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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 1/24
Ecrin 4.10 Update Notes
1. Introduction This document gives an overview of the new or
modified options in v4.10, and can be used as a jump-start for
existing users. Ecrin v4.10 includes important additions on
existing modules, a new NL level in Topaze enabling 3-Phase flow
modeling. Furthermore, Ecrin v4.10 comes with a whole new module
for Reservoir Simulation called Rubis. If you are using any KAPPA
product, you will have access to Rubis for 6 months after the
official release. The main features of Rubis are described in
section 2 below. This document is organized as follows: 2. Rubis p1
3. General interaction and display p3 4. Load - Data link p4 5.
Analysis (Saphir and Topaze) p5 6. Saphir FT (Formation Testers)
p10 7. Saphir p11 8. Topaze p17 9. Diamant and Diamant Master
p22
2. Rubis The objective in Rubis is to build simple 3-phase, 3-D
models, intuitively in minutes. The focus is on interactively
building the field as it looks, and then the grid builds
automatically inside this. The engineers can then concentrate on
the problem, not how to construct the tool. Rubis uses unstructured
grids with the 3-D refinements needed to capture the flow
geometries around the well like Saphir would. However, at the time
of simulation the fine grid is upscaled into a coarser grid
calibrated on the results of the fine one. This ensures consistency
with Saphir (and Topaze).
Rubis main screen
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 2/24 Rubis Key features A single integrated application (no
file, no keywords) An integral part of Ecrin (seed Rubis from a
Saphir/Topaze case, see Rubis results in Topaze, etc.) Automatic
unstructured grid building Automatic well upscaling ensuring
consistency with welltest Run launched in independent thread with
real-time display and control Multiple run in one file
Geometry / Reservoir and Fluid properties Any contour / any
number of vertical faults Up to 99 layers; horizons and thickness
as constant or data sets Properties by layer / regions or both
3-Phase Black-Oil PVT (defined by correlations, tables, or PVT
report) Kr and Pc by correlations or tables Aquifer modeling
(Shiltius, Pot, Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich, Numerical)
Wells Vertical well with any number of perforation segments
Slanted wells (handled with pseudo skin) Hydraulic fractures
Stratigraphic Horizontal well (remaining within one layer)
Perforations with fixed Skin or time-dependent Skin Perforation
opening times Implicit wellbore model coupling (empirical,
mechanistic, or drift flux models) Any number of well controls
(constant or gauge data) Load and edition of historical data for
display and/or controls Display/Results 3D, 2D cross section of the
reservoir properties Versus-time splitter plots for each well with
user defined contents Field results (p, saturations) Logs (versus
depth) output Global results (Pbar, STHIP, Influx, etc) Animation
replay Data browser Data store for comparison In addition, it is
possible to drag and drop Saphir and Topaze documents into Rubis
via the Ecrin browser. In that case the complete interpretation
(geometry, wells, gauges, analyses) are transferred, allowing a
further extension of the problem in Rubis e.g., changing a Saphir
NL problem to a three-phase flow simulation, adding gravity effects
to a Topaze model, etc For more information on Rubis, please refer
to the Rubis White Pages accessible on the Ecrin v4.10 download
section. You may also follow the Rubis Guided Sessions, part of the
Ecrin Guided Sessions.
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 3/24
3. General interaction and display 3.1. 2D and 3D plot
improvements The 2D and 3D plots have been enhanced with improved
performances and some new options. Horizontal cross-sections may
now be created through the reservoir in 3D. The available options
allow cutting at a fixed depth, or along a stratigraphic depth,
representing a fixed z ratio in a layer. A similar option is
available in the 2D Geometry plot.
Vertical cross-section: The former clipping option is removed;
the vertical cross-section has been improved and is much
faster.
3.2. Continuous gain: Those two buttons have a continuous effect
when you keep them pressed. 3.3. Miscellaneous Drag legends on
log-log plots: When dragging a model on a loglog plot, an explicit
legend in the status
bar indicates which key blocks which direction Aspects contrast:
When the selected aspect for anything is either identical to the
background or simply too close, Ecrin automatically will change
this aspect to get more contrast.
Dump Data option support in 2D, pseudo-3D, and 3D plots: This
option outputs a table with X-Y-[Z]-Value Zoom In = keep selected
or not: A new Settings option has been added in the Settings Plot
Aspects- Plots tab to choose between the old behavior and the new
one. By default the old one remains. More explicit plot legends:
The plot titles in Topaze and Saphir give function definition
explicitlysee below.
