ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING · ii Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA Kofi Annan 2000 21 3 MA 2001 MA MA MA MA 4 2000 MA Zafar Adeel Carlos Corvalan Rebecca D'Cruz Nick Davidson

MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT

ECOSYSTEMS ANDHUMAN WELL-BEING

Synthesis

MA

Harold A. Mooney ( )

Angela Cropper (

)

Doris Capistrano

Stephen R. Carpenter

Kanchan Chopra

Partha Dasgupta

Rashid Hassan Pretoria

Rik Leemans Wageningen

Robert M. May

Prabhu Pingali

Cristián Samper

Robert Scholes

Robert T. Watson ( )

A.H. Zakri ( )

José Sarukhán

Anne Whyte Mestor

Walter V. Reid

Robert Watson

A.H. Zakri

Salvatore Arico

Peter Bridgewater

Hama Arba Diallo

Adel El-Beltagy

Max Finlayson

Colin Galbraith

Erica Harms

Robert Hepworth

Olav Kjørven

Kerstin Leitner

Alfred Oteng-Yeboah

Christian Prip

Mario Ramos

Thomas Rosswall

Achim Steiner

Halldor Thorgeirsson

Klaus Töpfer

Jeff Tschirley

Riccardo Valentini

Hamdallah Zedan

Fernando Almeida

Phoebe Barnard

Gordana Beltram

Delmar Blasco

Antony Burgmans

Esther CamacAsociación Ixä Ca

Vaá de Desarrollo InformaciónIndigena

Angela Cropper

Partha Dasgupta

José María FigueresFoundación Costa

R i c a p a r a e l D e s s a r o l l oSostenible

Fred Fortier

Mohamed H.A. Hassan( )

Jonathan Lash

Wangari Maathai

Paul MaroDar es Salaam

Harold Mooney

Marina Motovilova

M.K. PrasadK e r a l a S a s t r a S a h i t y a

Parishad

Walter V. Reid

Henry Schacht

Peter Johan ScheiFridtjof Nansen

Ismail Serageldin

David Suzuki

M.S. SwaminathanMS Swaminathan

José GalíziaTundisi

Axel WenbladSkanska AB

Muhammad Yunus

Grameen

Walter V. Reid Harold A. Mooney Angela Cropper Doris Capistrano Stephen R.Carpenter Kanchan Chopra Partha Dasgupta Thomas Dietz Anantha KumarDuraiappah Rashid Hassan Roger Kasperson Rik Leemans Robert M. May Tony

A.J. McMichael Prabhu Pingali Cristián Samper Robert Scholes Robert T.Watson A.H. Zakri Zhao Shidong Neville J. Ash Elena BennettPushpam Kumar Marcus J. Lee Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne Henk Simons JillianThonell Monika B. Zurek

MA

MA 2 José Sarukhán Anne Whyte

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island PressWashington DC.

© 2005 World Resources InstituteWorld

Resources Institute 10 G Street NE Suite 800 Washington DC 20002.

ISLAND PRESS The Center for Resource Economics

Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis / Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.p. cm. – The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment seriesISBN 1- 59726-040-1 pbk. : alk. paper

1. Human ecology. 2. Ecosystem management. I. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Program II.Series.GF50.E26 2005304.2–dc222005010265

Dever Designs

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA

2001 6 5

4

95 1360 MA

2005

MA

MA 1

"

" 21 2

3

MA

MA

MA

MA

MA MA

MA

MA

MA

20

MA

MA

MA BEC

2006 6

MA

MA

MA

MA

MA

MA Christine Jalleh

2005 10 14

i

1 50 2

2 5

3 50 14

4 18

1 ? 26

2 39

3 49

4 64

5 71

6 84

7 88

8 92

9 101

ii

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA Kofi Annan

2000 21

3 MA 2001 MA

MA

MA

MA 4

2000

MA

www.MAweb.org

Zafar Adeel Carlos Corvalan Rebecca D'Cruz Nick Davidson Anantha Kumar Duraiappah C. Max

