinj L.

driver n, PI 1. [motarw5n]

truck n, F2. [laráy)

drive stilt" tr. vb. [chalaw=]

Intermediate Pashto Unit 20:i..5.1 LF.._U 4.5 Workbook 66

Answers

Exercise T I.

a 1r4 i);-t'a .

tt.! .

*I .

(Actually, the narrator says that the path to the canal was directly beneath the window,whereas the door was on the other side of the house. The boy was taking a shortcut.]

. I9 Se. 4Lt175:1. t

&4.:11.4) s5 '3; 4.,;66

Exercise T2.

w=i

s.5.3 cr9; 3 4191 I -5-484.'

t".11' 4"1 J11 t5*-1-1

k-5-7C -1=-4 IJJ 1"-LIL.5"t7I.JJ.P3;4

Exercise T3,

Ls" Ls/J-1

. Lii--7, s".3..., a 11

O., 15 .,:" 6 ."11'5 1

013 11

y-I-5-t

L5.,,,..11 1

Exercise 4.soldier = Lc! T breakfast pen = fl .

bus stop :-4 ,1 mill as.; .0 salary = Lf .

; . ;

Intermediate Pashto unit 20:j.,5j U ,jrt, zpiie S Workbook 67

Exercise 5.

family .7. A

'rug-2 rib 4f *-3

.1 - J1L-C

rs,5 .L.t1 _LtS

.5V

0,-61'3 J1S 41 'L.' c.S..1-1 `0:7.1..)_11 .5 ...11VMO

s5S

It, .L.. I .3

,L!

notebook . Vv

in; 147.3 s9g 31 j 4.44

..)1-;' J1 "1 4.5

.531' 4151'.

rvrs" az3 44 gcs.

,L5-1)V

`0J 44 t,JJ

LTeli 44

91 415:"L: 4T9-C

LT",:: j" tie _AL .1

4.

416"2 41 3 175

j PU4; g. 44

414., L.. , 0_1.; .01 .0

...5,75..3 a.7"'

.3 iJIi

41mi 4.al; rat,

Exercise 6.E0g112t1

'mother'

'father'

'son'

'daughter'

'brother'

'sister'

'mat uncle'

pat uncle

'pat cousin'

.,;s9JJ

;SUL

'3 45

4.5

45

a 45

3

.1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...0j L-L.. 45 Workbook 68

Unit 2 . . . L5U 63 45

Unit Overview

The topic of this unit is the Pashtun family extended families, clans and tribes.The dialogue in Section 1 is a discussion between family members of an unpopularengagement. In Section 2, the terms for blood relatives are given. Section 4, thereading, is a discussion of the historical evidence for the tribal structure of Pashtunsociety. And Section 5, Diversions, gives a pair of stories about Mullah Nasruddin andhis relatives.

The grammar focus of the unit, in Section 3, is past unreal conditional sentences.


In this dialogue, Asad's father and uncle discuss an engagement that has beenentered into by one of their relatives. Asad's father is absolutely against the match;Asad's uncle doesn't like the boy's father, but maintains that they should, as members ofthe family, oe supportive of the engagement.

Cultural notes Everyone mentioned in the dialogue is a member of the same tribeas Asad's father and uncle; it is probable that they are ell members of the same clan, aswell

The mention of Tarina by name indicates that Asad's father and uncle know herfairly well - otherwise they would have called her "Khayray's daughter".

Pashtuns, like other Moslems, consider dogs to be unclean; Asad's father'scomment about marrying Tarina to a dog Is a fairly strong statement.

Asad's father's assertion that Almar is "not a Pashtun" reflects the Pashtuncultural opinion that being a Pashtun involves behavior and ethics as well as lineage(Note that the sins of the father are definitely being visited on the son; neither man saysanything about the qualities of Almar's son!) The list of Almar's shortcomings aretransgressions against Pashtun values, which will be discussed in following units on thePashtunwali, the code of Pasiqun honor. One of these transgressions

L5)91.J 4"; C.) '133 419"» 57.reflects the custom that the body of someone who has died is absolutely the property ofhis relatives, whatever the circumstances of his death. That Almar didn't collect hiscousin's body from prison implies that he was afraid of the police or government orwhatever official body it was that imprisoned the cousin.

Ahmed Häb5 was the ancestor of the Ahmadzay tribe, and is traditionallyconsidered the authority on the Pashtun code of honor. Asad's uncle's comment that his


father expects people to behave like Ahmed BMA is a gentle comment that he asks toomuch of people

The phrase L.d.1/2.1 s5 criS sce. s5 41 tc.. reflects the Pashtun custom

whereby it is required that everyone view the face of a recently deceased relativeAsad's father is saying that if Ills brother's heart were aching as much as his own, [and ifAlmar had died], he could not even bring himself to observe the proprieties by paying hisrespects to the corpse

j4,f,J y.)Li ciA Zat... 'A broken arm hangs lby a sling] from the neck' is a Pashto

saying which backs up Asad's uncle's paint about doing the right thing by one's family.

Word studg. A is a female associate of the family a servant, perhaps, or a

distant relative who lives with the family to help out.-;, in the sentence .0j sv1,4 4i1.A., translates in this context as

'avenge'. Ordinarily, means 'win' or 'gain'. Apparently Almar's father's death was

not avenged properly.translates literally as 'honor and honor'. SI; is the Pashto word for

honor; is the Arabic word for the same. Together they form an idiom referring to

Pashtunwali the code of ethics or honor of the Pashtuns. The word also refers to

the Pashtunwali; it doubles as the name of the language and the name of the code ofethics

aenlence structure. Many of the sentences in ihe dialogue are unreal condi-tionals, which are explained in Section 3. For the moment, they can be recognized asthose starting with 45, and involving the imperfective participle plus All but one of

them translate along the lines of 'If ... had,..., then would (have) as in 'If I hadbeen in his place, I would have given (would give) her to a dog..'

Asad's father's question c.j1 jt.s. spli translates most naturally as

'Does he have so few relatives (that he couldn't find a more fitting match for Tarina)?'The S's in Asad's uncle's comment ji L5),.1 45 translate

best as 'whether' 'Whether he has honor or whether he doesn't.

Preview to Section 2: Relatives

This section includes the kinship terms for blood relatives. Note that in someways the Pashto terms are more detailed than the English terms: we have one term'uncle' for Pashto L.L and 4.7.;. In other ways, however, our terms are more detailed,

we have, for example, terms for grandparent's sister ("great-aunt') and grandparent'sbrother ('great-uncle').

Intermediate Pashto Uni t 2 1: . oil 4S Workbook 70

The term j.r. Is parallel to our 'stepmother', i.e. a woman not one's mother,

married to one's father. As such, it includes the (current!) wives of one's father otherthan one's mother. Pashtun stepmothers, whether current or serial, are supposed to becruel, and to influence one's father against one: the stepmother in Hansel and Greta!fits Pashtun stereotypes

Preview to Section 3: Unreal Conditions

These sentences involve the Pashto subjunctive, about which you don't need toknow more than to recognize that whenever you encounter a participle with 0), the

speaker or writer is talking about something that didn't happen. As you can see from theexample sentences, the particle 4. Ls, in the 45 clause translates as English past perfect,

the 4,, + particle + oj in the result clause translates as English 'would have and the

past imperfective in the result clauses translates as English 'would ...."In the dialogue, it's not stated that Tarina's engagement is a fait accompli. The

use of tenses in the 'if' sentences places the engagement in the past, just as the Englishcounterparts of the sentences do, e.g. 'If I had been in his place I would have given her toa dog, I wouldn't have given her to Almar's son'

In some of the sentences In the dialogue, e.g.

41:-+ i-7-47: 4 se L.": .5.) 4 .5../.3 z 45

the verb in the result clause is in the past imperfective tense. These sen*.encestranslate as past unreal conditions, with the results in the present, e.g. "If Almar hadn'tbeen Jamal Khan's son, I really wouldn't expect Pashto of him",


This reading discusses the nature of Pashtun society within the framework ofanthropological notions of the extended family, the clan and the tribe.

The tribe is the largest really meaningful political entity in Pashtun society. TheAfghan government is of course a presence, but it appears to be regarded as an outsideforce, rather than an entity that arises from popular, personal interaction.

A tribe, in usual anthropological terminology, is a group of people who combine inwarfare against outsiders, and acknowledge the rights of their members to compensationfor injury. Pashtun tribes are, moreover, associated with certain areas, although tribemembers live In areas outside those associated with their tribes.

There are hundreds of Pashtun tribes within Afghanistan, grouped loosely intotwo confederations: the Durrani and Ghilzi. Every Pashtun knows what tribe he belongsto, as well as what clan. In fact, the common answer to sge J,, is not one's name, but

the name oi one's tribe.

a

Intermediate Pashto unit 21: 014 41 v.) 4.0 Workbook 71

The writer cites proverbs as evidence that women are not totally without powerin Pashtun society, Two of them, however, are comments more on relationships within apolygamous household than they are on the power of one's mother:

'If he isn't from your mother,

don't him brnther.'

'If the mother is a stepmother,

the father is a stepfather,'

4,1J.3-4 5_, s5.5

*JJ.J..1 4.4%8 441 Ji

(so" J.1-4 lit(54 J J)L;,

Word Study. The passage is academic in tone, and is therefore formal in itsstructure and choice of words. Note the several words borrowed from Arabic, and theirrespective plurals:

Plural Singular

documents [asnSd] document [sanádl

passages EibgratUnal passage libgrátJ

individuals fafrSdI

servicer [khidmatUna).6":_.

notions (matE16131

evidence [shawlihtid]

Individual [far-di

service [khnimát.)

notion [matlibl

piece of evidence fsh3héd1

Many of the nouns borrowed from Arabic have been 'regularized', i.e. they havebecome regular (usually M2) nouns. Often, the regular and irregular forms will exist sideby side in the language (for example J..L1 given above), the former being used in informal

conversation and among Pashtuns whose education hasn't progressed far enough for themto have learned the irregular forms, and the latter being used in formal writing andconversation among educated people

The adjectives ,45,;1):,.., and L5; J.11 belong to Class 6, which you have not

seen before, The forms are as follows:Plasculine

[wrustáyl

[wrustii

[wrust11

DSg.

05g. .

OP1 [wrust6yo]

feminine[wiustáyl

1wrust6y]

[wrust6yl

[wrust6yo]

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: 01.1 410 L.: Workbook 72


The phrase in the first story is a combination of r..k and [dzo16y) Loy.,

'cradle'

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...0j 0L4. .3 45 Workbook 73

Exercises

Exercise Tl. Listen to the fcAlowing description, and write the relatives the speakermentions

Exercise T2. Listen to each of the following sentences, and mark its time-frame

3.

4,

Past f uture as1 f Laze

6.

7

10

Exercise T3. The passage to be read describes the two major Pashtun tribalconfederations [duranil Ls;1.,,s and [ghaldzil ts&le. Listen to the passage, and write

belcw which confederation each triuci belongs to.

Zonfederatioa Tribe

Isadozil 3

Isuril L5JJ

lludti)L5.3ji

[makii) 41,

[nygz1]1/4.531

confederation Tribe

latsokzli

(ish§qzli L5.3

LbArakz1103.5_,11

Ipopalzil

fkhogyAni] L54

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...0) .3 Workbook 74

Exercise T4. Write the description as your teacher dictates it

Exercise 5. Read each of the following sentences, then write a sentence with 45 based

on it

Example- lye 47,

. Lb

0.3 cgiz Lt ks.,Ate

Lrt ij1j 4; rft.a.r .t.T.Wg 4-1);

.03

4191.4 I j _IL; 4; Vi 4.,t J.4 ja.? T

c5,5.)..1 4 0_13

. L

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: . U. .65 Workbook 75

4.1 . 3": 7C t -/-11 41.° LIJè .0

4 Z.

Lrdi Lr-1

415.1.64

LbJJ L. .t.4 .5,4751.) 1_35 4t kr4".

Exercise 6. Read the following story, then answer the questions.

. 1

. v

cis I 4:<-**1 4pS im6C .11;r1 41 4'14 12_37.° j /

s5"« 4-e 4-S _tj.. 1 0_33 4-116 4-6 4t ii 4:"J1 J75 15_,-1 4-; 4e 4; JI *Lt ij 71".

4157: iv:S "" .) ."-6 J J.r: 4^-C 0.93 3 se. 't! t`"31.) 0j..5 'LLS. Ji 4 °,714-4 419-44e

.31 63 4--; 4 17F4 J _g sse. 'L! 4-5 ss--4-+ k.5,75.9

t.,5J -,"4 (IA J.1: 03'3 -C 01-4. ss5 Cc-La 47'.

4..S. vy.r.4 .51 I 45 41540 IS' .5 415-4.4

s.5.5 L.51- J., J jL I 1 415.3.4 4..ts 4.1.5 . 45

c5.75 j9- 91 4t. k.5.15 J.3 L5 J 3 419-1. 1 5 4

bed, platform n, 112 [kali 4S

apart phr. [sera WO 15 _71 re_

thus phr. fhamda vv6 tsel

daughter-in-law n, F Irreg Ingot-)

finally phr. [pa natijá ke] ssg 47:

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: L5L1 c;, Workbook 76

From context, guess the meanings of the following phrases:

.52'61 I "17'1 L5., 3 4-.1' -,"4

4; .)""' 415 -.4 3 .