File Open: The dialog now lists all Ecrin files, and not only
those for the currently active module Layer aspects: In the
Settings Plot Aspect option a Layers tab allows control of the
layer colors. Change of Reference time dialog: The dialog offering
alternatives after an edition of the document reference time has
been changed (hopefully for clarity) Toolbars and icons: Toolbar
and control panel icons, as well as popup menus have been revisited
for all modules and standardized as much as possible. Change the
limits of time selection in Edit: When a time selection has been
made (in any Ecrin module) the left and right limits of that
selection can be changed interactively.
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 4/24 As you move the mouse over the desired limit, the
cursor changes into a left-right double-ended arrow: if you click
and drag then, the limit will be moved. The allowed positions
correspond to the creation mode. So for instance, a time selection
made in Saphir on the rate pane of Edit Rates is locked on rate
limits. Conversely, the limits of a selection made on a Diamant
plot follow the mouse location. 4. Load Data link 4.1. Saphir /
Topaze links to Diamant Master (DM) When a data set has been copied
from a DM field, a link is now kept in the target so that later
updates can be made directly. This is enabled whether the data have
been copied by drag & drop, through the DM Send to option, or
the Load from opened Ecrin document option. The update is launched
using the
new Update icon of the Saphir / Topaze toolbar. This applies to
all the linked gauges, pressure or rate. The progress is shown
during update and a summary indicates how many new points have been
retrieved on each linked gauge (see Figure below). Finally, in the
Properties dialog of a linked gauge, a DM link tab is present which
can be used to check the link, cut it, or reload the entire data
set.
4.2. Excel load plug-in The goal is to tackle the problem faced
when dealing with PDG data provided as daily Excel files. Even when
proper historians exist, there may be a legacy of such files.
Through the plugin, the files are treated as a database, and this
database can grow with times. Just like with any other plug-in the
user is guided into the selection of a tag. The obvious problem is
that there is no such thing as a standard Excel format We have gone
through a number of example formats and built a single plugin that
can be customized to read them all. We do not pretend that any
other format is likely to be read but we can build upon the
existing framework as required. Do not hesitate to contact KAPPA if
you want to use this plugin and find that you are missing some
options. 4.3. Miscellaneous Load from an opened Ecrin document:
This option was previously using a mini-browser to present the user
with the candidate data sets. This has been replaced by a flat list
as shown opposite. The list gathers all likely candidates including
in the case of Diamant, the derived channels (resulting from a
calculation) with the consistent type.
Document reference time from file reference time: When loading a
file containing date information a Set current date as Reference
option is given to set the reference time of the document to the
time of the current line. You should simply select the appropriate
line and click this button.
Load in fractions of seconds: Fractions of second are now
readable in a Time of Day string. So for instance, the string
11:15:28.20 can be read as 11[h],15[m],28[s],20[f]
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 5/24
5. Analysis (Saphir and Topaze) 5.1. Numerical multilayer with
horizontal and limited entry wells Horizontal wells created in the
2Dmap are now honored in multilayer analyses. As in single layer,
the Model dialog includes the definition of well length and Zw. The
latter is relative to the whole reservoir thickness so the well can
be placed anywhere. Limited entry wells can be generated in the
same manner.
3-layer and horizontal well
3-layer and limited entry
5.2. Near-well upscaling The development of near-well upscaling
is a core component of Rubis. The idea is to replace a finely
gridded well module with a coarser one, but to recalculate the
transmissivities in the coarse grids and the well index based on a
steady-state simulation on the fine well grids, so that at late
time, there is agreement between both solutions (fine and coarse).
In v4.10, near-well upscaling is accessible in Saphir and Topaze;
it is captured by a single parameter found in the
Grid control tab of the 2Dmap Settings dialog >
In Saphir Upscaling is not used by default (upscaling = 0) and
the grid used in simulation is the fine one.
In Topaze, an intermediate value is adopted by default
(upscaling = 0.5). This is because early time behaviors are less
important.
In Rubis, upscaling is 1 by default.
The figures next show the effect of upscaling on a Saphir
horizontal well response. It can be seen that the response remains
quite accurate up to an upscaling factor of about 0.50. Or rather,
up to such a level, the errors are masked by the wellbore storage.