Finlayson Simon Hales Jane Lubchenco Anthony McMichael Shahid Naeem David Niemeijer Steve

Percy Uriel Safriel Robin White

MA

University of Pretoria

Meridian Institute

MA

SCOPE SCOPE MA

MA

Ivar Baste Jeroen Bordewijk David Cooper Carlos Corvalan Nick Davidson Lyle Glowka

Guo Risheng Ju Hongbo Ju Jin Kagumaho Bob Kakuyo Melinda Kimble Kanta Kumari Stephen

Lonergan Charles Ian McNeill Joseph Kalemani Mulongoy Ndegwa Ndiang'ui Mohamed Maged

Younes MA MA

Philbert Brown Gisbert Glaser He Changchui Richard Helmer Yolanda

iii

Kakabadse Yoriko Kawaguchi Ann Kern Roberto Lenton Corinne Lepage Hubert Markl Arnulf

Müller-Helbrecht Alfred Oteng-Yeboah Seema Paul Susan Pineda Mercado Jan Plesnik Peter Raven

Cristián Samper Ola Smith Dennis Tirpak Alvaro Umaña Meryl Williams 1999

2000 MA MA

Edward Ayensu Daniel Claasen Mark Collins Andrew Dearing Louise Fresco Madhav

Gadgil Habiba Gitay Zuzana Guziova Calestous Juma John Krebs Jane Lubchenco Jeffrey McNeely

Ndegwa Ndiang'ui Janos Pasztor Prabhu L. Pingali Per Pinstrup-Andersen José Sarukhán

Ramsar

MA MA

Gordon Orians Richard Norgaard

Ian Noble Mingsarn Kaosa-ard 2002 MA

MA

Isabelle Alegre Adlai Amor Hyacinth

Billings Cecilia Blasco Delmar Blasco Herbert Caudill Lina Cimarrusti Emily Cooper Dalène

du Plessis Keisha-Maria Garcia Habiba Gitay Helen Gray Sherry Heileman Norbert Henninger

Tim Hirsch Toshie Honda Francisco Ingouville Humphrey Kagunda Brygida Kubiak Nicholas

Lapham Liz Levitt Christian Marx Stephanie Moore John Mukoza Arivudai Nambi Laurie Neville

Rosemarie Philips Veronique Plocq Fichelet Maggie Powell Janet Ranganathan Carolina Katz Reid

Liana Reilly Carol Rosen Mariana Sanchez Abregu Anne Schram Jean Sedgwick Tang Siang Nee

Darrell Taylor Tutti Tischler Daniel Tunstall Woody Turner Mark Valentine Elsie Vélez-Whited

Elizabeth Wilson Mark Zimsky Linda Starke

U N E P / G R I D - A r e n d a l P h i l i p p e R e k a c e w i c z

Emmanuelle Bournay

Asociación Ixa Ca Vaá

EIS-Africa Forest

Institute of the State of São Paulo Foro Ecológico Fridtjof Nansen

Institute Fundación Natura

Permanent Inter-States

Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel Peruvian Society of Environmental Law

Probioandes Regional Center AGRHYMET

Terra Nuova

iv

MA MA

David and Lucile Packard Consultative

Group on International Agricultural Research

Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research

Association of Caribbean States British High Commission

Caixa Geral de Dep itos Christensen Cropper

Environmental Management Authority of Trinidad and

Tobago Ford Foundation International

Development Research Centre Island Resources Foundation Laguna

Lake Development Authority

DEFRA

Universidade de Coimbra

www.MAweb.org MA

Avina David and Lucile Packard

Wallace

MA Neville Ash Elena Bennett Chan Wai Leng

John Ehrmann Lori Han Christine Jalleh Nicole Khi Pushpam Kumar Marcus Lee Belinda Lim