4-1 cis; 15 5

L.57C ..)1;1

Answers

Exercise

Exercise

T 1.

T2.P35 t Future

JJ

Past future1. 6 _x____2 _x_

__x _7, __x__

3 a x____

4.

_x____x 9

_____

5 __x___ 10.

Exercise 13.Cant ederati a T rib a c on! eclaration

(5'L5e.

3

couaL.5_,9-* 1 3

0.4.1c5 3.5j I 3

L54 J

1 3L5j -) ,5t- I .5L5' J

LO''' L5317.-; I .5Ls' J

Intermediate Pashto Unit 21: ...4.5j L.5U 41 1.: 63 45 Workbook 77

Exercise T4.

451 J1 4ii; 4-&-1/4 "

.L.1 se. ss-LLe._15 bia i I 4.;_l _PI (.15.J 1 LS 4,-.:-"' .5 / ss5 ..,-"C. 4-tt °_,-"' .,-.b.; _Ji5

0-1

.5...r1 cis..9-1 .,1 4.:/-4 13 Lt-Ii_P

Exercise 5.s 4.5.1 oda NA. 4:1 Igi 3 4.5 . 1

at .Z; go li pt. ,t53 J,5 . j; t5.1 jaiji j.g rt.4.1.0 .3 4.5 1'.5. 4

L5.11; 41 45 1 .31,..w ..". 4 45.1.e.,1 j 0 j 4.., .4. i L.; 45 4g T

'dig J .15 y . ,75 .) i c5 _1 4; 45 1°-...J61-)"!1 6.)5,5 J 11 se. 4.5 L

otle; 'LS., 0.).5 1- .-:1. 4,5-C 4-t--CJL 47', 44 ."' 4., 3 44 1..z..1 4.5 0r

.5 , ss-::

'4..5.5 L5-7--"I 4r5-4 41 ..)/;', `l.5., C.5,"5 4..4."! 41/3J/ cr./ -.k.J-6-t- ce. 4S . 1

1/4.59 s5,75 1 1-0 4.64 4! i IA° ' jj ':'

Exercise E.& . I'when we have a son' _,--,

I

. T'to one end of the room' .t.;

'to the other end of the room Z ...6 j.! 415; J.5 z T

t'destroy the father and mother's marriage' .5,75 At.; ..1....i_.) Ji... j1 , %..,, .5


Unit 22: itr

oi 4; c. Workbook 78

4' A5j4 e'

Unit Overview

This unit continues the discussion of Pashtun tribes. An inter-tribal conflict isdiscussed in the dialogue in Section 1; In Section 2, you are given the genealogies of themajor Pdshtun tribes; and in the reading in Section 4, the relationship betweenmarriages and inter-tribal relations is explained. The grammar focus of the unit is onpresent unreal conditionals slntences equivalent to "If I were you, I would go."


In this dialogue, a distant cousin of Asad's visits Asad's father, and in askingwhere Asad's brother Zmarek is, he finds out about a conflict between the Niazis and theAhroadzais.

Cultural notes. Nasrullah's honor has been sullied by his daughter's having runaway to Wahabi's family. It is assumed whether the daughter and Wahabi's son haveconsummated their relationship or not - that if she feels strongly enough about him torun to his family, she has been dishonored.

When Asad's cousin asks if the government knows, he is referring to the Afghanarmy stationed in the region. Asad's lather's answer, to the effect that the commandantand soldiers went to the village but so far hadn't taker, anyone into custody, suggeststhat the authorities are not anxious to interfere in Pashtun affairs.

Word stuag. The phrase 0.1.7., consists of 'white' and 'beard',

and is exactly parallel to English 'graybeard'. .j...t.r. is a more respectful term than

'graybeard', however.The word Azji is related to the 2rb Jizij. The parallel form irlit60

'coming here` also exists.

Preview to Section 2: Genealogies

The genealogies (Ishajarél s5),....f..) given in this section are the result of Sir Olaf

Caroe't; lifetime of research into the h 'tory of the Pashtu^s. Caroe spent over fiftyye3rs in the North West Frontier, and his book The Pathans is considered by thocePashtuns who are aware of it to be the authority on Pashto.; history. The details inCaroe's genealogies are disputed from one Pashtun to another, but b:i and large they

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: j .3 j 4 4.+' Workbook 79

represent as great a consensus as can be obtained from traditions passed orally fromgeneration to generation.

The Pashtuns who have read this lesson all agree that Caroe left out the Zadrans,and that Chart V should include them as follows:

I I I I I

Mani Luqman Mang& Zadran Khugi

I I I I I

Faridun Khataks llangals Zadrans Khuglants

I (Kohat, Pe- liuqbfls TurfsA friths shawar, (Khost) ZazIs (Jsjis)

(North Tirah, Mardan) (Kurram border)Bazar, Khaibar,Kohat Pass)

Caroe makes the point that these genealogies are largely mythical, and points outthat the document which supposedly establishes Qais as the ultimate ancestor of all theFashtun tribes has the prophet Mohammad conferring upon pais the title of 'Pathan'.Says Caroe:

'This is all great fun. But it smells of the Delhi lamp, the lamp of the courtier ofAfghan ancestry but now speaking and writing only Persian, trained to raise atitter at the expense of an uncouth Pathan soldiery to amuse the Mughal court.Even the Delhi courtier who had forgotten his Pakhtu ... must have known that noAfghan or speaker of Pakhtu or Pashtu ever referred to himself as a 'Pathan', andthat the word was an Indian usage. The corresponding word in the classicalPakhtu of the Peshawar Valley is Pakhtun, plural Pukhtanah, of which the Indianword Pathan (with a hard or cerebral T) is a Hindi corruption.' (p. 6)

Despite the mythical elements in the onealogies, however, they must not bedismissed:

"It is well to remember... that, however shrcuded in myth may be the names andpersons of the eponymous ancestors, these tribal tables, or shafras as they arecalled in Islamic lore, do represent something real. They in fact reflect what

these tribes themselves still believe to be their origin and cousinship, one toanother, and they sort out and categorize racial, and other, affinities anddifferences which can be traced today in the physical appearance. habit, dress,language, or history of the great congeries of Pathan societies living up and down

North-West Frontier, and In Afghanistan beyond. To Pathans shafras are asthe breath of life..." (p. 1 I)

If you should happen to read further Into the early history of the Pashtuns, goushould keep in mind that the term 'Afghan' has referred exclusively to the Pashtuns untilthis century. The official policy of calling all the ethnic groups in Afghanistan 'Afghans'

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: j J.:, t5i 4; 4 4S Workbook 80

has been in place only since the thirties. Before that, and even now in informalcircumstances, non-Pashtuns in Afghanistan use the term 'Afghan to refer to Pashtuns

Preview to Secticn 3: Present Unreal Conditions

The types of sentences presented In this section conclude the three-unitpresentation of conditional 4.0 clauses. 11 are are other kinds of 4S clauses - notably

sentences in which 45 means 'when' or 'whenever'; these clauses don't involve particular

combinations of tenses, and, moreover, are airectly parallel to their English equivalents,e-g-

'If [wheneveriI am in Quetta, I buy books.' . ses ..5 1,3 45T

Here is a summary of conditional sentences, with the relevant information ontenses and English translations:

Future possibility:

+ Present _perfective or oast Derrective Dreseni perfective

'If Layla comes here,

we won't go on a picnic

'If I am in Quetta, I'll buy books

4; .) NI' \L5.0-4-" L 4.5

Present unreal condition, result in present:

±./mgeffisj

'If Layl5 arrived here, we wouldn't go

on a picnic.

I . a a : all

%tit. 4...

'If I were in Quetta, I would buy . 1. 1

books.'

L:S

Eksay--- I NI-)

09 ss5 4,5 :

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.111.)i 4; Oi 4. 4.1 tt5 Workbook 81

Present unreal condition, result in past:

+ imperfective Dartictale_ ba_=+fmoerfartivezartirinle + 54

if Laylg arrived here, we wouldn't

have gone on a picnic.'

'If I were in Quetta, I would

have bought books.'

0-1-1" c5i 4; 4? 4; lpir. Ard'i )11j. 45

45.4

Past unreal condition, result in present:

ss5

4.5 + irrwerfective oartfciole + t_oast trnaerfestive

'If Laylg had arrived here, we wouldn't

go on a picnic

'If I had been in Quetta,

I would buy books.'

Past unreal condition, result in past:

y 'LS./ cid -IT, j j J 45

I LZS 41.45

4 + imperfective narticipLe + . ba + imoerfective t2ArtWplg_t_4.sj

'If Laylg had arrived here, we

wouldn't have gone on a picnic

'If I had been in Quetta, I

would have bought books.'

41 4; 4,114- I -) )(1:"J

0-1-b .5.1

r 4i 4; 91 1-7-C 41.s. 43 .5S 4.1 a31- I

k.5


This reading continues the discussion of Pashtun tribes; it focuses on thePashtun custom of intra-tribal marriage, and discusses the conditions under whichmarriages are arranged across tribal boundaries.

r rP. Ire r r I qpiiarnmomn 1m r ' WSW r1-1 I P MIS

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.lb jj 4.1 *3 5.) c", Workbook 82

Cultural notes. The comment in the second paragraph about its being expensive to

marry a girl outside one's family refers to the Afghan custom whereby the groom (or hisfamily) pays the bride's family an agreed-on amount of money (the anthropological termis 'bride-price"; the custom is parallel to the western dowry) as part of the marriagearrangements. Depending on the area and the local customs, this bride-price can beprohibitive, and effectively restricts the choices of a man of modest means. Ifmarriages are arranged among close family members (e.g. first cousins), the bride-pricecan be negotiated or even done away with entirely.


These jokes were taken from a joke book published in Peshawar.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r...117; 4. 4: 45 Workbook 83

Unit 22 Exercises

Exercise T I. Listen to the following sentences, then mark whether they refer tofuture possibilities, present unreal conditions, or past unreal conditions,

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

a.

9.

10.

f uturp Prisent Past Passibility LinreaL condition

Exercise T2. Write the paragraph that your teacher dictates. Number the sentences,then answer the questions.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: 4.1 41) t.5 .1 c, Workbook 84

Exercise T2. (continued)

1. What is the subject of the paragraph?

2. Guess the English equivalents for the following:(mudakhalá kaw-1

)1161 kaw-)

[hamlti kaw-I

[la zor na kSr akhl-] 4./

[jangég-I

lmajburaw=)

3. How many reasons are given in support of the assertion in Sentence 1?

4, Which sentence contradicts Sentence 1?

How do you know?

Exercise T3. Listen to the passage, then mark the sentences below true or false. Somevocabulary to help you:

consider smp. Irreg. tr. vb. lbol-1 ancient adj. I. Nadim)

generation n, r12. (puxtj mythical adj. 4. (afs5naw11

family tree n, F I. Ishajar61 fact n, I12. IwNq1y6t1

it should be said phr. Ibnyad wSwayal sil trt 11

. .5 4.1.. 4.4 4.7/ la"; a .

3:'.5J-11 kT5. T

L5i r'.914.4

4... ,1 T3 s.

L,5 .p _r*.; ;:f .

.5 L5 Yet ss z ,r4.5 4- . 0

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .1.-115.,, .6 a) oj 441.

Exercise 4. Construct sentences along the lines of the example.

Ex:

Workbook 85

J;Lit..4.i1 oz., oil 415.3 Lcyji.te

40 5LUI ,L5.1

41a . j. ses 4iJLi 4Z t. 1 .3 4ell ts; I IS

4-4.4 45 0,40' 41-.-L."

_rj 4 sge. 4.5.*4. 4.1.1. 0,40. c)LIA.11

c5_,J J.4t,

c5_7/ CJI.)., "33-4 rh":* 4-1.% 0,j1..ta ri-)Y.° T

L5L 4"st

JJ..31.3 15J.1

Ik.5) _!° .5":1*

. 4.5 ar7.5.3 (.5 tri.S. 41461 4.;.. ta

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.11.1." 3 Cc Workbook 86

E x . 5. Assume that Khayray is at the moment only thinking about giving Tarina toAlmar's son. Rewrite the first four lines of the dialogue of Unit 21.