It can also be seen that the number of grids reduces drastically
for the first upscaling rounds. Yet accuracy is lost in the last
rounds. This is expected since the cells being fewer, they become
more and more important to capture the flow behavior. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
Cells vs Upscaling
Cells
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 6/24
Upscaling=0; 3067 cells
Upscaling=0.25; 1025 cells
Upscaling=0.50; 843 cells
Upscaling=0.75; 719 cells
Upscaling=1; 607 cells
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 7/24 When using near-well upscaling one may also control
the transition from the near well grids to the reservoir grids. The
default upscaling simply replaces the well module and leaves the
rest unchanged. This is referred to as Progressive Module
transition. Alternatively, the transition can be Direct. See the
example below.
No upscaling
Upscaling 1; progressive transition
Upscaling 1; direct transition
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 8/24 5.3. Numerical NL with water influx In the Contour
Property dialog of the 2D Map (accessed for instance with a
double-click), two radio buttons at the bottom of the dialog allow
to turn the flowing segments into either constant pressure, or
water-influx. When selecting water influx, the following models can
be chose from: Shiltuis, Fetkovich, Pot, Carter-Tracy, and
Numerical. The next plots show a comparison of different models
first on a Saphir loglog plot.
5.4. Numerical slanted well model (possibly with limited entry)
pseudo skin In the 2-Dmap, a vertical well may now be described as
slanted, in which case an additional parameter is introduced for
the well deviation. This option can be combined with Limited entry.
Unlike with other well configurations, Ecrin does not grid the
actual geometry in this case, but a pseudo skin is added to account
for the deviation. 5.5. Numerical multilayer and composite zones It
is possible to combine both options. In each layer, each composite
region is assigned its own properties: M,D, and reservoir model
(homogeneous, 2-Phi PSS).
Mixing a composite region and multilayer
5.6. Built-in analytical slanted well model An analytical
slanted well model is now available in the standard Ecrin model
catalog. The same kernel is now used for the three following model
options: slanted well model (new in v4.10), limited entry, vertical
interference (Saphir FT, new in v4.10). Among the additional
feature resulting from the integration is the possibility to
combine the slanted well model with most reservoir and boundary
types, to add rate dependent skin, etc.
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 9/24 5.7. Conductive fault and layer leakage When using a
numerical multilayer model and a conductive fault, if the fault has
finite conductivity, then it is possible to use or ignore the
inter-layer leakage within the fault. In the 2Dmap, the fault
property
dialog includes a checkbox. If this option is selected, the
vertical flow in the fault is constrained by the inter-layer
leakage factor of the Model dialog. If the option is not selected,
vertical flow occurs within the fault. 5.8. Access PVT and test
parameters in Test Design dialog This option can be enabled through
the Interpretation settings (Misc page) below left. When enabled,
the PVT parameters (completed by h) are added to the parameters
list in the test design dialog.
5.9. Model dialog re-opened after Generate
Selecting this option located at the bottom left of the Model
dialog, causes the dialog to reappear when the run is over. The
flag remains check until you unselect it, or Cancel is chosen in
the dialog. 5.10. Explicit saturation and compressibility input in
Main Infos The PVT tab in Oil has been redesigned as shown below.
With Advanced you can define a Black-Oil PVT to calculate all the
various properties in one go. For ct, the fluid compressibilities
can be overridden. Also, the saturations and compressibilities
remain accessible on the main page; any change of those values is
treated in the fly to adjust ct.
5.11. PVT defined from lab report In Saphir and Topaze you may
define a PVT from a lab report. This option leads to the dialog
opposite defining the relevant type of study. An internal Black Oil
model is built honoring the loaded study. Note that this option is
essentially used to build an isothermal PVT. If you want to use the
Intake option where the temperature varies, correlations will be
fitted internally to the loaded data.
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 10/24 5.12. Analysis drag and drop In the Ecrin browser
Saphir and Topaze analyses may be directly exchanged between
documents, by selecting an analysis node and sending it to the
target analyses container (for an addition) or the target analysis
(for a copy). The Select objects to copy dialog will then show up,
offering to copy all objects stored in the copied analysis in one
go.
6. Saphir FT (Formation Testers) This Saphir feature is
temporary, restricted to v4.10. We will remove it from later Saphir
versions, when an Ecrin module dedicated to formation testers is
released. The temporary Saphir addendum is aimed at unlocking our
users who wish to have simultaneous match of source and observation
pressures. The future FT module will handle all FT surveys for a
given well in a single document. It will integrate a tool database,
tool specific features, a dedicated numerical model, gradients,
contacts, etc. We cannot achieve a proper FT module in v4.10, hence
the temporary Saphir feature. Naturally, FT files created by Saphir
v4.10 will be read by following versions of Saphir and by the FT
module.
