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Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) for Cardiac Arrest A review of the evidence Dr. Steven Brooks Associate Professor Queen’s University, Department of Emergency Medicine
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(ECPR) for Cardiac Arrest

Jan 24, 2017

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Page 1: (ECPR) for Cardiac Arrest

Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) for Cardiac Arrest

A review of the evidence

Dr. Steven BrooksAssociate Professor

Queen’s University, Department of Emergency Medicine

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Faculty/Presenter Disclosure

• Faculty: Steven Brooks

• Relationships with commercial interests:–Grants/Research Support: None– Speakers Bureau/Honoraria: None– Consulting Fees: None–Other: None

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Disclosure of Commercial Support

• This program has received no financial support from any commercial organization

• Potential for conflict(s) of interest:–None

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Objectives

• ECPR, E‐CPR, ECLS, ECMO ‐‐‐ what are we talking about?

• The rationale for ECPR – why bother?• The evidence• The future

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The False Prophet

• This will not be a how‐to talk• For that, you need to speak to these guys:

• edecmo.org

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What are we talking about?

• ECMO or ECLS– Establishing cardiopulmonary bypass using mechanical circulatory support systems

• ECPR– Initiation of bypass during cardiac arrest

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What are we talking about?

• ECPR– Initiation of bypass during cardiac arrest

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ECPR: The Basics

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ECPR: The setup

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ECPR: The Basics

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ECPR: The Basics

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Why ECPR?• Failed conventional ACLS

– CCPR ~25% normal CO

• Pre‐morbid status good• Reversible cause

– A bridge to definitive treatment

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Who?

• Young post partum woman with suspected PE• The patient with intermittent ROSC and STEMI• The young man with verapamil overdose

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The evidence

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In‐hospital cardiac arrest

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• Chen et al. 2008• Taipei• N= 172• Prospective observational study

– Conventional CPR vs ECPR

• ECPR team on call• Propensity‐matching  

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• Included– Cardiac origin (adjudicated)– Age 18‐75– CPR >10minutes

• Excluded– Past brain damage– Terminal malignancy– DNR

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• Decision to implement ECPR at discretion of attending MD

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• Results– ECPR group highly selected

• Younger• More men• Less renal disease• Less cancer• More pressors pre arrest• More daytime arrests

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• Results– ECPR group had more 

• ROSC 93% vs 55%• Interventions 61% vs 12%• Survival with good neurological function

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Propensity‐matched

• Improved survival out to one year

• No difference in survival with good neurological function 

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• Shin et al. 2011• Seoul, Korea• N= 406 (85 ECPR, 321 CCPR)• Witnessed in‐hospital cardiac arrest with CPR >10 minutes

• Included some non‐cardiac causes• Aged 18‐80• No previous neuro injury, malignancy• No TTM, no CPR quality measured• Propensity‐matched

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Out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest

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• Maekawa et al. 2013• Sapporo, Japan• N=162 (53 ECPR, 109 CCPR)• EMS with EMTs (no drugs)• MD ambulance dispatched as well• No bystander AED

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• 29% vs 8% intact survival at 3 months

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• Sakamoto et al.  2014• Japan – 46 hospitals• N=454 (234 ECPR, 159 CCPR)• Prospective observational study• Hospitals self‐selected to ECPR or CCPR• Intention‐to‐treat• Included:  age 20‐75, VF/VT, OHCA, <45 mins from 911 call to ER arrival, no ROSC 15 mins after ER arrival

• Excluded:  non cardiac cause, poor pre‐morbid function, hypothermic <30 degrees Celsius

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• Results• Characteristics b/w groups similar• 90% male????• ECPR hospitals more TTM (91% versus 54%), more IABP (92% versus 62%)

• Increased intact survival at 1 month with ECPR– 12.3% versus 1.5%

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• Largest study to date but difficult to interpret– Selection bias– Differences in post resuscitation care– ? CPR quality

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Summary

• ECPR is feasible in these settings• Observed benefit with ECPR over CCPR in highly selected patients

• Best available data has a very high risk of bias– Comparison groups dissimilar– Unmeasured confounders

• Time interval between arrest and going on pump is likely very important

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Is an emergency department‐based ECPR program feasible?

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• Retrospective analysis• Emerg docs putting patients on pump

– Initial training and then q monthly– Critical care nurses to manage ECMO circuit until perfusionist

• 3 stage approach– Angiocaths in femoral vessels– Replacing angiocaths with ECLS catheters– Putting the patient on pump

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27% of those eligible for ECPR survived with good neuro function

63% of those put on pump survived with good neurological function

1 year

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• Take home points– An ER‐based ECPR program is feasible– ER docs can be trained to put patients on pump but it isn’t easy

– Potential to salvage some highly selected cardiac arrest patients

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The CHEER Trial

• Case series• Refractory OHCA and IHCA (>30 mins)

• Age 18‐65• Cardiac etiology• VF• <10 minutes to CPR• IHCA – MD discretion

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The CHEER Trial

CPC 1‐2

CPC 1‐2

45% Survival 60% Survival

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The CHEER Trial

• Complications– 76% had a major complication– 1 failed cannulation– 69% required blood transfusion (median 3.5 units)– Vascular surgery in 42%

• Femoral artery repair• Backflow catheter placement• Fasciotomy for ischemic limb

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Knowledge Gaps

• We need controlled clinical trials to determine efficacy 

• How?– Optimal flow rates?

• Who?• What is the optimal target temperature for patients on ECPR after cardiac arrest?

• What are reliable prognostic factors for patients treated with ECPR after cardiac arrest?

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On‐going studies

• Prague OHCA study– “Hyper‐invasive”

• LUCAS, intra‐arrest cooling, angio prior to ROSC, ECLS

• Vienna study– Pilot RCT 

• 15 minutes ACLS then transport and ECPR 

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Prehospital ECPR?

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Prehospital ECPR?

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Prehospital ECPR?

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Prehospital ECPR?

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Summary

• ECPR is feasible for patients with refractory cardiac arrest– …but it’s not easy

• Best available data suggests a possible benefit over conventional CPR – …in a highly select population with many potential uncontrolled confounders

• Data from ongoing RCTs will hopefully clarify the true effect

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Thank you