Nicolas Lucas Mampiti Matete Tasha Merican Meenakshi Rathore Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne Henk

Simons Sara Suriani Jillian Thonell Valerie Thompson Monika Zurek

MA Angela Cropper Harold Mooney MA

José Sarukhán Anne Whyte MA

Walter Reid

Robert T. Watson A.H. Zakri

MA MA

v

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA 2001 2005

MA 4

Ramsar

MA

MA

MA

A

MA

MA

B

MA

MA

MA

MA

vi

B

vii

MA

viii

MA

MA

MA

MA

MA 4

2000

4

21

MA

MA 2003

MA

95 1360

MA C

80 MA

MA

MA MA

850 MA 250

MA 5 5

MA

15

MA

MA

ix

MA MA

MA

MA

x

MA 4

A B

MA 5

MA

MA 4

2005 Island Press

www.Maweb.org D

E

98% 85% 98% 65% 85%

52% 65% 50% 52%

1

50

24

15 60%

50

21

MA

2

sub-Sahara

2000 950

21

GDP 2050 3 6

21

2

MA 4 3

MA 4

1950 301700

1850 15030%

1/41 2

20 20%20%

35%

1/2 1960

43 6 1960

70%2

3

24%

C.SDM

1980 2000

20

1

4

19602 3

191350% 1985

1750

32% 1750 280ppm2003 376ppm 60% 60ppm

1959

1990 142 2/3

4 1/23

1 000 410% 30%

1960 200060 6

C4 S10

1950

1950 1990

MA 4 1990 2050

a

MA

10

b MA 4 1990 2050

4

5

2.5

350%

C4 4.22

IUCN

1970

2050

0.1 1 50

500

1 000

6

20003%

22%1/2 765

GDP 24%

50

2

1/45 6 7

5% 25%

15% 35%

50 154

3

19 202050

2 6

8

1/3 8

25% 96%

9

20 90

20

7

a

+/-

+/-

20

+/-

+/-

a

+/-

8

C18 C18.3C18 18.5

1

2 3 4 5

C18

9

1996

26 2090 9%

20 90

1.05 1.607 700

1989

1 0001 140

50

20 501 0

2003 700

84%

MA

GDP

2001

C55.1

1/3

10

20

10

C5 5.1

11

1997 1998

1/5

12

1992

11

St. Clair

1

CF 2.4

20 50

20 50

20 70

1977

20 80 90

1992 7 1998

2003

13

2001 111 70%

10

5 2010 20 90

2114

402000 2002 8.52

19971999 3700

1126

1 0 2 01960

10 20%

170

1985

1997

1722%

41% 20 90%MA 20

9012

14

1/38%

GDP

2 / 3 1 0 %20%

MA4 1

C.SDM

MA 1990 2000 GDP

GDP

15

MA 2000 2050

10% 20%2

90%

6 MA

2050

MA 4

Global Orchestration

MA 4

2050

Order from Strength

MA 4

Adapting Mosaic

2050

TechnoGarden

4

2050

MA

2010 13% GDP

2000

3.5%

2015 50% 10%

16

CWG

50 100

MA

17

2/3 14 MA 4 32030

10% 20%

blue-baby

0.5 1

21002.0 6.41990 2100

8 88cm

20.2

CO2 450ppm

MA 5070% 85%

30% 85%

2050 R9 9.1

2050

MA

18

MA 2050

MA

MA

MA 42050

1970 205010% 15%

2000 8

2015targets 2015

1 1

7 9 10 113

1 2 MA4

1990 2015

4MA 4

205010% 310% 60%

6 MA6

11% 352000

GDP 1 000 25%

chagas

MA 4

19

2050

33 2 0 5 0

2000 15

100 00011.7%

MA

100 000

11.7%

MA

100% 2000 2050 50% 6 3

3 6 4 1 6

9 5

20

5

2

[8]