Loglog with active an interference responses
Tool schematic
Below in brief the list of current options: A new FT analysis
type exists among the possible analysis types A FT analysis has a
specific Load that can process in one go multiple
channels (pressures, volume, or rate); in particular when
loading from a LAS file, part of the header is decoded to
pre-select data types.
A Compute Q option allows the calculation of rates from pump
volumes
The FT analysis includes a Tool Info option to assign gauges to
probes or packer interval
The extraction displays simultaneously all the defined gauges
(active and interferences)
The model is restricted to an internal version of the vertical
interference models first released as external models in 4.02:
packer-probe; probe-probe.
A model response is generated for each gauge Improve regresses
on all gauges
A new Saphir Guided session covers the FT module; please refer
to this session for more details.
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Notes - 11/24
7. Saphir 7.1. Improved deconvolution The deconvolution has left
the Extract dP dialog and has become an option per se in the
Interpretation Control Panel. A number of controls have been added
as well as whole new way of running the process. Three
deconvolution methods are now clearly defined: the user may either
use all data from all active groups to construct a unique
deconvolution curve (Von Schroeter et al. SPE 71574), build an
individual deconvolution curve for each group with a unique initial
pressure for all curves (Levitan et al. SPE 90680), or build a
unique deconvolution curve from a finer selection of the targets.
The two last methods are available only when more than one group
has been selected in the extraction option. The third is new; in
essence, it is merely a standard non-linear regression run on a
subset of the usual pressure targets: if all the pressure targets
are kept for the reference period, only the late-time (i.e., the
pressure points recorded later than a user defined delta-t split
value) targets of the additional groups are included in the
process. The initial guess has been modified to use the KIWI sketch
as a starting point; the regression is run as a separate thread and
you can pause or step through the iterations manually. At any time,
the current curve may be modified interactively on the plot. The
deconvolution dialog is shown below; it contains:
(1) A method box summarizing the main options (2) A settings box
containing the initial pressure pi and the non-linear regression
options (3) A loglog plot displaying the current deconvolution
curve along with the active groups selected for deconvolution, (4)
A toolbar attached to the loglog plot, (5) A highlight box to track
a given group extraction on the loglog plot, (6) Buttons for the
control of the non-linear regression process. When the
deconvolution dialog is called the first time, an initial guess for
the deconvolution curve is built from the current time match and
pressure match. This curve may then be modified by manual
modifications and/or non-linear regression. The deconvolution curve
is then accepted and inserted as the current extraction in Saphir
when the user clicks on OK in the deconvolution dialog. Please
refer to the Ecrin on-line help for more details of the new
options.
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Ecrin 4.10 - Doc v4.10.01 KAPPA 1988-2008 Ecrin 4.10 Update
Notes - 12/24 7.2. Steady-state IPR calculations In the Darcy IPR a
new option is given for Constant Pressure reservoirs. When this
option is selected, the usual Dietz Shape factor is replaced by a
Ramey shape factor and the average pressure Pavg is substituted
with an input of Pi. Shape factors are calculated from equivalent
closed geometries [1]. [1] Wellbore Pressures in Reservoirs with
Constant-Pressure or Mixed No-Flow/Constant Pressure Outer
Boundary, Leif Larsen, SPE 11440.
Even in constant pressure, it is now possible to define the
Darcy IPR in terms of Pavg rather than Pi. The corresponding shape
factors are specific; they are available for rectangular reservoirs
only: you specify the side or sides at constant pressure see below,
right.
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Notes - 13/24 7.3. Constant pressure boundaries and Paverage
calculations The shape factors for steady-state conditions can be
used in the Average Pressure option. If you select the Steady
state/pseudo steady-state mode and define the shape factor, the
dialog appears with the usual Dietz values. A drop list at the top
of the dialog indicates no constant pressure side. Other choices
are similar to what is shown above right and switch to the new
Cas.