: I a

: tiae I I

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: . rhir, jj a3 0) 4; Workbook 87

Exercise 6. Match the spellings from Caroe with their Pasha equivalents

L.S3P I 53 3,........ I L5.3.5A I 03 a,..a. I ,54-2 -)1.I

..d.:. L5J..i; cr.: 1" J.i3 Lfil:1-53101

5 L (5.4.1.1. t...!<...,tLs.:' t-..S.5-1V.2 -7

a ---.7___.__ .74.3_,-, 4..53 .1.4-1..... L531-/ .i.515

J-..-: 51

Abdali

Achakzai

AfridiAhmadzai

Alikozai

Alizaieangash

Elarakzai

Chamkanni

Daudzai

Durrani

Ghalji/Ghilzai___ishaqzai

Kakar

Khalil

Khatak

Khugiani

Lodi

Mahsud

Mangal

Marwat

Mohmand

Muhammadzai

Musa Khel

Niazi

Nurzai

Drakzai

Popalzai

Saddozai

Safi

Shinwari

Spin Tarin

Sur

Tor Tarin

Turi

Wazir

Yusufzai

Zazi

I

3.5

inter nediate Pashto Unit 22: .r.11: jj .6 *3 oj Workbook 88

Exercise 7. Read the following passage for enjoyment. (Background information: TheMiakhel tribe are considered to be holy pFople automatically entitled to respect, not tomention contributions from others. Members of other tribes pretend to be Miakhels, tocollect the respect and contributions. To guard against imposters, the Miakhel elderslearn the tribal genealogy..)

gathering place n, F [dera] _re a

traveler n, P12 fl3rawáyloi

members of Miakhel tribe [myNgSni

contribution n, 1t [kalángl

Miakhel [myAkhalJ

blacken der. tr. vb. [toraw=] -i

protect phr. L... sera xá kaw-1 4

L. st,S 0.).e. s5.5 XI 4; L. t4.jj J.1.e .1;1j j 45 5 ..,11 jJ.1 44; bj.

se 4-c. ; J., c, :

j.S., 4_1.1%4 4; Ira jj ji 3 4.1 Cti 4.4 J.1.*.4 4; j j rai

Se " Litfjj 4"; J., L1--. c5 14. ri 3 `Lt,

4: ..."1"/ &1".m. "41.4: je. Z.) j . 4.4 JIJLa 4L.; 1.) 1 J.2 j

47: 4.5-:"°: .33 a 3 4; 4J d t 1 J3 .1-;"1°

1j 4: 4: J a 3 Je. J J JI

L51 4-;.' it L5J.,-;.-4 4;' 5j, J- .5:54.4J-C 5./.5 44 4-,'"f 'Lc," SS5

_1 4: 4,1"Sh t;':

Intermediate Pashto Unit 22: 63

Answers

4.1 4 Workbook 89

Exercise T I.Future Presen( Past Possibilitu litirgal condition

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. _x_8.

9 x_..

10

Exercise T2.1. The government and tribes

2 interfere -,gsolve

attack -

use force 4.; j 3

fight

be obliged

3. Two4. Sentence 4: it starts with IA.

Exercise T3.1 F 2 T 3. F 4 F 5 T

Exercise 4.it! 4 g I tii j.ib

1/4.5.47g

J-0 La. 01 .71 4.; L. ULA.; I 4.5 . T

5.1 416-2 4"! ic6 I .111


!k.5,si J1.5

Exercise 5.

sy' 41" 4-.I j J3 4a.r a

4 4 Workbook 90

4; Sg1;1-j.v iJili 41

4:P -) t";' J -i; 3 4^C . o

i0.....,. li .L.t s5.5 azji5 4..te 41.1.1.e. J.: 3 : t j,::, ..1..... 1 .3

0.,... . 4.3.) ot.A. 41 Co .3 .3 a 23 45 . 4.5 _IS

se Z .il'il 3 d 4j .P5 -3 ..! SS"' 4

i i ss- 4:". L5 -1 3 0 .1". 3 3 .5 3 i,j 419-4 k...)1.t.t-,4 LI--; sgii : i'L;' -"I 'J.) ii5-4 4; L57°. i_.!"` rt- a .4-1_t-c j i se 4:" 4 J1 J _1 31-1 3 . 4- I "5

-4is5 J J SS' 4"; 5j3 -J .i .."; ' "4 ' -4.1,5

i JL.. 43 4 L.7....4-;1 0 .1...., ..t; L5i 4; r...41b 1 .5 4 J 1

Intermediate Pashto

Exerci se 6

Adrian

Achakzai

Afridi

Ahmadzai

Alikozai

Alizai

Bangash

Elarakzai

Chamkanni

Daudzai

Unit 22: .rJ1;ii .3 4.; 45 Workbook 91

iabdalij

latsakzil 03.5.1.1

lapredil

[ahmadzI] L53

[alkozi)

[alizij L5.3_41A

[bangSx1 04.111

[barakzil

[tsamkanij

Wawudzil 03.3.31z

Durrani idurani] 45;1 jz

Ghalji/Ghilzai ighaldzi] L.5.4de

Ishacizai [isaqzfj L53

Kakar (klikárj,75l5

Khalil [khatill

Khatak [khat6k)

Khugiani [khugyanii

Lodi iludil

Mahsud [mastldl

Mangal

Marwat

Mohmand

[mangál] J.L.[marwát]

(momándl

Muhammadzai Imahmadzil

Musa Khel

Niazi

Nurzai

Orakzai

Popalzal

Saddozal

Safi

Shinwari

Spin Tarin

Sur

Tar Tarin

Turi

Wazir

Yusufzai

Zazi

imusakhéll

tnyaziJ

Inurz II Lc_j_j_i

[orakzii L53ji[popalzil

Isadozil L5.3

[skin

[spin tarinl

(surf

It6r tarinl

[turii

(wazir1 JLJlgusufziloj_L.J.z.

[dzadzil

Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: Ls..1.15 LL- Workbook 92

Unit 23: 4; (.5_ti.5

Unit Overview

The discussion of Pashtun tribes is continued in this unit, with the focus on the'detribalization of the Pashtun tribes as a result of the development of a centralgovernment and the attempts to modernize the country. Section 1 gives a description ofthe movements of one tribe. Section 2 is a long reading on the history of Afghanistanover the last 100 years. Section 3 is a passage on national unity by the Pashtun writerUlfat. And Section 4 tries to divert you with some jokes. There is no grammar f ocus inthis unit, as the vocabulary load Is quite heavy.


Asad is giving Theresa a description of the decentralization of the Niazi tribe,from his family's point of view.

Lultural notes. You can tell, from previous dialogues and descriptions, thatAsad's family is very much a Pashtun family and a Niazi family, although they areseparated from the largest part of the Niazis. The movements of a tribal members,brought about by many factors, can result in the assimilation of the decentralizedfami des to the surrounding people whether other Pashtuns or non-Pashtuns. In manyinstances, the assimilation results in families which are in all respects non-Pashtunsexcept for their name and the knowledge that their family belongs to a Pashtun tribe.

Sentence structure. The phrase I ... 4.1 with the verb in the present tense

(not in the present perfect) is used to express 'since' phrases in Pashto, e.g.'He has been living in Logar

since the weddingI LAr.4CL-wi.i.91.,

Preview to Section 2: Reading A

This reading gives a brief sketch of Afghan history since 1890, covering thedevelopment of a central government for Afghanistan. A review of the facts in Englishthey are summarized in most of the currently available books on Afghanistan will helpyou understand the Pashto

Cultural notes The sketch focuses on the effects of the development of a centralAfghan government on the structure of Pashtun society, and implies that nationalization


of Afghanistan has involved extensive battles for power between the kings, variousPashtun tribes, and religious leaders. Amir Abdurrahman, in particular, exiled orassassinated those (whom he called 'robbers, thieves, false prophets and trumperykings') who interfered with his goal of establishing a central government.

As the reading points out, the movement of Pashtun tribesmen to the capital hasfrequently resulted in the thss of Pashtun customs and language among the peopleinvolved. You might have talked to Afghans who, when asked if they are Pashtuns,answer to the effect that their grandfather was a Pashtun, or their grandmother, but thatthey themselves do not speak Pashto.

Word s'uclu There are a number of Arabic and Persian words th the passage so

many that grammatical processes in those languages are apparent.The majority of the adjectives, for example, end in (-1] and are Class 4:

royar or. 'strong 0.93 'civil' 'religious' uta

'governmenta1'45.-L. jia. 'traditional' 'military' 4.5.41.11; 'tribal' 0.413

'tribal' c5,12.13 'urban'

The (-I] L5 suffix is from Persian, and in parallel with Persian adjectives, which do not

agree with the nouns they modify, these Pashto adjectives don't change form. The

suffix attaches to abstract (and some not so abstract) nouns, and converts them intoadjectives

Many of tho nouns in the passage are from Arabic, and come complete with Arabicplurals (some of which are irregular in Arabic). Some of the nouns have regular Pashtoplurals as well (M2, usually) and the Pashto and Arabic plurals are both used. A Pashtunwill probably use the Arabic plurals in formal conversation or writing. The same Pashtunwill use the Pashto forms in informal writing and in speech.

The plural form of Arabic borrowings is fr2quently the suffix [Nti Don't

confuse this plural with another Arabic suffix, [at] with a short [a] which often

shows up abstract nouns borrowed from Arabic:Arabic fi Lira] Ar4bjc_abstract nouns

institutions' 'prime ministership' J1.1.43

'establishment' `11..S...t..5 'migratio iyAl

'conveniences'

'characteristics'

I f

Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: 4.51,15 L: Workbook 94


This passage has been taken from a book on Pashto rhetoric by the respectedPashtun w.iter Gu1pach3 Ulfat:Rhetoric: Orthography [likwali: im1S aw inshS) 1...t..;1 .31 1.41 JI,Stiand Composition

The passage was written to illustrate correct spelling and composition foraspiring writers of Pashto.

Ulfat, who died in 1977, was from Laghman province; his dialect is thereforequite close to the Kabul dialect in which these materials are written.

The passage has been 'cleaned up*: typographical errors have been corrected. Youmight already have encountered a major problem in the reading of Pashto from originalsources, i.e. that Npographical errors and infelicities abound There are few printinghouses in Afghanistan (and none that work with type-setting in Pakistan), and theprinting house employees do not have well-developed proofing skills, nor are theynecessarily Pashto speakers. In Exercise 6, we have reproduced the first paragraph ofthe passage exactly as it appears in our copy of Ulfat's book.

Word studu. Be careful! The word RIO 4..1:4; which appears in the phrase

.31 is a regular Class 1 adjective meaning low*. The word which

appears in the dialogue in section 1 is a regular Class 1 adjective meaning 'scattered orin some cases 'wide*.


These jokes were taken from a jokebook bought in a bookstore in Peshawar.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: utIS ,a. ,i I:L.. Workbook 95

Unit 23 Exercises

Exercise T1. Listen to the explanation, then write the dates of his reign beside thename of each ruler,

) L;..4.

J1 LI I

Exercise T2. Listen to the paragraph, then answer the questions

cyvil art

`Jae. Znji

a La.

JI

s5irt Jjl

. T

C(5-2 4.0

1/4.5U J1 Lc 4.1 a_AS1 . T

j-aa Lft 15 .3 . L

45e. 4.4 jg 4:1a/.,"° a .0

Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: 4 0.1.15 4., ..011 Workbook 96

Exercise T3. Listen to the following sentences, then mark during which Afghan ruler'sreign the incident occurred

. 1 . I

. V T

. .o

Exercise 4. Give English equivalents for the indicated words

a.L) i5 L5_,S 4.-110 L, 4.aLb 0 ...1 4 41, rbig .

. J.4 4.5_,.1 JL

L51-4,

t.5 4.") ..t."! L5L. 4t.

UT% 1 4"; °L;-4. J i 4.1 4," L5" C.) ..)-6 4. J J7i.

4 "A L5 JI -1-C I -1 ° J.J . 4t trq-C JL:e fcb 47:

z?T'S J' 4 4." 0..J.J

.1 c p4S Li71. i 1::-.1; 4°. 4L;t4t ig 3"; 7.° J

. T

J 0

r-1")

L." L. 1 4;. (Se. L. 4.;La &;.t.4 igg .

dt.Lts c5 44 46 j..46 19.S j Lc 1: 41.;:s . A

'.5i7r

Intermediate Pashto Un 1 t 23: ¶ ; ist..t5 ..f Ole L.:. Workbook 97

Exercise 5. Group the vocabulary words listed below in the categories:

,:-',_,-- ty JriLizLS4 .31.A........ ,..5 jit.:.3

45a.:-... ji: . 1_ 1 .

o j13.ib (551. J.1.6 )0.L....5 a.z.6

Pashtun tribes:

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan:

L5AL1

JL

53.3

_yoor

Words referring to !shim:

Words referring to government:

Words referring to royalty.

Words re.erring to tribal structure

Words referring to traditional life

Place names


Exercise 6. In the space below, the first paragraph of the Ulfat passage is retypedwith exactly the spacing and typographical errors of the original. Rewrite the passagewlt 'Lonventional spacing, and correct whatever errors you can.

4:)17. J 1 VS' I t..5 45T' J1 cr+S CPI° °ie. 47; 4-t j.Lj .) 1s..1 tp....g j

6 L5 3 rI -9 :)(-7---"L; .5 z?-4-C J-1" "1- .5 Jb. 4?-7-8:.1Lz6 I r. y ao I j.); cr.12 z

j ilE j 1.7, jib L LLi 1 47; 41.

" 91 ss-U 3 1 Je..1 0-4-5 4:.4 61:1 L'4'

Sg") 17544"t 4:2°' l31:1'. 3 1 31 Jr-A, z--1": 3 04-s

.1 ois 4iatt 4; _11 ti5 3 J1

J 1 .0 3 41, 11 LT: 4rs-1 LsC.' isr475 _1_2 4.1 4:1 Att rm.& 4; j

'3 7) J 1 Lc"' 04; 1.44". .)1r" A376. tie _74 1 Le J

_1 .3'1 91

Intermediate Pashto Unit 23: C. .) 4:0 4.9.t.y5 at .f.. L. Workbook 99

Exercise 7. Read tho following passage for pleasure,

I 5 71111h, 11

z. .1.4.

. 414 seri ate ;0 L.