21

B

international processes

22

2001 20033 240

2000 1/3

cap-and-trade systems

2004 1 5 6 400t

2003 20033

1/42010

100 440

1996

[8]

J o h a n n e s b u r g P l a n o f

Implementation

23

[8]

21

24

25

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

26

1/4 24%C26.1.2 1.1. 1950

30 1700 1850150 C26

1960 2000

3 6 C7.3.21.1

1/2 35% 20

C19.2.1 20

20% 20%C19.2.1 1.1 1.1

17001850

C26.1.11950 70%

C4.4.3

C21.4.2

C7 7.8

0.5km3

65% 1960 2000

27

10

10

MA

MA

50m

20 80

C18.ES

50m

50m

100km

500 000

50km

2.6

C19.3.1

MA ESRI ArcWorld

12 000

1.5hm2

Greeland

2km

Long Island

40% C23.ES

20

C4.ES

MA

5 000

1900 2

2000 29 100

1900 17 2000

388 C27.ES

28

29

2/3

0.50 0.65

0.05

41% 20

1/3 C22.ES

25% C22 22.2

50% C22

90%

2000

1300m3

2 000

m3

C22.ES

10% 20%

C22.ES

400

C25.ES

C25.ES

C25.1.1

5

40%

3

1/2 25

29

90% C21.ES 57%

46

C7 7.2 1990 2000

3 0 0

hm2 20

1 200 hm2 C.