7.4. Modifications in the pseudo-skin components option Thanks
to the integration of the slanted well as an internal solution
kernel this (old) option now presents a simpler interface. The
slanted well pseudo-skin is now directly computed by the kernel no
need to use the (approximate) Cinco-Ley & Ramey correlation
anymore. As a side result, the slanted + limited entry pseudo-skin
is now given as a unique value as opposed to the decomposition made
in Saphir 4.02. 7.5. Interference Tests and empty log-log plots In
some specific cases Saphir blocks the user at extraction because
Delta-p makes no sense on the log-log (and semi-log) plot(s): this
is a normal behavior in 99% of the cases, but in some particular
interference tests the interpretation would fall into a trap no way
to build an extraction, hence no way to simulate a model. This trap
is now corrected, as a model can still be generated in interference
tests even when the extracted data are empty. Note that in this
case the Improve option can only be performed on the simulation,
and not on the (unusable) log-log. Also, the auto-match is
disconnected and the match parameters are initialized from default
values (kh = 1000 md.ft, etc). 7.6. Improve on simulation: add last
flowing pressures as targets The default pressure targets selection
is completed by the last flowing pressures just preceding eventual
shut-ins, as shown below:
Additional targets in v4.02 highlighted in red
7.7. Manual offset of model pi, or other well reference
pressure
With any model, use the icon to enable a vertical drag on the
history plot; the drag shifts the model initial pressure, and any
other related pressure values such as a Paverage, pressure fields,
pressure at other wells, etc. The What next help turns to Yellow at
the minimum to indicate that the shift was made. If the Model
should be re-generated this button turns to red. You can reset pi
to the original model initial
pressure using the new option: Reset pi shift . In addition to
the above, in the case of a multi-well numerical model, each well
can be assigned its own pressure shift (on its associated history
plot), in order to account for a different gauge position.
7.8. Output compare file extension to Semi-log plot and history
plot The Output Compare file now includes a semi-log plot and a
history plot views. For the semi-log, the Y scale can be pressure
alone or a normalized pressure.
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Notes - 14/24 7.9. Edit rates Keep the model, and extracted flow
periods: When editing the rate history, Saphir now preserves the
definition of extracted flow periods and model as much as possible.
Changing the rates even before an extracted flow period keeps this
period extracted if there is a period of the same type on its
original time range after edit. Also, the model may simply be
truncated at the time of the first modification. Even if the model
is not seen on the current loglog/semilog plots, all model values
are kept in memory and will be retrieved in a subsequent call to
the Model dialog
Reset automatic group names: A side effect of the above is that
Saphir also tries to preserve the naming of groups after edition.
If say, you extract build-up#2 and then add a new build-up before,
the extracted group is still called build-up#2. You may want to
reset the names to the defaults (ordered in each type) and this can
be done with a right click in the Groups plot or the table, and a
call to the option Reset automatic group names.
Pane size ratio: A Saphir document remembers the last size ratio
set by the user in Edit Rates; this facility did not work properly
in v4.02. For new files, one may decide to systematically invert
the ratio.
This is done with a new option in Settings Plot Aspects Plots
tab: Split multi-rate production group in one go: In Edit rates, a
new option is available that allows splitting a multi-rate group
into as many groups as the internal flow rates. This option is
accessible either from the grid (group columns) or the plot (group
view). For instance a Flow after Flow test with 3 rates is
recognized by default as Production #1. The split option creates
automatically 3 groups labeled Production #1 1, Production #1 2,
Production #1 3 for each of the flow rates.
7.10. Multiple build-up analysis Eliminate bad groups In the
Lines Multiple + vs. time Select range option of the Loglog plot,
at the end of the calculation, you are now given the option to
un-extract the flow periods with a calculated IARF level outside
the defined range. Such groups can be highlighted before
proceeding.
Skin vs. time plot: point removal This plot now includes a
Delete icon, which you can use to pick an outlier. After picking
the point, a loglog is displayed with the corresponding group and
you may (1) remove the group from the Skin vs. time plot or (2)
un-extract the group. 7.11. Miscellaneous Quick Look at the radius
of investigation
This option is called with a new icon of the loglog plot . This
behaves as the Pick point option: selecting the nearest data point
as the mouse is moved. Rather than displaying the point
coordinates, this option gives the radius of investigation for the
selected time in the status bar. The radius of investigation is
calculated after Earlougher with the classical 0.029
coefficient
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Notes - 15/24 Additional results: ideal productivity index, flow
efficiency When the productivity index is added to the results (as
specified in the Results Settings) and when the model contains a
positive skin an additional result called Prod. Index Ideal is
given. This index represents the ideal PI that one could obtain
without the positive (damage) skin:
[ ]PMskinPP
qIdealPIwfi
=
Where PM is the pressure match. Note that this result is not
provided anymore when the model contains more than one mechanical
skin (multi-layer, dual permeability, etc). The Flow Efficiency is
also output with the Productivity index, where FE =
PI[real]/PI[ideal] Access to IPR models The interface (and the
engine) of the IPR dialog has been modified to provide: A clear
distinction between producers and Injectors (in the
later mode, the absolute value of the rates is used). A more
logical options layout The types for horizontal and fractured wells
are now offered on the entry dialog.
Result overlay on IPR plots
Results may now be overlaid on IPR plots using the usual option.