4-1,:" 41 6.'5 1----4-6 .3 J1 4jj 1 J j_t5 OJIY.' tilt 4/St

419t S.St sgi sst'. 4 15.7:: .3 .4-:--"5 A "3-4 "J1 ss.IJS s5./4 4,55 Ajl 4J J1

4" sS". 41 4:1A 41Vi Ji-C 4t 41.4t 415t .."'"`.;:; 40 41 15 3 1 J 1

I II J-23.3 kr.1 4-1 4;

J! 675-3 44-! s95 4÷7:-. 47; Ai 4115".! 41 J1.5 1'3 J1 "kr--4_?..1 Jjp

tiny ad,' 3 lwar-abagáyi 41.6.1c,

kid, child n, [mashiim)

rumor n, Fl 1aw5z6l A3131

spread der. tr. vb. Jtitaw-]

almost adv, Raorthanj

Int4rmedi8te Pashto

Exercise T I.

Exercise T2.

Exercise T3.

Unit 23: 91,1.1 4f Workbook 100

Answers

A 14k 46:11.1. I .11.c

14k .J1 '1

1kl't 14kT`k id 1 L IC.)

I'lTt 4.11

l`kTA 141,TT aLt,

ViTT - l`tvTal;

JLjJI 95 JJ JI j1-6 -LS

..p.d 4.; Z. I . T

Lt .).A U .

a j . V

_17:-. I

4i 1

. A

1....114 jab Li; "

Exer .a 4

I nation (mil6tI

2 tree-grower IbaghwSnj

3 daily (newspaper) [wradz pnéJ L.. t4 capital ipaytákhtl

4151f, 4:1-) .51 4-4

L571 -C'÷;° .o

5 poor person [miskin] :).:<--

6 job [wazifal

7 mosque [maj6t1 L.

hero, expert fqahramánj

Intermediate Pashto unit 23: L U.-. Workbook 101

Exercise 5.Pashtun tribes:

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan: j1:,,a

53i L5-4* 3-5J L53

Words referring to Islam: 0....at 41.:4

Words referring to government: sj I 7-.Words referring to royalty: JLICIJ L5ALZ' 4J1

Words referring to tribal structure: 0-4 k.5./4-.15

Words referring to traditional life: 1:3 pd. utiSPlace names: Lg.) 3.4:1 JLe

Exercise 6

t:)t! 3 .51 5 I JI cr4-5 j àj. 4 '44 ti-L

1_, 4.5 54.Jl y4 sge 45 j... I 4:).46,51i

4.A.16

a L L;Li I L. it, .).1 j1

.L5z L. s5.3.5 AL.5.3 jar-. jI jj,;;; 4:1.12

a...a 0 a...), _II j 403 JI Av)t...4 s5.4-5 4-,r

L5 PS c$-h." 419-1 3 criS J474-4" 41", 4:44. U.

°.,1"L 4..

1.1. z %.5

L5.3 4.1 ..,"S

1/45.3 4'; J1 k.5.?"/

31, 31Jla 45

rab a.p.S arr, . 3 j

;J;-,-4 L5.71 4-11 4-/

Sr/ 4.10 criai4-r'

ss-t-5 i-a

4.5-* J (15 se. 4J ,0-1-* +7! 41" ra) 4"jj_?-5 sr"' I '3 415;14

(.5-4 s6+-57: si- 4,57:AI

t..5i J JI

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4:-11. Workbock 102

Uni t 2 4: JL

Unit Overview

In this Unit, we start a three-unit discussion of the 'pillars of the Pashtunwali,the Pashtun code of behavior that receives so much attention in western writings onAfghanistan and the Pashtuns. In our discussion, we focus on those aspects of thePashtunwali that involve behavior. Many western discussions of the Pashtunwall includecharacter traits such as bravery, generosity, and steadfastness as part of thePashtunwali. From a Pashtun point of view, however, the Pashtunwali focuses onbehavior alone.

The first aspect of the Pashtunwali to be discussed Is the concept c...111 or

hospitality to guests. The topic, which was introduced in Unit 9 of Beginning Pashto isdiscussed in greater detail in thp reading in Section 1. In Section 3, Aman explainssome of the practical aspects of 4.1.111 4.17... to Theresa. And in Section 4, Diversions,

there are some jokes about hosts and guests. The grammar focus of the unit is theparticle and its various meanings.

Section 1: Reading

Culture notes The term 'Pashtunwali' is a manufactured word The Pashto wordfor the concept is simply

It is important to keep in mind that a can be a stranger, or a friend When

the is a close friend, the 'rules' regarding his entertainment can be bent-

treatment of close friends doesn't seem to differ much from the way we entertain closefriends in the United States. On the other hand, peer pressure as well as genuinefeelings of hospitality play an important role in the treatment of a 4..1r. who is a

stranger

You have probably already heard a great deal about Khoshal Khan Khattak, thefamous seventeenth century Pashtun poet-warrior. Translations of his poetry can befound in most serious studies of Afghanistan or the Pashtuns, and educated Pashtuns canrecite lines and couplets and whole poems of his at will. The 'dastar' in the 'Dastarnama'mentioned in the reading refers to the turban worn by adult males, and therefore,supposedly, a sign that the wearer has achieved maturity and wisdom. The openingcouplet of the collection :

z 13-4'

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: .W1.: Workbook 103

Etse dastiir tari hazár dide dastar sari pa shmár di.]

'There are thousands who wear the turban;Men of the turban are few,'

Word stigig. The word jilS Is not particularly polite the term should be

used in conversation and writing. The writer of the passage used ".115 when he was

talking about the passage by Khoshal Khan Khattak (who used the word), and

elsewher9.A S _yr is a rooster; a hen is a Chicken is more of a delicacy in Afghanistan

than It is in the United States, and less frequently eaten than lamb or beef. Hens arekept for their eggs; it's mostly the males that are eaten.

The verb -.1.11.. contains the adjective J1., which means 'ritually slaughtered'.

There might be a 'halal' butcher in your area. Such butchers come from Islamiccountries, and provide meat that has been slaughtered according to Islamic principlesthe animal's throat has been cut with a knife, and appropriate prayer,' have been said atthe slaying.

The phrase our, translates literally 'with open forehead', i.e. without a

frown

Preview to Section 2: 4..! in More Detail

You've probably noticed that the particle 4.1 seems to appear in every other

sentence in Pashto, and that it frequently doesn't seem to have anything to do withsignalling the future.

ti appears there is a lot of dialectal variation to have two different semantic

functions: one to signal a future action (or an action happening in the future relative toanother action), and the other to signal doubt, uncertainty or indefiniteness. Thesefunctions become clearer when 4.1 is coupled with the different tenses and aspects, and

the resulting sentences compared.In general, coupled with the various perfectives usually has the meaning 'will'

or 'would', i.e. it functions as a future marker. Conversely, 4..s coupled with the various

perfectives usually has the effect of implying uncertainty.An interesting bit of fallout from a comparison of sentences with ti and the

contexts In which they appear is that if Pashtuns want to make a statement aboutsomething that is definitely going to happen in the future, they use the presentimperfective tense, as in the sentence given in Note 3. Pashto present imperfectivesentences are parallel to the use in English of the present continuous to indicate

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: cdl.e, Workbook 104

something happening in the future, e g 'We're leaving at six,"The fireworks are startingat nine"He's arriving Tuesday: etc.


In this dialogue, Am5n and Theresa are discussing same of the practicalramifications of 4.LIL

Cultural notes. 4...JL a4 is a double-edged sword: for ery proverb linking the

guest with the bounty of God, there is another illustrating how upsetting to a householdthe guest can be. AmOn mentions a few of the problems involved with guests who showup around mealtime, and how a household scrambles to be sure they are appropriatelyf ed

Word Studg. The word c,111.,_;.....3 is used here to mean table; Am3n says that

sometimes special food is given only to the guests and those of the host's family who aresitting at the table (cjI.t:,. - .3) with him.

Be careful not to confuse 'burden' [tawSni jib' with 'ability' ftwan] 4J1i I

The phrase ,t5.4.0 j disambiguates the term .04.54 , which can refer to bread

proper or to food in general. .0.4i.) 41., is a plain loaf of bread, which the host's family

can ruh nu t and bug without offending either the guest or the neighbors. The writer ofthe dialopd comments that the 'real' term for bread on its own is Espóra clocl6y1

but he was told as a child not to use the term, as it is an insult to God to use

a disparaging word kAir. is not particuldrly complimentary) in connection with

something God has given to you.


Here are some jokes about guests which illustrate the mixed feelings Pashtunshave about being hosts and being guests

verb -.Ai frequently occurs in phrases like -.Ai , which is literally 'beat

la] support', and idomatically 'lean back on', or in the context of the joke 'park oneselfon' In phrases like this, -.Ai functions very much like means 'lean on'

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4.1.11.: Workbook 105

Unit 24 Exercises

Exercise Ti. Listen to the following sentences, then check the appropriate Englishtranslation of each 41 phrase

'will/might"would (have)"might have"used to tentative statement

6.

10

Exercise 12. Listen to the description, then finish the sentences

4-$4-1-4* flq ss-C r.. j11.215 41 .1

45-C

.5 4..Lb 3,?""' L';° SS-C 4.1 rfr5`k-59

S-15 4-* r-e4 L'y

.J:-C- L5i/91.i 4'; iNe 41J 4_11) L5 r "-t I .3 yss

4,954-1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: JL Workbook 106

Exercise T3. Listen to the following passage (written by Ulfat) and fill in the blanks

. ____ ...t.... (......-+ i.ra 4.15_,.0 --- 455 L.41.5 .31 J,5 4.;

a a . jil li al a; 4.1:414_, 6 -,'1*-4 44 -t5 4A4 44r tt ija i I4; Jig j. ,̀ s5_))7,. 6_,-:1 i" 4-1. bi

/ 3 4'4'; a -te. 1 17. .'" I

Li-.: -,-.' 01, 4.,. _ILL- J. . 4_1.5 4.5 41 j.e. J J 1 . 4.:-.. i 4;

03j _3 41 j "5 J1 ____ ci 1 i

1.+

*&I ---- t...) 1 J J 3 1-4.- 4; ksu

S55 Jig -II 4414iS ipa

4.eS a-Yf e'jh

Exercise 4. Read the passage in Exercise T3 and answer the questions. Newvocabulary:

wisdom n, F2 [wuxyarSyl

advice n, F I [mashwarál jcautiousness n, 112 [iht1ySt]..1.1

sign, example n, F I (n6xa1 4.÷;

until the end phr. [tar akhéra porel .1.;

electricity n, 112 (berg] Jyelectrical short n, 112 (shart1 4,7-0 Lit

fire n, 112 fariqj

habit n, 112 [5dát) aLc.

ride der, int. vtr (swarég-1

accident lnf IchSpa ked611 J.rSIt V

light n, F I [rang]

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise 4. (cant )

Unit 24: Workbook 107

6,11k;'s LSI 0-t

4; QJ J.) Jig L.51 L.9-at

A a 415.1 Lrt. lg I qJ I T

L5 j 11:4 IA jis 4 4s I .3 LS. I .1.

al 45 ji j 44 -10L.21 &

Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences

L5 z.,rg J-L! LS 4.;-Cts

k.5.7t-5 J-E1

53JJ

1/4.5pS Lk/

.0

4N. ."; "1-0 J 1 JJ _P-"' I .,-4 .,'5 ;.' 1

Ls--'13 Jr1J-:-+7.. 43

v

4.adb 4n. . T

4..a. rig .L

4_1.. ....J,I. .0, -

4.... CFI r-t5 . 1z

1/4 JI 4 ,isS 02; 47, .

LS t"; 4La . AV

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: JL Workbook 108

Exercise 6. 'Soften' the following announcements

45 J tr" 45;.5-4

t..5 4)T4CJjjij

4:1 19; L:61 L:L5 4195 Sel-bl. I5 41 4'11 L1C j);r

Ls' .4,11,1 41 41.1. . L

. L5 74a Lb J k:jt.S.3 .o

Exercise 7. Give the Pashto and Arabic plurals for the following words.

Arabic DPI. pashto DPI, DILL

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: cdll Workbook 109

Exercise B. Read the following passage for information and enjoyment

4WD, 47.t, 6.).6 L1_47; 41. 412...to 1 .3 krqg 4.1

t..4. 6_5113 r.re _0 .0.3 ji AilS1

Lle- kis.) PjZ 4.. 4.5.11.1 A.53_94 *J.. J.3 4j r..g1 J1 k.5JJ L51-4.

I L.5-, k.).3..) L.) if zll-r- jb L5 (-A ..1..p;

045Ji _53 (*A ,04.34 Le. 4:-.14,

4. Jig 4J 4..r A .3 4; 1.5 a ye. 0 . 0.21 L.4. "lir. .3

L.,LA .! cog 6.7-?%.1` r" 4.4 j ti j I .4

L.5-5 01-1 s54:-te 3 ss-,r1 4-17:Jt-; 3 ss5 .3.713

L 4 Ji 4 15.. ,)_53 4-1 JJJ /..1:L't 3

OA lz" '71 .) s95 JJL; b.,- J.,14

. .??...r5 jit

sufficiency n, F I [guzarS1 jI3guest quarter n F I [wujrál

gathering ad./ I Eghw6nclai

music, instrument n, P*12 [sNz)

musical instrument n, 112 [rabSbl

story n, M2 InSkall

story-teller n, I (nakalchil 01.15;

song accompaning a story n, F I fn5r6J

intermediate Pashto

Exercise Ti.