SDM

30%

30

24% 20

C26.1.1

50

1961 1999

2/3

29% C26.1.1

50

16% C7

7.2

MA

C4 C20

50%

C20.ES

60%

C20.4.2

20% 12

1/2

C24.ES 12

90%

7%

C24.3.2 40

9 000

2500 m

C24.1.4

31

1.1

19902000

%

a

106

km2

%/km2 GDPa b

NPP

[kgC/(m2 a)]c

d

%

e

%

6.7 4.5 1 105 70 15.9 8 960 41.5 0.52 4 11

11.2 2.2e 0.14 9

/ 23.5 15.9 565 14 17 6 854 58.3 0.95 11 34

6.3 4.3 320 7 4.4 17 109 12.5 0.45 16 67

12.4 8.4 114 0.1 -3.7 13 142 16.5 0.29 4 25

9.8 6.6 1 061 1 26.2 5 930 41.3 0.01 11 1

15.7 10.6 568 3 28.1 4 680 74.2 0.12 6 5

22.3 15.3 643 10 20.6 5 580 72.4 0.34 6 25

12.9 8.7 711 25 13.6 4 270 60.7 0.49 7 35

7.0 4.8 918 14 12.5 11 148 30.6 0.45 18 21

300~1000m 15.1 10.2 58 3 12.7 7 815 48.2 0.47 11 13

1000~2500m 11.9 8.1 69 3 20.0 5 080 67.0 0.45 14 13

2500~4500m 3.9 2.7 90 2 24.2 4 144 65.0 0.28 18 6

>4500m 1.8 1.2 104 0 25.3 3 663 39.4 0.06 22 0.3

0.1 0.1 419 10 28.8 15 790 32.8 0.64 4 11

8.3 5.7 1 014 118 15.6 4 430 55.3 0.49 4 62

27.1 18.4 575 22 11.8 11 060 46.5 0.6 6 43

a 1992 1993 GLCCD v2 C26 1 2000 GLC2000

b 1000 1c IUCNd GLC2000

WWF GLC2000 22%

e f GDP 10g

32

50

1/10 C18.ES

1.3

60%C20.4.2

20%

30%10% C19.ES

1.3 1990 142/3

1/2

MA

141980 2000

C4 S10

1950

1950 1990

MA 4 1990 2050

a

MA

10

b MA 4 1990 2050

4

33

C26.ES

230%

1950

C26.1.1 1960C26.1.1 20 90

290 hm2

40% C21.4.2

C4.4.3

20

1960 2000

C7.2.4 70%C7.2.2

2 3C7.3.2

10% C7.2.3

120%C7.2.2

175034% 280ppm

2003 376ppm C7.3.1 60%60ppm 1959

1

2 3 4 5

C18

34

5019 20

20

C13.ES 1890 1990

9100 50

S7.3.2 1.5 1.6

1999 1.65 1014g2050 2.70 1014g 64% R9

19131985

1/2 R9.2

R9.2 1860 19902.7 1013g 1990

4.8 1013g 80% R9

Labrador Hudson

10 15

1960 1990

3 S77.183 22 1012g8 1012g R9.2

C.SDM

1980 2000

35

2

1.7 100

17075% S10.5

C4.ES

2004

32

10010%

12% 23% 25%32%

2050 R9 9.1

R9 9.1 2050

MA

36

52%C4.ES

C4.5.2

C4.ES C4.4.21.8

5003 000

3 000

2% 4%

56

500

0.1 1 5

100

100

50 500

1 000 20

12%

33% R9 9.2

2050

MA

Galloway et al. 2004

37

C4.4 1960intra-species diversity

80%3/4

C26.2.1

C11

38

C4 4.22

IUCN

1970 2050

0.1~1 50 500

1 000

39

2.1

2.1 2420

2

3

1/211 6 70% 13 9

1960 2000 30 60

6 2.5 1 9 6 1 2 0 0 3160%

260% C9.ES C9.2.2 S7 C7.2.3 C8.1

4

2.11/4

C8.2.25% 25%

C7.ES 15% 35%

C18 18.3

40

CF2

20

41

45

20 80

1/4

50

2000 27%

40 60%

2000

35%

40%

40

2 3

20 90

C8.2

C8.2

C18C8.2.2

C19

C8

8.4

C8.3.1

C26.2.1

42

C9.ES

C21.1

C9.ES

C9.ES

42

10%

NOx SO2

CH4 MA

19 20

CO2 20

CO2

1750

C10

C7

5%

25%

15%

35%

1960 2000

C13.ES

C13.ES

C13.3

C11.3

C7.4.4

43

/

20

30

C26

C14

44

C1111.2

C7.2.5C19

C11.3

C16

C19

44

1981 2000 MA

NPP

C17.2.3

C17.2.5

C17.2.6

C19

C22.2.1

45

C12

S7

C7

C7.2.2

a 50

b

50

c

:

=

=

+/- = 50

NA= MA MA MA

=

46

20 40

80%

C7.2.5

C18.2.1

C18.ES 2.2

26C9.ES

C9.2.1

S10

C18 18.5

47

C11.ES C14.ES

2.2

16 t 800 C26.ES

1.06 2.01 t C1326.1 70%

C26.ES

C21.5.2

apparent benefits

R6 C19

R6.ES

Aral Sea1998 60%

80%

R6 6.9

60

1280% C16.1.1

7%Illinois River basin

1/2 R9.4.5

48

N

(

)