B and input in Darcy IPR When a PVT has been defined it is possible
to change the reference pressure used for those values and to
invoke a new PVT calculation
Set C in Model This option was available only in Design. It is
now also present in Model. Access is given with a Calculator
button
next to C. The button next to the tested volume can be used to
enter the tubulars. A grid with couples ID, and h is offered. In
previous versions there used to be a Set C button at the bottom of
the Design dialog. This last configuration remains in
multi-layer.
Multilayer: use of Emeraude rate exports In Emeraude, when one
selects in the data browser a schematic total rate (QTZT, QOZT,
QWZT, QGZT) an option is given to Export to Saphir. This option
creates an ASCII file that can be loaded directly in Saphir. In the
ML Layer rates dialog, a From Emeraude button is used to reload.
Saphir asks for the top reservoir in MD, and interpolates the rate
channel to find the layer rates.
Layer rates at surface or downhole In the Layer Info option of a
multi-layer analysis, a new checkbox can be used to indicate that
the layer rates (input and simulated) are expressed at standard
conditions rather than downhole. Only those rates defined at the
selected reference will be used in the analysis.
Warning with negative PI or model pressures When the pi back
simulation produces a negative value, or when model pressures are
negative, the what next button turns to a red warning sign.
Tag valid analysis It is possible to tag one analysis as being
the valid one. This facility is provided with a green tab button
located in the Analysis toolbar options. The tab of the selected
analysis will then be painted in green.
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Notes - 16/24
Production group in the status bar When the mouse is moved on
top of the history plot (maximized or not) the status bar indicates
the group # the cursor is in. Group color customization When a
group is extracted, it is assigned a color (Screen and Print) based
on his rank among the extracted groups in the current analysis.
Once assigned, this color may be changed in the group Properties
dialog. This dialog is called either by selecting a group in Edit
rates and Properties, or with the I option of the group controls in
the main toolbar:
Semi-log line Skin Multiple drawdown and depletion In previous
versions Skin calculation on Drawdown semi-log lines were not
correct if the reservoir was subject to depletion. This is now
corrected. New inputs for changing wellbore storage model The
inputs are now Ci/Cf and the elapsed time when the change of
storage occurs, rather than the dimensionless parameter Alpha used
previously.
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Notes - 17/24
8. Topaze 8.1. Topaze NL It is now possible to create Non Linear
analyses in Topaze just like in Saphir. Topaze actually goes one
step further since 3-Phase is allowed (i.e. saturated oil and
water, or gas condensate with water). Topaze NL is licensed as an
addition to Topaze. The numerical kernel solves implicitly for
pressure and saturations; the phase rates are also considered
inside the wellbore for calculating pressure drops (in analysis and
forecasts). Multiphase flow correlations are available whether the
main PVT type is Oil or Gas, and will use all the available phase
rates. All the diagnostic plots (loglog, Blasingame, etc) are made
in terms of the main phase rate (i.e. the PVT fluid type). On the
history plot, all the loaded rates are displayed in the rate pane.
v4.02 used to show WOR in Water-Oil, v4.10 shows the actual rates
instead in order to support situations where the reference rate is
0. The Figure below illustrates a 3-Phase situation where an oil
reservoir is produced below bubble point with an edge water drive
causing a water breakthrough after some time.
As in Saphir NL, saturation fields are available below the
evolution of Sw with time on another water influx situation.
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Notes - 18/24 8.2. Water influx The same models as in Saphir NL or
Rubis are available: Shiltius, Pot, Carter-Tracy, Fetkovich,
Numerical. The figures next illustrate the use of those models on a
variable pressure production.
8.3. Forecast constrained by P at any depth (WHP in particular)
In v4.02 the pressure constraints in the forecast were at sandface.
It is now possible to specify another depth, provided an Intake has
been defined. We consider different situations: q(p) forecast after
an analysis; extrapolate current model An analysis has been made,
using some pressure that was not measured at sandface. An intake
was used so that in the Extraction P@depth was corrected to BHP. In
Forecast, q(p), model extrapolation, you may either specify the
future pressure constraints at
sandface, or at the actual gauge depth.
If you enter the pressure at gauge depth, the history plot will
display in the pressure pane the original gauge with the extension,
as well as the BHP correction used by the analysis see above. q(p)
and p(q) forecast; create new gauge In the Forecast dialog,
provided a valid Intake is available, you can enter a gauge depth
and bottom-hole depth. Topaze understands the input pressure at the
entered depth. NB: of course, the ability to specify a pressure
constraint at a depth other than sandface is only applicable to the
tested well (no intake for other wells are defined in Topaze).