Unit 24: 4:-111 Workbook 110

Answer Key

'will/might"would (have)' 'might have"used to'

2. _x_3. _x_4.

5.

6. _x-7.

B.

_K

_x_

Exercise T2. Various answers

Exercise T3

' jJr!" 1/4.. 5 .A.44 .1'1° 41 415-C 015 JI JIj .3 da.*:+

a...rla I

tentative statement

_x_.,,,,..

.5.)tt-ze.ta ss3 3 3 3415 45 ye. 4. t . 4:4-rd 4 I 3.7.' 4;

L.5 s5- J,5 J1 (51

L 3 jI 4-11 J.d 4.. 44 4195 "4 41 atar. *6-*-s 3 3 3

ki5 q .11 "II ..,11.3 .3 '1145 ip 4-1 _J;" J.' 3 4.a. 41" -$ C.) I 3 1161 rab

LJj y.:.

jj.5 .31 dL 4.1.0 4J c5a

.

a."( 1) rr.-6

Exercise 4.

Crti 4* 4 -7; 4t. "la jj 41 4* *

41 .)1 4151! 4 Jig 45'21.4.; 4T5.5 J.; J.. 0.4.1.

4.; Co .

!, L5,A crs-11. "1-'93 4C" ) j O

Intermediate Pashto Unit 24: 4.1.1l1

Exercise 5. Something like. jjadal .3 1,01

Workbook 111

J J 1 1.11....3 1 j..t.$ 4)(.5. J11 g 44.J;loa L5

4.Leb it 41.e,

L5 J-11 c53J., 5JCjj °J1-4J .5 4.1 i-<-1-1. 01" 4..t at rjg

s54...; 4.1.6 j c)11.1.._1. 7., .3 4.1. 0

5 t.) 4"441 4.5 Jlb ti5,4 .t5 4.30 .5,7' 4-;

L5 .9-.!S Ai A. .5 4LiLib 3., 3 4i. 4195 hLf."

J-11 Ji3t;

Exercise 5.

Exercise 7,

Ls-t

Arabic DPI.6:-

_I ./:/b 4 .??;

<40-7-" ke 41 41

Lrt Eirt

. 1

. v

. A

4. 0-444: Jig "IN Jiz 4,1 ij6

. T

. L

4.3 ,:j1S o

Pashto DPI,&

4'0

4.iL

Dag.

6=6.4..0 J.60:16.

4111 I j66.3 J.0.6211.4

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: J..Li Workbook 112

Unit 25:jatiUnit Overview

The focus of this unit is on JAI , the second pillar of the Pashtunwali. In Section

1, Amain gives Theresa some basic definitions. Sections 2 4 present a story ofPashtun revenge. And in Section 5, Diversions, there is a couplet from Khushal KhgnKhattak.


In this dialogue, Anign is explaining to Theresa what the term Jai means. He

talks in generalities about families perpetrating wrongs, and families avenging wrongsit will help you keep straight who is doing what to whom if you remember that thedemonstrative pronoun usually refers to the first-mentioned person in the sentence

'the former' in English and the demonstrative pronoun ...a.. usually refers to the last-

mentioned person 'the latter' in English

Preview to Sections 2-4

The Pashtuns who translated for and taught Pashto to the British army officers inthe nineteenth century were given the title 'munshi" by the British. One of them, MunshiAhmed Jan, put together , a collection of stories, readings and sayings

for his British officer students to read. Nothing else is known about Munshi Ahmed Jan,except that he presumably wrote many of the pieces in the collection including thestory you are about to read , and that he wrote very well.

The story is titled J_Lf .3, and was apparently Included in Munshi Ahmed

Jan's collection to illustrate the concept of J..1?. Its plot is In general very reminiscent

of Shakespeare's revenge plays, with lots of bloodshed, righteous anger, unequivocalvillains who get what's coming to them, and (relatively) innocent people who get crushedin the process.

We have adapted the story as follows: sections have been deleted which do notforward the action of the story (notably two very long paragraphs which go into detailabout the evilness of malangs). Modern words have been substituted for those which arenow obsolete. The original paragraphing has been kept (including some with colonswhich usually but not always indicate that someone is speaking), but periods and commashave been inserted.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: j Workbook 113

The story is written in the Kandahar dialect. You'll notice that many of the wordsare synonyms of those you have learned, for example which is an exact synonym

for j,..j _IA, You'll also notice that the phrases zi,, ziz and zij are not always

immediately before the verb, and that 41, meaning 'when' often starts a sentence instead

of appearing just after the subject.The structure of the story is as follows:

Scene 1: The characters are Introduced, and one of their conversationsbegins.

Scene 2: One of the characters tells the other a stonj from his past.Scene 3: The two characters act as a result of the story.

The sections into which we have divided the story do nal correspond to these threescenes; our sections are of roughly equal length (with some effort to interrupt theaction, Sheherezade-style, at interesting points) so that the new vocabulary words canbe given in more manageable lists.

Preview to Section 2: The Storg Begins

This section includes Scene 1 and part of Scene 2. Sentences have been deleted inthe first paragraph of the story which summarize Gwalmir's life after he moved toMardan: He had moved there a year and a half earlier. At first, he had done menial work,then had opened a small shop, and had done fairly well.

Culturat notes. A malang is a cross between a hermit and a monk. The traditionalmalang travels from holy shrine to holy shrine, supporting himself along the way bybegging and by praying to God on someone's behalf. (Many traditional tales involve a

malang 's special powers, for example tales about a childless woman asking a malang touse his powers to give her a son.) The stereotypical malang carries a begging bowl, andwears a turban of the Islamic sort, not the Pashtun sort and old, patched clothes Amalang does not have a home. He wears a heavy coat (also patched) to protect him fromthe weather, and might construct a temporary shelter for himself. The malang In thestory has apparently established himself under a tree, and hung his belongingsincluding his sword! on its branches.

Direct. and indirect Quotes. The author is inconsistent In his presentation ofconversation. Sometimes he uses phrases like ct sl.tyjj; and at other times he gives the

speaker's name with a colon. Sometimes he has characters talk to themselves in thepresent tense - as in the last paragraph in the section:'I said [to myselfl that now was the j sgle.j

time; slowly, slowly I approached him_3 01-A. L5le

Intermediate Pashto unit 25: .1.11 Workbook 114

and when Gwalmir is following his wife.I shivered: what Is she doing here?' . a la

Word studu Throughout the story, the author doubles words for effect, forexample

'She went, she went, until the woman j Ij 4.; 4.1 tt.4.4 4.1:. 4.1Z

went out of the village 'Sometimes the doubled word is changed slightly. In ways parallel to English expressionslike "Story, shmory, get to the pointr The phrase 1.S;1 L.C.;1 with which Gwalmir describes

the scene at his house is an example

The phrase 4.9.: 4a 0 is obviously the Pashto greeting, Here, the phrase is

used as an adjective' if you are Ls.,t, 4. with someone, you know him well enough to

talk to him a lot,

Preview to Section 3: The Story Continues

This section includes the rest of Scene 2 and the beginning of Scene 3.

Cultural notes A is a tandoor-like oven effectively a large clay jar which

has been dug into the earth so that its rim is even with the surface of the floor. A fireburns in the bottom of the oven, and corn is suspended over it to be popped. The areaaround the rim of the oven ( hjti 4_1 .3) Is tiled, and is warm from the heat of the oven

which Is why the children are sitting there in the story.A customer brings his or her own corn, and the keeps a portion of it in

return for popping what the customer has brought; or the customer can buy somepopcorn with money.

You will remember the proverbs about popcorn and popcorn makers from Unit 19.

and

j64-;_tg 3

L5j sge.

L.

which intimate that popcorn and its makers are very low in Pashtun society. That thechildren are in very desperate straits is communicated to the Pashtun reader not only by

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: j.1.1 Workbook 115

their answers to Gwalmirs questions, but also by their having been taken in by the

Sentence structure. Sohbat Kh3n's comment

j zit; rft-a, lz 4rs.a J tr5 j 1.1 alb. lt rah LA

is one of those that contains a direct quote. It translates idiomatically as "Come, lets gothere and put an end to this, so that she'll learn what she has done to someone,"

Preview to Section 4: The Story Concludes

This section contains the rest of Scene 3, plus the 'moral' of the story.

Lultural Dees. The door mentioned in the first paragraph is the door to thecompound in which Gwalmir's wife and her husband are living. The compound is enclosedby a mud wall, and rooms are built along the wall, all facing into an Inner courtyard. Oneof those rooms is a bedroom; the c,VI.3 in which the animals are kept is another. There

are presumably other rooms, e.g. a kitchen, that aren't mentioned in the story. The wallthat Gwalmir escaped over in Scene 2 is the outside mud wall of the compound.

Unidentified bodies are a common enough occurrence that a Pashtun reader'scredibility is not stretched when he reads that Gwalmir's wife found a body to mis-identify as Gwalmir.

The husband's answer to Sohbat's accusation 4. LA L. 4-0 is a

proverb, and translates roughly as 'No one can farce a village.' In other words, no onecan force his will on an entire village

The next-to-last paragraph consists of the 'moral' to the story, which is also thecornerstone of Pashtun j..9 and a point of pride among Pashtuns - that a wrong will be

remembered and revenge will be taken, no matter how long it takes

Word studu. The word cjVI.3, which is glossed as 'stable', is not always for

animals The word refers specifically to a three-sided room which can function as abedroom or kitchen or stable or whatever,

The phrase ji; refers to tying someone up in a tight ball the victim's

hands possibly behind his back, his legs doubled up In front of him.

intermediate Pashto Lnit 25: Jai Workbook 116


The poet used the word instead of j..4 in the couplet for stylistic reasons.

We have given the 'normal prose rendition to give you an idea of the difference between

prose and poetry.

Intermediate Pashto Unit. 25: ja.i Workbook 117

Unit 25 Exercises

Exercise T I. Listen to the stories, and write the punchlines below.

. T

. T

cat n, F (pishákai

weigh smp. tr. vb. ital-) JZ

stupid, simple-minded adj 4 [sAd6I 3

down adj 4 fxkátal

commotion n, I12 [ghalmaghiil] JUJU

Exercise T2. Write the following story (from Ahmad Jan) as your teacher dictates it

poor person n, 11 1 (nestmSnj proper share phr. [sam raskil

rich person n, [stamán] penny n, F 1 [las1ra1

Adam n, 1`11 [1:1135dámi r.3ILL fatherly share phr. [padari h1s6I 4.26a.

Eve n, F3 ibibi awl] p 510., give thanks phr. [shlikur bt4s-) jiatrich, sated adj 5 [marl ip)

,

s ,4

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25 J Workbook 118

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks below.

Ward in story

`tc

re-3

peqshto synonym English eouivalent

question

orchard

Exercise 4. Rewrite the conversations in the following paragraphs in dialogue form:

15 .1 o 4,4,4 L. . am.4

4-t L511-1- tr° ..)15 .ps2

r" (-71/4

..1: J 4; to.)

s5 .5 .9 y

4:,; 4: L.

La . .).0 4.73. ssitij ssiLib

415,5 4.1.24

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: j-9 Workbook 119

: c3.....?

-.)-..' Lg

.4.1,5 Lc:. j.,...1.5.:01... j; L. I.!, L. ii .5 s5 1; II ay, ti 47! ..;...! a 495

, yleii b.,T'. i ss-e 4,-L. '-:- 6,,,.5i 4,51.. ,-,-;:e. il .,-1 k.5.3Y. i i .)-:. Lis

ss.":-; sce. .t. 55 ...,5 ii J.,-:.-4,i s.45 -Pre 41, A ) I i 3 .,-4-4 k.)" -,T.- .). L"::.-

selLe. jj _,-;"° Ji-L6 41 i)L1 il .i,"' cr' L." 4t ,75.1 ye. 0'..,-;`:" y:"..--.::'1.3

); " 4 . p .5j . . .L ; j LI. J.! ..9... j ...+.4 . j.... 7. 4:thlt J1 ..) j..t.; 45 j.p- it Jr _01.1 41.,

L.'.! i i iii.r:" ..-:--"-- s5 -L; 1-: ..,-...:' L54; -1'4 41 6 .Y.°° 0 J (714:q 4j .,J..1.7"t i ye.

0 .5 C. 0 .3 el Li LI (-:-. .; j... I a 4.t J.! ji al ...,...... k.1 z..........N...a . j./...1.

AI 7..,..,1 J.,.5 .3 .)...t. 3 s5 -,5 ..,-r.- Lg t-..-1 . Y6 ylf.1.1

JL J.,;; ilk. 5 )1.-- ii 4." ' 4: ' .11-1 J-i' 4-"J° s. 5 - -a: Jig 47; .) 1-:. Z is _t-4.3

ss5 0-41 ss.......1 1-16 ,-.1 4; ii l'i '03 L5 ,75 J i 45 . .1 1.1".-1-: i); .5.4 3 ye. j t-'

A - 1 ..I .5 0 3 .)-.*..:' 4-t yiiii ye. 45 ii il ' s5.31-E-r-C

: _,-.-. t.g,.., L

: L j..h. L

intermediate Pashto Unit 25: JAI Workbook 120

J:$...t":"1 -).., 1.1$ $. .1-1'*$11 i I .)-.4.-4 L.I.

ss-c J-- 4t 4,,r5 Ji 47./. 4;$ a ,,,7;1-6° tr / a bil: 4..":".." .47C 44 .., IJ sse.