,

,

,

/

/

/ /

/ ///

/ / /

/

-

+

49

CF3 3.1

S.SDM SG3.4

20009 810

3%GDP C8 8.1

2000 765

GDP 24% C26.5.113 1/

4 22% 1/2 46%26 40%

C26.5.1

2.4%

4 000

2000 8002000 570

500 240 370

C9.ES C18.1 C20.ES

C5.4.1 3.1

GDP

2001

2001122

395%

C5 5.2

50

5

A

51

20 70

C8.1 40

40% C26.2.3

C8.1

1/3

R16.1.2

10 3

1995 2 C8.5.1

10

20

1960

10 20%

15% 30% C7.ES

DALY

C7 7.10

4062 000

54 000 b

1 800 1 700 b

2 1 700 15

1 800 484 0

1500600

2 300 0

96 000

a 2001b

1 000 1 000

3 5 46 500 1 300

5000 1500 000 616 19

1 700

140 000184 000a

5~28a

52

2000

1/4

10%

R16.1.2

170

5 400

11

26 C7.ES

B C

1 6 0

C19.3.1

140

R12-ES

C14.2

20 50%

C10.2

C7 7.13

53

MA

280

1 5 0

C10.2.2

C5.4.4

C7 7.14

54

50

1.4

1990 1999 10

2 430

C5.4.2

55

2001

5%

56

8

1/3 3.2 2003 6

300 000 3 500 1998 5

Catawba 360km34 600

19921/2

1km20%

2000 2003 246hm2 111hm2

110hm2 60 000

Muthurajawela 3 100 hm2

5 0 01 750

C55.1

1/3

57

3.3

20 90

3.4

20

1996

26 20 909% 20

901.05 1.60

7 700

1997 1998 1 000hm2

932 000

199820 10%6.08

80

1997 Cape Floral9 350

40%

ciguatera C19.3.1

C5 5.2

58

R1616.3 1989

1 0001 140

C19.3.1 50

C.SDM 20 50

10 2003 700

84%

1 9 9 52001

clearing programs 1.312001

140

10 000km2

CWG

CF 2.4

20 50

20 50

20 70

1977

20 80

90

1992 7

1998 2003

59

CWG

3.5

S7 2

3.6

20005% 31% 64%

50%

C18.ES

C18.4.1

1961 200060%

25 C9.ES 2000 1/2

1/2

1/5

60

500 900km3

130 150km3

1 200km3 C7.3.2

C271/2

C17.ES MA

SG.SDM

3.2

R19.ES

1820 1992 GDP S7 7.3

61

1

1999 3.15 2015 4.04 R19.1

MA

20

C5 2001 11

170%

R19.2.1 10

C5.ES5

20 1020 80 4

90 2114

402000 2002

85 200 19971999 3 700

95%C8.ES

2000 9

8

2015 1 8 targets

15

R19.2.1

C5.ES

11%

35

2000 GDP 1000

25% R16.1

62

sub-SaharanC28.5.1

1126

10 201960

1020% C7.ES C7.2.3

1/2

1 C.SDM170

C7.ES

19851997

C18.ES

C22

R17

C6.ES

40

R6 6.1

C6.3.3

1722%

R17

63

C18.4.1

Sierra Leone

C18.5.1

SG3.ES

C5.3.3MA GDP

5

C5

5.2

20 50 60Sahel

1970

250 000C5 5.1

C5.ESC5.3.4 MA 20 90

3.7

64

SG7

5

5 40

25 202000 60 S7.2.11/4

1/23%

20 15%C27.1

70% 80%

75%S7.2.1

1950 20007 S7.SDM

20

GDPGDP S7.2.24.1 4.2

200140% S7.2.2

65

20 902 500 3 000

S7.ES 2001 2003

3 240 S7.ES

S7.2.3

50

S7.2.3

S7 7.6b

G D P 1 9 9 5

G D P

f a b r i c a t e d a s s e t s

66

S7.2.4

20

1929 2080 1/3 GDP

1960 199516% 47%

GDP S7.2.5

40

40208%