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Notes - 19/24 8.4. Fetkovich type-curve in terms of Re/rwa The plot
uses Re/rwa instead of Re/rw for the transient stems. By letting
the user enter the closest Re/rwa value, and knowing Re, this
allows a calculation of rwa, hence Skin. The way Re/rwa is handled
is identical to what occurs in the Blasingame TC plot see below.
The match procedure best fits the data on top of the type curve set
for rwa=rw (Skin=0). This gives a default Re/rwa value. The user
can then change this value via the plot parameters dialog (in place
of the Re value in Ecrin 4.02). Note that you can either enter
Re/rwa or Skin. In the last case, Re/rwa is recalculated from the
current Re. When the user drags the data, Re is recalculated and
Re/rwa value is kept constant which allows calculating rwa and a
Skin.
8.5. Fetkovich type-curve in gas Not available previously, this
plot uses material balance pseudo time. 8.6. Blasingame type-curve
Among the New plot menu (and created by default on extraction) is a
Blasingame type-curve option. The TC works as follows: First match,
Re, kh: When the TC is initialized, Topaze calculates a first
match, and gets the corresponding Re and kh. First Skin: The early
time stems in this plot correspond to Re/rwa values. Originally rwa
is taken as rw (e.g. Skin=0) and no particular stem is selected by
the program. Refining the match: You should drag the data for an
adequate match. You should check the closest Re/rwa stem by moving
the mouse to read the value. When the value is identified, select
the Parameters button to enter it. Alternatively you can enter
the Skin and Re/rwa is recalculated.
The response corresponding to the entered Re/rwa is displayed in
bold blue. The response is generated on the fly if you enter a
value that is not already in the TC.
In the Parameters dialog, a checkbox can be used to generate in
the Analysis, the model corresponding to the current match. This
provides a good way of checking the results, on all plots.
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Notes - 20/24 The same TC option is available in gas, where the
time is replaced with pseudo time, and pressure is replaced with a
normalized m(p). We recall the expressions for those 2
pseudo-functions [2]
( ) ( ) ( )dppZpp
pZ
pmp
gi
igin = 0
; ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]pmpGZctqpcp tqctqt iiiig
t
giga
== 211 0'
[2] Decline-Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Analysis of Gas
Well Production Data, Palacio and Blasingame, SPE25909 The
expression of pseudo time includes the gas in place, Gi. This means
that when the data is dragged, it will also be modified
dynamically. Actually Topaze recalculates the time to pseudo time
correspondence only when the mouse is released (not during the
drag). 8.7. p-q plot This new plot is added to provide the simple
analysis described in Ref [1] where a cross plot of pwf vs. q is
built. On this plot, Infinite Acting Radial flow is diagnosed as a
negative slope section while Pseudo Steady State should exhibit a
positive line. Furthermore, the slope of the PSS section is
inversely proportional to the volume drained. This plot may thus be
used to detect compartments. The basic options of the plot are Pick
point, Create and move line. The only quantitative result is a line
slope.
p-q plot example; Fig.21 of SPE100384
[1] Diagnosis of Reservoir Behavior from Measured Pressure/Rate
Data, SPE100384, Kabir et al
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Notes - 21/24 8.8. Miscellaneous Abandonment on model The Result
dialog in Topaze now includes an Abandonment section where a value
of abandonment rate, qa can be entered. Additional results are the
time at abandonment, ta and the cumulative volume at that time,
Q(ta). Note that this option only looks for the first intersection
between the simulated rate channel and the specified value. STHIIP
vs. Re input In the Model dialog, with a closed circle outer
boundary, a new option is available for the definition of Re
(Calculate icon).
This option calls a dialog where the STOIIP or STGIIP can be
entered to define the area.
Load volumes (and get production) The Load production option now
accepts Volume. Rates are calculated on the fly by simple
difference. In other words, between two volume values, the rate is
set to a constant equal to: q = (Q2-Q1)/(T2-T1). Arps additional
result Among the plot results, the value of the Reserves @ Tmax is
now given. Copy Rubis simulation to Topaze It is possible to drag
and drop Result Gauges (below Simulation Output Well Results) from
Rubis onto a Topaze Model output node if an extraction has been
done in Topaze. The Topaze model channels are created with the
rates and pressure from the Rubis run; if they already exist they
are replaced by the transferred channels from Rubis. The result
appears on all plots.