-C ssJi s.5.3 -L;i1:1b. 41. ,,5 i 0. 4 .."-,::" ti5.):" se. L "4-1 1 -1-.4

..:7-....,....Aa . a a sr, jet; c 1ci j i 3 4.: s5 ..1.4, 1 ...) 45 it...,

. ...z...... i 1 j C ss; IS L5 j..., j ii; alus j1 ,p..ci z., j L11 4.: _)...,... j..0

uIi°_, 44:%,5 .31 j sse 4,)3 0,75 k.5 "/ 4-; LO tt ii3 41 Sgitii 4jub

0.5,..t 4.4 j..1.A... 4K.U.$ Co L.: 41, s9.174. ii A.3 . Az sy..1.15 c t..(; s5 .4 J.;

iiii j...;.1. Z .1...1 j t... ti5 Z .1 Z 41t. ssitij 4:lab i A Z D 4:0JS 4t

C. a 3

.5,7-

T

A a 4- . il.... .i.; Lz. .y.a. j,:.. I . j...t ..ns

" -.161 6-)LC.4 .4.2 css-t, J -1:..',rt. ..) t.5.12". LI -1-;_y-s

: 4.=,...Z....0 . T

:

: '..L..........a

..1.;iL:

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: J Workbook 121

Exercise 5. Review: Match the phrases with their English equivalents.

1. In this manner

2 in secret 1,5_,...) ss5 i . T

3 basically J.:_.0 Z.)-7__. is al 47: . T

4. disapprove of 4, L5t1 41. L

5. within one's capability .0..v v

6. on average

7. finally

B. stingily

9. borrow .......1., 404,..0. . 4k

10 openheartedlykrq5

0 La .3.) . s5 4.. . 1r

11 especially J9 4 153 4_, . I I

12. as L: 4.. . I T..) .0v

13. give in retribution for a wrong ______J j 4 L5.4 j...0 4. .0 . 1T

14. in mind, in memory 0_:_;..... .L.l.r... 'Li

15. in relation to this

16. like 0 -1-1:" Cr: ..5 j

17. general ly 09 41.4-5 .ri9 47: . IV

18 not enoughT

Lt.! jr5 4La .

s5.5 . A

r*; re".

V

. io

c 5cr Tirrr sceP

V.

A'

Ca cr. rt. g--r- 74-

- )

rr? +7J ccre:

1.-615 544+ 5-> 74-

n grn

117"C4' ."70, 71r*1

(Ar;cc_).

v511 -les, !I, 54-rr gc-v& -511 '71711;"

o cfrI r 1 'Tcf

'74.- '1 'tr err (7.

A Flo

r

5.1r

tr Ire -).

+-Tel 77 e re - ) ; e r, scr Tl

A . re) rcetel, 4 54^ rrr 14- t 5cre

17, -ccy :r c -cce* -4-7-91-- 54%3

frAolaq smuelq eta tit [pan awl jo two} 138.1.J00 ato Li! ioj g osioJ8x3

moocppom :sz uun oNsed aletpau.ualul

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise T I.

Exercise T2.a 1

.11'. 4.jjJ _."-° 4.);.t4 4.C-1 fJJI

Unit 25: t.j.le Workbook 123

Answer Keil

Ld r-a--; se. ss5 .J.,5

a 44 1 a 4S j1 44y:: Az S&L 13 45 . T

6.1.1

_`.!je 1 L. . T

z)l.ta s9k, JI Lfa Ji ,7."7"t 6-'14. 4.14"."-r-;

I Lr.1... 45 L. 0..jir-4

415-1-09 6,75J.5 ye.

yq.1..1.1.5 4,, 4J s5

rit ,t;

Exercise 3.Ward in stary

4.;

;#

Lrl! 415 a

3 ye. ..rf4

(.5 j.e. 1.1. JIJ4; 4.0.3. 4.5 j 4L

pashta sijnonitni

...ID.

LaallatLexithalgalarea, region

scarf

husband

question

friend

for sure

orchard

cold

all kinds

after that

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise 4.

r-1. 041/4

A i UT .S.41.

14; J1 i.e J(.5;

L.5 J 1 4161 JI:e

j

Unit 25: J.L. Workbook 124

4.9 4 . ci.1 45 L4 : JSV

Air) L... s5 4. .6 : 4

_,

3 01-1.1 J.4 : L....pat L.

4.1 ssl, g;i4

4,5 Jr1.6

ti5 .1; LI

L.5 0.75 J.) _p;)-3 s9-.1

.3

L5 ir)S 41.4J 15 .1.; : T

1).5 41 415 l_j 415 a

.

A .1 A 4.;J.5 4-a. ,/

. wy.,4 4J jiji JLb s5 :

3 45, .3a 4. jl tt,2.' J-Lij-a 0,7- 4. '

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise 5._____15_ 4,5 jit

13 ya16_Lt

_17__Jj3

Unit 25: J..1./ Workbook 125

.17,.. 4-J . IL

11:1-0,...3 rt.)

X.; 4:/..2 4ros,

5_ 415.g Lr....! . IV

14

. 1 o

. 11

Exercise 6.

. IA

4.4-/-te4 E.75 ss5

4"... J 6,75 -,"°# 4.4T 4viij Sr. S5-4'4

.) U1 4.1. .5.).+14-5 AS j 4-Lik 45 &La s9.1%4

j; j1 47er

3-1j1 !J 4141

_7_41.4.5 0(.7; 41

_2_4;1 47:j_,;

--II-- 4.jor;

41

4); IA 3 0.1,

V

4; Dip 1..0

°J4; "54 jarIL,, L. .

4.15 j 4.kit 41 tY; j j LI 0 .1.! 4; s9Ji.:% 4.1 L.3 . o

r5.3 y ar-c

4.k.6 4;

LSI t.L'. ss,S (.4 1.41

J.4.-r5 4195 Lra 4Z 0.3

"ii 4:1 yq; 1-° J.t5

Intermediate Pashto Una 26. -I . I -

Unit 25. -119'

Unit Overview

Workbook 126

The topics of this Unit are Pashtun honor, and the (eastern) Pashtun custom ofnanawilte. In Section 1, the two topics are introduced and described. In Section 3, aparticular offense and attempts at apology are discussed. In Section 4, Diversions, aregiven some well-known couplets on the subject of honor, from the poetry of KhushalKhan Khattak. Section 2 describes Pashto verb phrases with possessive subjects.


In this reading, the concepts of and are described. The author uses the

hypothetical As lam and Salim to make his points, and to make It easier to understandwho is doing what to whom.

eulturat_maes. There are several words for honor: you have learned ...LI.,

and &L.; and in this unit, the term is used. They all mean roughly the same thing

and translate fairly well as English 'honor', although the Pashto terms also include ideasof dignity and saving face. In the first example in the reading, for example, the attack onNur Mamld KhEin's honor was the confiscation of his lands and the public humiliation,rather than the physical harm.

The Pashtun concept of honor also includes notions of privacy, especially as itfocuses on the sanctity of the household. To steal a man's horse from the village streetis an insult to his honor, but to steal the same horse from his house is a far greater one.The most grievous attacks on honor, it appears, are insults to the women and girls in aman's household - not so much because they are his possessions, but because they arethe most important part of his life that is not on public view

is esseniially a public apology, and it always involves witnesses.

not a universal custom among Pashtuns It is more common among eastern AfghanPashtuns than among the western or Kandahari Pashtuns.

Word study. The phrase F:S. Sv. %a translates as 'to insult', and the insult

involved is relatively mild by American standards. In the United States, a wolf whistle,or the kind of remark made by construction workers at women passers-by, wouldconstitute 4y.S. CC.r. C.:. A social slight neglecting one woman guest in favor of

another might also be considered this kind of insult.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26. -1 I -sr' Workbook 127

Preview to Section 2: Verb Phrases with Possessive Subjects

The phrases given in this section are the standard, normal ways to express likesand dislikes, and to express feelings of heat or cold. They occur often In Pashtoconversation. Here are fuller descriptions of how some of them are used:

..L1 is used to express disapproval or a negative opinion. It is about as strong

in force as _1..1;, sometimes translates as 'seem bad', and is relatively mild.

_1 ,4 and -in.+ are about the same. You have learned the transitive version

of the latter which translates most often as 'enjoy'. is not used,

however, to express liking; -.0,4 with a possessive subject is used instead,

translates almost exactly as 'feel like'.

Preview to Section 7. Dialogue

Asad's uncle has been visiting relatives (Baray and his family) and is tellingAsad's father what happened

Cultural notes. it is clear, from the number of times that Baray sent and

the people he sent, that he clearly acknowledges that his son was in the wrong, and thatthe son had committed a serious attack on Baray's honor. It would also appear, fromAsad's father's and uncle's opinions, that Shamay is not behaving very well, althoughstrictly speaking he does not have to accept the

Word studg, You have seen the word JT.1. in a number of places, mostly as the last

syllable in tribe names. Here, coupled with someone's name (i.trl. in Asad's

father's first question), it functions exactly like the English plural of surnames, e g 'theJohnsons'. His question translates idiomatically as "What happened at the Barays'?'

Ly.)1 is exactly 'to lag hands on', and refers either to people physically

fighting, or to a man touching a woman against her will. Gwalay might have tried to kissShamay's daughter, or hug her

is literally 'black heads' is the Persian word for 'biacia and refers

obviously to the color of women's hair.is literally 'dirt', but it is often used figuratively to mean trouble, in the

sense of stirring it up Asad's father thinks that Shamay's sons are gratuitously stirringup trouble

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26. -1 I - Workbook 128

The phrase ..a13-1- sst 4./311. ..7°V is literally 'hand open its sword f ree'. Asad's

uncle is saying that he thinks &way should quit sending 41,-,1j.:.; and risk the jaf from

Shamay and possibly the rest of his tribe.


These couplets are from various writings of Khushal Kh3n Khattak. The secondone was written about an adult son of Khushal's, who died of natural causes. The thirdcouplet appears in Louis Dupree's Afghanistan (p. 69 in the 1960 edition, Princeton U.Press), with the following very free translation:

My sword 1 girt upon my thighTo guard our nation's ancient fame;

Its champion In this age am 1The Khatak Khan, Khushhal my namel

The translation Is from The Poems of Khushal Khan Khatak , by Howell and Caroe(the same Caroe who worked up the genealogy charts reproduced in Unit 22), publishedprivately in Peshawar in 1963.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: 415:;1...:, ji 4.'ajt. Workbook 129

Unit 26 Exercises

Exercise T I. Listen to the following accounts, and fill in the blanks In the charts.

Storu 2

Whose honor wasattacked?

Who was theaggressor?

What was theimmediate act ofaggression?

What started theoriginaldisagreement?

Was badal taken?

What brought aboutthe reconciliation?

What probably causedthe reconciliation?

,

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: sc:,1_,I; Workbook 130

Exercise T2. Write the following fable (collected by a British military official In theI 830s, from Pashtuns in the Banu area In present-day Pakistan) as your teacher dictatesit .

jungle n, 11 irreg. (dzangal)

tail n, F2 [lakay]

running n F [mange)

burn der. intr. Isati keg-)

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26. -I I -its-a J Workbook 131

Exercisd 3. Review: write the tense forms of the following irregular verbs in the

blank spaces below.

Pres, Imp. Pres. Pert Past Imp. Past Pert Infinitive

J3-,4

J.; -/"."'

JjjJa-t+-TS

ji:Jj

Exercise 4. Match the A... phrases with their English equivalents,L.

1 'a while ago' 44 4.75.3 4.1..... 4...T

0.2 ago' ssi;... *.3.,... ALI.

3 'front, face'4155 t"" 41

. 3

4 'Goodbye' J.:S eLl t. .. ..3

5 'head towards'

6 'In front of

7 'previously'

'respect, care about'

9 'straight'

10 'turn toward (me)'

t-

krq5""

Intermediate Pashto Unit 25: sip j Workbook 132

Exercise 5 Give literal translations, then idiomatic English equivalents (you mighthave to be creative) for the following phrases

a. Pashto: 4.;

Literal translation.

Idiomatic equivalent.

b Pashto: . 4.1 Li. 3 .t; JJJI, y. LL. s5.3

Literal translation:

Idiomatic equivalent

c. Pashto: .

Literal translation

idiomatic equivalent.

d Pashto: ".1 _to a 4.2. 4.a

Literal translation


Pashto 416.1/i

Literal translation

Idiomatic equivalent:

f Pashto ..`)S-57"

Literal translation


Intermediate Pashto

g. Pashto: rt., jaLiteral translation.

Idiomatic equivalent.