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Notes - 22/24
9. Diamant and Diamant Master 9.1. Build-Up Indicator The
Build-up Indicator is a logical channel associated with each well,
to indicate the periods of time when the well is shut-in. Options
are included to define the build-ups manually, or in a
semi-automatic manner. The proper definition of the shut-in times
allows for quick build-up analysis through a new option called
Express build-up. Also, the Build-up indicator channel may be used
to calculate a corrected rate production with the new Derived
channels features.
When in a plot mode with a Data set selected in the browser, the
toolbar above appears. The first icon simply shows the Build-up
Indicator channel. This is plotted a colored vertical bands where
the value is 1.
To pick a build-up you may either select a time interval (with
the usual time selection option) and use the first icon above to
define the selected range as a build-up, or use the second button
to simply click within a build-up and let Diamant find the start
and end. Of course the semi-automatic may sometimes produce results
that will still need adjustments, if the data is very noisy, or in
case of soft shut-in. However, most of the time this very fast
method will produce an adequate starting point. Once defined, the
limits of any shut-in may be dragged interactively. 9.2. Build-Up
Express This new option can be used to get a quick look at a loglog
plot for any build-up, as defined by the Build-up Indicator. After
selecting a build-up on the screen, an immediate transfer is done
to Saphir (skipping all the file creation wizards) and a loglog is
extracted without further interaction. 3 possible choices are given
for the rate history: If a production exists, you can pick a given
phase
and use all the data, or only the last xxx hours. Alternatively,
you can define a production rate a
production time tp
If a full analysis is eventually conducted, you will need to
define the test and PVT parameters properly.
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Notes - 23/24 9.3. Derived channels Derived channels can be created
under a well or a field. They include the former functions (sum,
integral) and the result of user defined formulas. Derived channels
are calculated dynamically and will therefore be updated when the
inputs change. The objective of a derived channel is to create an
output data set resulting from n input channels. Writing Y the Y
values, the values of the new channel are defined as:
Ynew[t]= f(Y1[t], Y2[t], Y3[t], , Yn[t]).
The steps are as follows:
1. You create or select a formula, identified by a character
string with variables and a large choice of functions (arithmetic,
logic, etc)
2. You define constants, and pick input channels using a
mini-browser 3. You select the output property and unit for the
result
The next Figure illustrates the creation of a derived channel
where the oil production is forced to null if the Build-Up
Indicator is 1.
On Diamant Master, derived channels are handled by the DMCP.
9.4. Alarms (Diamant Master only) Logical functions may be used as
alarms. When an alarm is created, you may define whether the Alarm
is ON or OFF (i.e. active or not), and you can chose an alarm type.
There are two possible alarm types:
Instantaneous: o the alarm is RED if the evaluated function is
true o the alarm is GREEN otherwise
Historical: o the alarm is RED if the evaluated function is true
o the alarm is YELLOW if the function is false but has been true in
the past o the alarm is green otherwise
In both cases, an alarm that is not active (OFF) appears in
GREY. Each alarm can be configured so that a mail is sent when it
is triggered.
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Notes - 24/24 9.5. Miscellaneous Load and display new types The
following data types may now be loaded in Diamant: Water cut, WOR,
GOR, Choke size, Time (uptime or downtime for instance), and
logical channels. The last type is essentially a means to enable
Alarms Direct link between Saphir/Topaze and DM As explained in
section 4.10 p4, when a data set has been copied from a DM field, a
link is now kept in the target so that later updates can be made
directly. Show/hide well data
With a well selected and the plot page in display, the plot
toolbar includes the new icon . This calls a dialog with a tree
diagram where one can tag the data sets to be displayed when
looking at the well.
Refresh vs. Forced update (Diamant Master) Elements of the data
tree resulting from a separate processing (mirrors, filters, and
derived channels) have two distinct update options distinguished by
the icons below:
Causes an immediate launch of the corresponding process +
retrieves the results (a separate thread is launched; note that
there is a limit to the number of concurrent threads)
Gets the new points from the server (this is only a refresh of
the client)
2D-map reference point In the Diamant 2Dmap, this new button can
be used to set the reference. You may pick or enter the point that
will be used as the reference. User rights management extended to
Data sources (DM) It is now possible to restrict the access of a
user or user group to data source definitions. Toolbars / browser
The toolbars have been modified to make room for the Build-up
Indicator options. The display mode icons of the browser and the
Transfer icons have been moved one level higher. One advantage is
that the Transfer to Saphir/Topaze buttons are enabled even if the
display is not in Plot mode. The browser includes the new elements
such as derived channels and alarms, where they are created. There
is also a specific folder with a link to such elements