Unit 26: 4,7,1);:. J1 za)a Workbook 133

h. Pashto: .ozjr.5 y.3.3

Literal translation:


I. Pashto: jia. As.:11. c5.,..



j. Pashto: .03 4115 4.5.s.z 41.6 (Read Exercise 7)



k. Pashto: tiz...c



I. Pashto:V V


Idiomatic equivalent-

4.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: ,v951.-.:, Workbook 134

Exercise 6. Read the following proverb and story (retold from I _tit.. .3, a book

of Pashto proverbs and the stories behind them, collected by Mahmud Mosa KhEn)

r13 3 415 3 ..11 L.4.

s9-414 s5-1-4-:' Jjg se. 41 41 -76 41. or- ye4..r 4JjgJ..,

a J.:11. j1 10.4 470, . rig 40.5 4-: s9.2

vrT' $ 76. 4.,e4"-1 t..5 3.4 s6":= 4-C1 1.5.9 t.r5 415":: 4,155

j 3,94 LI. 4.15 .3 4,1 sp.! ss,;.".1 415.i.kr.1 : jirt 4.; j_tg 4; s5 LI. 1 .5

L5,,.5 "1.., 91 0.1 ss-4 J. se. 4-5 att

41.4-1,-C

°_9&.9 J SS 3 41 45 4e 11.)T". 415-414 3

s5 r" 4:)1.5116. L5,-- J-1,0

jj 4`; .Y0) -14 y z se. 4.:),1-4-

4.5 4e .5 4 45) 4. 1 4.1 oi).10... 3 s5-4,...? iro 475 .5 t 63.17.

yn" 4t ye. 415 4.15., J9 Ji ye. 419:$ 4191-;-1. _91 4.J-1:' 40

. 4L. j s..4.3.4 3 r.ib v".14. . 4 4151., 4..5.e 1 j 4;4.1 5 . L5 a 415g jf :11.5 o a 411

J J Cr 7.. 4.4.J6 ss.S.

4.1.a J,A3 44 lt 4.t I a LT:J... Li 3 4.15 .3 .11 LI .5 (15 a 44 n

j1 6.. a; LI ,L1 415.1, t.5

Lb; 4.1.Cts

cowardly adj 4 fbéghayratai reason n, 112 (khRSr]

consult phr. [sal5 kaw-] game n, F 1 Ilóbal

permission n, F I [ijazé] D 34 I be embarrassed smp. int. [sharmég-)

Intermediate Pashto

Exercise T I.

Uni t 26: v7,11.1; )1

Answers

Storu 1

Workbook 135

Whose honor wasattacked?

Spin's Malak Anwar's

Who was theaggressor? Khushal Ka lim

What was theimmediate actof aggression?

Khushal shot Spin. Malak Anwar's daughterran away to Ka lim's house

...

What started the ori-ginal disagreement?

_.

Khushal thought thatSpin had cheated him.

Malak Anwar refused togive his daughter to Ka lim.

Was badal taken? No. Yes.

What brought aboutthe reconciliation?

Khushal sent his motherto apologize.

The narrator doesn't say.

What probably causedthe reconciliation?

Khushal was sorry tohave shot his friend,

Both families were probablyupset about the bloodshed.

Exercise T2.j c)1_, 41.5.5 Ad<

J.., I 4.S..1 .1 .,0SJ 0 j jl j..1 Ljt .

oj _pe j L. r..5 .L5.4. 4; 4 K-! %,$../.4 410 1.A. J1

4..cal . j 4; 4-0 4.4.411) ,t5KJ

t..;-! C4-6 -A* 4,1614 411.46"1 S.5 IX" ,/ I

trig j J 1 4.,1 J1 ot; J J 4; 41<;-; .K.1 a .31 J.,.1 4157,

4.; 4 1 j 4.! 4 .t .

Intermediate Pashto Unit 26: III; )1 Workbook 136

Exercise 3.

Pres_ Inui. Pres. Pert, Past Imo, Efill tYfirt Infinitive

--Lo L -.4 L.,"

4

'-'11. i.."° .-..1 im.*:. .24.0 j:*O "2:. "1.0

Le --.'L.:1 3 it jilta-t÷TS ai-÷"r5 J.5.t.4.7.s

-is .75J J,5 J,75,5 Jig-..t, I, -.L.; 1 , --ia 1,

Exercise 4.

'Goodbye'

'a while ago'

in front of

_4__1__6_

44 15.3

4r4(;.....

sg.5

.51.4

.t..a

it

'respect, care about' _B_ ki.:S 4; t.4 a

'previously'_7_ 41... .3

'front, face' _3_'turn toward (me)' _10_ Jji/J

'head towards' _s_ LitS.

'straight'_9_

'ago' _2_ 4191'..N....

Exercise 5a Pashto. v) Jo* 4,70... 47:

Literal translation. by means of a full stomachIdiomatic equivalent: comfortable, well off

b. Pashto: .31,11.t. 4.

Literal translation: to buile oneself up to all effortIdiomatic equivalent to dress .;), dress to the nines, get oneself up

S53

c Pashto: . 4.75

Literal translation' I used patienceidiomatic equivalent: I was patient

4.

I .;

Intermediate Pashto

d. Pashto:

Unit 26. -1 I -Se

4541.441l a

Literal translation: of Shamay then of all of the MusakhelsIdiomatic equivalent: of Shamay, let alone all of the Musakhels

e. Pashto: ssil IjLiteral translation: [my] heart told me ...

Idiomatic equivalent: I really wanted to ...

f. Pashto: . 3 Li 4.9.. LI

Literal translation: keep oneself quietIdiomatic equivalent: keep quiet, keep one's mouth shut

g. Pashto: j di; j jLiteral translation: if I tell you the truthIdiomatic equivalent: to tell the truth...

h. Pashto: AA/AS 4v)..) a, ti5JI ad-4 La. 3v

Literal translation: someone feels like troubleIdiomatic equivalent: someone wants to make trouble

I. Pashto: Lila.

Literal translation: What condition was Saray's household?Idiomatic equivalent: What happened at the Barays'?

1. Pashto: .4.5a 4195 0.4,44 41 47: 3.0 jlLiteral translation: the honor is In the moneyIdiomatic equivalent: honor is not as important as money

Workbook 137

k. Pashto: j:_.. 4jJ 45Literal translation: to look standing up at everyoneIdiomatic equivalent: hold one's head up in front of everyone, race everyone

1. Pashto: j_7S kSv ..j

Literal translation: to look with light eyeIdiomatic equivalent: to insult

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: 45.,, Workbook 138

Unit 27: 4caUnit Overview

The topic of this unit is the Pashtun prga, and its relationship to the Afghan loysprga , or parliament. In the Section 1 reading, the prga is explained. The conversationin Section 2 gives an example of a traditional prga . In Section 3, excerpts from a longarticle on the history of the Afghan prga are given. And the Diversions in Section 4consist of a landay and a couplet of Khushal Khin Khattak's, both of which mention aprga.


This reading explains how a traditional Pashtun prga works, and contrasts itwith the loya prga which is a component of modern Afghan governments.

CLutvrel notes. In the third paragraph, the author stresses the democratic natureof the traditional prga, in that the usual strictures on young people to defer to theirelders are ignored in the prga. Underlying the discussion is the assumption Liat therepresentatives in a prga are not chosen solely on the basis of their social status: ayoung man who has demonstrated his worth is a viable candidate, and, once he is amember of the prga, is considered free to express his opinions and disagree with thoseof others.

Aor_daugill, The difference between the two words glossed as 'courage is thatone of them is Pashto, and the other is Arabic.

You by now undoubtedly expect an Arabic noun to have a regular set of Pashtoendings, and an additional set of endings which reflect the noun's Arabic origins. SomeArabic nouns end in (-al, and are regular F I nouns. When these nouns occur with theirArabic plurals, however, they are masculine: they occur with masculine adjectives andmasculine verb endings. Two of these hermaphrodite nouns are .1..-fu and ; they

are regular F I nouns, but their Arabic plurals 4.11.4 and 4.,Le.71:, respectively, are

mascuiine Nouns like these are marked in the Glossary as follows.

belief 17, FL Ar. pl [arlayidJ L is Masc. Unit 27

opinion n, F1. Ar pl [nazar1ySt1 is Masc. Unit 27

4.

faclidal asta.a.

Inazer-10

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: 4.c Workbook 139

Preview to Section 2: Conversation

In this conversation, Theresa asks AmNn to give her an example of a problem thatwas solved with a Jirga. The incident AmEin talks about actually happened, some timeago in a village close to Kabul.

Ward studu, The phrase 3 4, .1 is literally something like 'there was a

good sufficiency in his arm'. Idiomatically, it means that the person in question hadfamily to back him up.

The word 415.11f refers to someone who has been put in jail (by the police), not

someone who has been taken prisoner or hostage. The various people in Am3n's storywere arrested and jailed by the local police, not taken prisoner by the other faction.


This reading gives excerpts from a long article on the history of tha Afghan logeJirga. Habibullah Raft is a Pashtun writer. The journal Qatam is published in Peshawarevery two months, end includes articles in Pashto and Dari on the social sciences.

The excerpts describe the first recorded Jirgas in the history of the Pashtuns(don't forget that all and only Pashtuns were called Afghans until the creation of themodern Afghan state) in the beginning of the 18th century. The 1922 Jirga mentioned inthe reading in Section 1, in contrast, was the first loya Jirga including others besidesPashtuns.


The speaker in the landay is a woman, playfully complaining about her lover andthreatening to convene a Jirga (in this case it might also have been nanawate) to solveher problem.

The couplet from Khushal Khlin Khattak is part of a long poem in which the poet isurging Pashtuns to fight for their territory and rights against outside oppressors

,

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: 4g,,.?. Workbook 140

Unit 27 Exercises

Exercise T I. Write the paragraph that your teacher dictates. Then create glossaryentries for the new words In the paragraph, combining the glosses, grammaticalinformation, transcriptions and Pashto words given below.

The oaragraok

The glossary Items:

Glosses

actually

firmness

overturn, violate

punishment

severe

vtorre

term, word

firammalta,1 infon, 113

717-Ft

n, F3

n, F3

adj I

phr.

Trfinsarlo Ups[drund)

(ghara gharaw=1

jist1151

(klakwSlayI

[pa waqiyiit kg]

(sazSI

phr. ftigort

Example. stone n, F I Riga)

gastric!

clia.,0 I

415.5 Ij"SZffr

611-5-) 3

.17

(5j1,5j5

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: Si.t Workbook 141

Exercise T2. Listen to the account, then answer the questions.

1. What does (43g1 SI,) probably mean in English?

2. -4711 usually mgans 'pull out or 'extract'. What is a better translation in the

context of this passage?

3. Is the village still in existence? How do you know?

4. In earlier units 45A-. was translated as 'farm' What is a better translation for the

word as it is used in the passage?

5 Why was a Jirga convened?

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: kr. Workbook 142

Exercise T3. Listen to the sentences, then use the information to finish the followingsentences

Att. 4.3 ,3 ,3 .JJ 1

1-r1-.: rJL-U t.")L: VA-%_,Malt-g T

4..z. .3 .t.1 .c.La .t.1. .0

L5 D i'iLd% Lz...;1-Lil L5J.,6

4tr ,3 j j.g....r.1 pc.; .

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: Si... Workbook 143

Exercise 4. The second paragraph in Section 3 is reproduced below with the exactspelling, spacing of letters and words, and typographical errors as it was published inthe magazine. Without looking at Section 3, rewrite the passage with 'conventional'spelling and spacing.

.11,14.6 416.1. sog Jr 43 myr.er

Lwj4-4 SE V 41 ssg ,0 J-L"

tr5 wrc 4.3 sst jja ji jajtj:S41. DJ1t., 4,-= sgt 41$1 JAI& Jjj-t4 1LII4.47:

4T5JLt 0---LL,5.11,..3 z--1..y 1.ribua. t 4195

1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: .S.e. Workbook 144

Exercise 5. Group the following words into the appropriate categories

gt., I v7.7.. '5.,i 3z....." 4...5 a I 31

0 .3 ..,... 1..; '7°1:7'. it''' 45:-...* i .3 '11

,=....e..a..rh-rt

L.514.....?

'7-7: .'"*l.5 '1": .3 .,";VT°. _J ..1-1-1aa..,

Dad things good things:

Int rmediate Pashto Unit 27: Workbook 145

Exercise 6, Review of 'Impersonal transitives". Rewrite the following sentences sothat they reflect present or future time rather than the past

sgS. 5 .pr4 1J, I 4t 41lJ 4.:166

L.: 3

47: Z)-/.4 .

cr971 L° I _I Lsr"? 4 rt-L I a

*J'aTIT:j

j j 4.J J IS

*.1-41 io-Y 4-; Le a 1 .o

J

.5 4.6 4.1 4,5S LskS1 a

6-1-r-C-'3., 495 Lit;

Ji; src 4.31 j 1..zi .v

I I )

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: krt. Workbook 146

Exercise 7. Read the following passage, on the origins of the two kinds of jlrga , forinformation and review

LYd /3 J1 .1; J'e ii 3 4t yqg L.1..t"'1. 3 _tg_r!* .1." 3

Agal. LIP 1 j 4.'; 4:1 LTA I ul<.:1 ip) ill:: I 41

rig t"..i1:" a 3 4"t utei 4.5-4L.' la Jig) 0""Let-e-ttI ..t; yrat-- 3 J1 J-; J.a. Op J

EIJJ 4; _70 cri.g*_)-t 31.) 4.3 4t. (51'. Liz64 0-111.it;

'3 0,-1' 1 44 J.J 1 ,J-1"-. LT" 17: 3 1:1":-+: 3 41* ss. sg-e..t5

Lt. I 1..15.: 43 4.1; 4.3 .3 tr-Li IAA

Ai:: 3 1. slg 1 V 0 31 jvi 4igg ../ 1 -r5 ""g cSi-.1- k;) Lr.e.

c)1.,t1 419g s_21.1 c)1:.1..4i I 4..r yrS s$ .3

6:-',63 .1-2 j I ,J 401.1..., ,=_J 3.3 .51.1.,0

L4.;

historical background n, F 1. Ar. Pl. [sawaimiql,3,*.Ii...

concrete ati] I fmushakh6s1

Aryan Brij 4 laryayll 0_2

studies n, F I Ar pl. [mutlle7St)

custom n, 11 2 IrawSJI

domination n, Fl (salatS1, fsult614.1.L.

independent Brij 1 [mustaqéll

act phr [icidam kaw-=I


Answers

Exercise T I.The naragraDh:

4-t, 415 Lye 4 ss-La-r.j1 a

a yg ba...taii I 1.126.01 411.:, .3 0 ..314.7.-5 ss.e. $14-1 at .p.r..5

-,-*t 44,r5 4 4.L L.)1J-CIS

13-- o_yo) L5JJ 4,..! i1 L.).3,7e a)1. j_rt0-51; 4'5,16 41":" .0.Prg jigjj

The 91099 aru ite,me

term, word n, F3 ItstilS] cl_16.0

actually phr. (pa waqiy6t kel sg5

severe adJ I fdrundI jpunishment n, F3 Esazill I 3..0

firmness n, 1413 klakwSlay]

overturn, violate phr, igh5r:8 gharawL1 Av3La

Exer .1se T2.I 'field' or 'plain'2 'dig'3 Yes, It is The description of the location and inhabitants In the first paragraph, and

the description of the new farms in the second paragraph, are in t e presenttense

4 'land'5 To arrange for the digging of the 1rr1g8tion ditch it had to be a community effort

Exercise 13. Something along the following lines:

V %'"

k.5 .5.7

L5S- I L U.3 I at 0.5 Lz. 1.J eLLth 4: L. J I zl L. I

ir

475.5 tlak JL5

4t: it,17: it I-1U' ""al ..1463' j-:"C' T

.5 ..575 yre. L5-;


y

÷..: 3 cAl j .

3 re" _)4 _rim)

z_,i..411 a 41. L5 0,1 4.1.6 I 3 L5 j.),* .

. .3 4..

5 j5-1,z.1 AA; a...a. I v. .)--C:d

Exercise 4.

.3..°('.,-;"3 se"?.--e' 3 .9rA 3 4't s5-5 Li.r1 '5 .0)7'1 a

4- 1:1 ,J, Cr.:S.)S 3 E V L.: 0," dyi 4,s% 0-1 4;.

4J JL s.4.e. AL, 4t 0 JUL.w 4L; ji 1 (rSim.) j..11.:1

y . A75 4; & Ij sszo j ja 1 j a J1 J Ljt1

ss 3 41 4.57ci 0.) it ail! ss.or jI j 1:8 4.5 3 I 31

0". L. j ';', 11") t_r":.' ssg LS

4,5 4;' kI5J

Exercise 5.Bad things Good things

L5.3131

3 3 4gi_t1

L. `II"; J.!rtuj

LJIJ,J

r

Intermediate Pashto Unit 27: 4.c.j. Workbook 149

Exercise 5.

415 tj _I -1ja ya.I '3 4'" 4"'" .

LI.

. r

4z, Le 3 _y-t ye. IbIC. 46 1-C j . T

(...7:U"0i j.è4.1

41. j J.& .

A imbel L L.. 41 b.) a-;"6 jaZ1.4.)/ .o

S-gr JL; 414 bits. .LJ .415,5 0.1.5JP1

4. -5y .":".a. ..,j/ 4": .

.0.5;13

-,1;4* 4j 4r95


Unit 213: juiUnit Overview

The focus of this unit is on Pashtun village life. Sections 1 3 contain the shortstory ji.), /e. , about Pashtun life and the inequalities between the lives of the rich and

the poor. Section 4, Diversions, is a humorous fabh/story about a donkey and an ox andtheir attempts to get out of work.

Preview to Section 1: The Story Begins

Before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Afghan government's Ministry ofCulture encouraged writers, musicians and artists by awarding yearly prizes to the bestpieces of art in various division. This story, written by the Pashtun author of thistextbook when he was a member of the Pashto Academy, was submitted to the Ministry'scompetition in 1958, and won first prize in the short story division. The story reflectsthe author's experiences when he was growing up.

The story contains a number of words from other dialects of Pashto besides theauthor's native Kabul dialect, The author comments that he was one of the firstgeneration to attend schools in which Pashto became the medium of instruction. Thetextbooks used in these schools were for the most part in the Kandahar dialect, and theauthor's vocabulary was expanded accordingly. He says that at the time he wrote thestory, he still felt that these 'bookish' words had a certain cachet, and he used them forthat reason. Now, he says, he does not consciously choose one dialect's word overanother's.

In this first part of the story, the author introduces the narrator, sets the sceneand describes one of the characters.

Cultural notes. The story is set in a village in the Kabul province. Roofs in thatprovince are flat, and made of mud and clay; they must be shoveled in the winter toprevent damage from the weight of the snow and leaking as it melts. Shoveling the roofis one of the chores assigned to boys.

The walls of the rooms in a kalg or smaller compound are usually built up about afoot or two higher than the flat roof, providing a low barrier. Snow on the roof has to belifted over this barrier and dumped onto the ground below, either outside the )(all orbetween the rooms. The author remembers that sometimes after shoveling a roof andthrowing the snow in the alleyway between rooms, there was so much piled-up snow inthe alley he could walk from one roof to the other.


The author's purpose, in his description of Rasul Kaka's clothes, was to show howpoor the man was: his clothes were not only patched and ragged, they were not heavyenough to begin with for the cold weather. The implication is that Rasul Kaka hasvv.-spped himself up in sverything he can find - with comical results -, and what he hasbeen able to fird isn't much.

Word sludg. The phrase nl.A. JILL 4. describes the way one has to walk through

thigh-deep snow: picking one's krises up high so that one's feet clear the surface of thesnow, rather than ploughing through it. The effect is humorous, and not particularlyrespectful of the Mullah.

A 04 I is the drawstring that holds one's partug up. It's not supposed toshow, and Rasul Kaka's using one to wrap his pantlegs and socks is a statement as to howdesperate he really is

The phrase 4yij 6..-.).:S14 a 4.. 45.11 translates literally as 'since they

are the nights and days of boyhood', and idiomatically as 'since these are my boyhooddays'

Preview to Section 2: The Story Continues

In this part of the story, the heroine appears and is described, and the narratorobserves her actions,

,Cultural notes. The term j"ji does not translate conveniently into English.

Unmarried girls traditionally cut the hair growing along the sides of their faces shortabout chin length - and these locks of hair are jl . The Pashto word carries poetic,

romantic meaning, as can be seen in the following landays:

1%751 j *LI 4 40.176.-ir

4-141-) 4,5 45.4

[spine spogm6y ta sa khwla rSkapa taragmay ke de worbál khwlé ta ridzi na]

Come into the silver moonlight and kiss meIn the darkness your worbal blocks mg way.

, - ss 4.; J.,.

1 ;1 t

4-1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: je Workbook 152

LA" t5 4.11"5. ste

(more kochySno ta me wiirkatse tor worbill me de klgd6y shamal wahl-nal

4.a.

Mother, give me to a KuchlThat my black worbal will be blown by the wind of their tents

The use of J,,P In the title of the story is an immediate indication that the story is

about a girl, and that there Is something romantic going on The description of the girland her clothes Is both provocative (the narrator, who the author says is about thirteen,is clearly smitten with the girl, who is a little older) and indicative of her extremepoverty.

Spogmay has on the usual kamis and partug, but they ara worn and thread-bare,and not nearly heavy enough for the weather. Her partug is of a different style fromthat described in Unit 13: It is effectively a very full culotte with embroidered pantlegsending just below her knees. It is gathered (voluminously) at the waist with adrawstring. "The narrator can see the girl's bare calves and arms because the partugdoesn't cover them; he can catch glimpses of her thighs and breasts because thematerial is worn into holes in places

_Word studu. The phrase c,LIJ 4154.61; translates literally as 'almost

completely naked but the Pashto phrase entails the wearing of a lot more clothes thanits literal English translation. 4.1.1.1 is an adjective meaning 'naked' or 'bare'; It occurs

in the phrase t.IJ as well, .)1..1, is meaningless except in this phrase, where It

contributes the notion 'completely'

r ['LI. .3 refers to the fifteenth of the lunar month, when the moon is

full

4;15 .3 is a room with an 01 :In In it, usually used for cooking but also a warm

place to be during the winter The popcorn shop in the story in Unit 25 was a4; IS a lz

Preview to Section 3: The Story Concludes

In this secticn, the narrator mentally follows the girl into the room, and imagineswhat she does and what she is thinking about

4 , I

) .1


Cultural notes The narrator's phrase t ti jl 43,rt inthe next to last paragraph doesn't tran3late conveniently: It carries the notion thatSpogmay Is not capable of such thoughts. The author comments that the narratorconsiders himself more sophisticated (he has presumably been to school, whereasSpogmay has not), and therefore more able to perceive the inequalities he has imaginedSpogmay thinking about.

Word studg. ji.ar; translates most exactly as 'prop upright'; the narrator stuck

his snow shovel into a snow bank.

'corn bread' is considered to be what you eat when you don't have and can't

afford anything else.

A 4:.L. oji; is a room in which there are ducts built into the floor which carry

heat from a stove to the entire room

The words 0_1.34 P;',d 0.3.4 both refer to being a foreigner, but do not

necessarily entail going from one country to another. Spogmay's brothers have goneaway to look for work, but have probably not gone farther than a different province.


The story in this section is one of a collection entitled [shekh chali1 tt-4written by Sayid Masten Shah Gamgin, and published in Peshawar. 'Sheikh Chali' is aclever trickster in traditional Pashtun folklore.

Intermediate Pashto Unit 2 0: jtjj j.t Workbook 154

Unit 2B Exercises

Exercise T I. Listen to the story, then answer the questions

NalIns Verbs

kite /12 (gugi parlinj L51).". fly der. tr. [jagaw=-)

courtyard tl Irreg. [angál pull der. tr. [kas.;kawl ot..5

sole (of foot) F I [We) 41.; step off der. int. [khan keg-I --..1)TS

step 112 tom] rtg be confident der. Int. lcga klig-1-iv 0314

Phrases

start to fall phr, [pa 11ted6 sa--1- jarezr;backwards phr. [pa shill Uheart pounds phr. [zra drabég-1

Adjectivgupright adj 1 [shakhit...t

. bj 1..0 415.Ji . T

.1.1_,JJ tUJ

4.. LS. 4 au. 0...ot .4 4-"Z Lha _3 J."' 4,197.1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: Lj.;jj Workbook 155

Exercise T2. Listen to the following statements about the story, and mark whetherthey are true or false

True false Lae Falsa iraa Fallq

1 6 11

2. 7 12

3. 13

14

5. 10 15

Exercise 3. Give idiomatic English (be creative!) equivalents for the following phrasesfrom the story.

J.$1,11 4,55_,4*-0 4;

.ops454'.1,-111-"

4; Cr"...6 Jte

L; I 41 0.,4,5-P*t

41.

LOJi JO 41 at if;

J-13 .3

J 4,65 Ji; 3

"jj.5.5'"° 44hS

47; k.5,./'e

4; 4.t.r-6

Intermadiate Pashto Unit 25: cji" Workbook 156

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Exercise 4. Give the Eastern dialect equivalent and the English translation for thefollowing words from the storg

EnglIsq Eastern dialect Other diajects

JD

Lst -21

L.r1

Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: jiij Workbook 157

Exercise 5. Rewrite the following paragraphs from the story In past tense

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. T

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Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: J.! Workbook 158

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Exercise 6. Order the following events In the story.

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Exercise 7. The first part of the story in Section 4 has been reproduced below.Rewrite it with 'conventional' spacing end punctuation.

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Intermediate Pashto

Exercise T 1.

Unit 28: j, Workbook 160

Answers

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Exercise

1

2

True12.

False True False6

____x____ 7 x_3

4 g

5 10

Exercise 3.'I looked around'

'the full moon'

'the situation didn't stay like

this very long'would go hungry

that night'

'fingers stiff from the cold'

'the chattering of (her) teeth'

'she got lost in thought'

'a full stomach'

'money begets money'

'I have nothing to say'

'bubbling on the stove'

'mg train of thought was interrupted'

False

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Intermediate Pashto

'to myself'

'otherwise'

'the field across which the

city road lay'

Exercise 4.

I 01

Unit 28: jtjj Workbook 161

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1:4 4 5 44:1 t5 .

3 '4-19_5_71 4;9 41.5 V.3 jt..? Ss . o

English Eastern dialect Other dialgcts,

'spread'

'neighbor'

'wind'

'open' J.1319

'cotton' t'yesterday' Sr! 4.5e.I.,,

'traveler, foreigner' ji l,....

'God'

'stone' op..: a

'summer'

Exercise 5.

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1" 11I r INI 1 I

Intermediate Pashto Unit 28: ).? Workbook 162

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Exercise 6.

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ED 338 077 FL 019 800 AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson ... · DOCUMENT RESUME ED 338 077 FL 019 800 AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara TITLE Intermediate Pashto. Workbook.

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