109% 157% S7.2.5

G D P 1 9 9 5

G D P

f a b r i c a t e d a s s e t s

67

50GDP

200

S7.ES

R8 S7

C27.ES

4.3

CWG S7.2.5 SG8.ES MA14 9

1/5 1 /2C4.ES

20 8090

0.3%1.2% C26.4.1

C18 21

FAO 1/2

C8.2.2 1

1/10C18.ES

68

5 0 1 0 0

M A

69

2050%

C20.ES78%

10 60%20 80 C20.4.2

C20.4.5

20%30%

10%C19.ES

17% MA50m 100km

40% 50km

C.SDM

R9 9.1

Labrador & Hudson

3 . 7

Great Lakes St. Lawrence 4 . 1

5 . 0

Mississippi 5 . 7

1 0

1 1

1 5

Republic of Korea 1 7

80%C.SDM

4.1

50S 7 . 3 . 2

1960 20038 1 080 t 8 510 t

50%

S7.3.2

70

blue-baby

R9.ES1960 3

1 9 9 01990 20 80

S7.3.2

21100

0 . 60.1

0.2m S7.ES

30R13.1.3

0 . 5 1

3R13.1.3

71

5.12050

22

2

2

Global Orchestration

M A 42050

Order from Strength

M A 4

Adapting Mosaic

2050

TechnoGarden

42050

M A 4

M A

M A

72

economic insecurity

73

74

5.1 5.2 5.3M A

MA4 2000 2050 2100

S7.2.1 5.120 60

2.1% 200060 1.35% S7.

ESsub-SaharanS7.ES

S 7 . 2 .2

3 6

S9 .ESMA

50

S10.ES

S7 7.2

75

S.SDM

2 0 5 0

G D P

1 9 9 5

2020 2.4%/a 2020

2050 3.0%/a

1995 2020 1.4%/a

2020 2050 1.0%/a

1995 2020 1.5%/a

2020 2050 1.9%/a

1 9 9 5 2 0 2 0

1 . 9 % / a 2 0 2 0

2050 2 .5%/a

1 9 9 5

2020 2.3%/a 2020

2050 1.9%/a

1 9 9 5

2020 3.2%/a 2020

2050 4.3%/a

1 9 9 5

2020 2.5%/a 2020

2050 2.1%/a

1 9 9 5

2020 3.8%/a 2020

2050 4.8%/a

1995 2020

2.1%/a

2020 2050

1.4%/a

1 9 9 5 2 0 2 0

2 . 4 % / a

2 0 2 0 2 0 5 0

2 . 3 % / a

1 9 9 5

2 0 2 0 2 . 0 % / a 2 0 2 0

2 0 5 0 1 . 7 % / a

1 9 9 5 2 0 2 0

2 . 8 % / a 2 0 2 0

2050 3 .5%/a

2 0 5 0 2 0 5 0

2 0 5 0

8 1

2 0 5 0

9 6

2 0 1 0

2050

2 0 5 0

9 5

2 0 5 0

8 8

76

S.SDM

2 0 2 5

2 0 2 5

9 %

2 0 2 5

2 0 2 5

1 0 %

2 0 2 5

2 0 2 5

2 0 0 0

2 0 %

2 0 2 5

2 0 2 5

1 0 %

CO2 4.7Gtc-eq

CH4 1.6Gtc-eq

N2O 0.6Gtc-eq

0 .2Gtc -eq

2 0 5 0 CO2 20.1Gtc-eq

CH4 3.7Gtc-eq

N2O 1.1Gtc-eq

0 .7Gtc -eq

CO2 15.4Gtc-eq

CH4 3.3Gtc-eq

N2O 1.1Gtc-eq

0 .5Gtc -eq

CO2 13.3Gtc-eq

CH4 3.2Gtc-eq

N2O 0.9Gtc-eq

0 .6Gtc -eq

SO 2

N O x 2 0 0 0

2 0 5 0

S O 2 N O x SO 2 NO x S O 2 N O x

2 0 5 0

2 2100

3 . 5

2 0 5 0

1 . 7 2 1 0 0

3 . 3

2 0 5 0

1 . 9 2 1 0 0

2 . 8

2050

1 . 5

2 1 0 0

1 . 9

N N N N

5 5 0 p p m v C O 2

a . 5 0

77

a a a a a aa a

/

2000

a . 5 0

78

MA 4 3 2030

10% 20% S9.3.7.2 5.2

a a a a a aa a

2000

20% 30%

S9.ES MA 42050

1.5 2.0 21002.0 3.5

CO2

2.5 IPCC

2.0 6.4

MA

MA

MA

a . 5 0

79

R13.1.3

8 88cm

2 110 000

R13

20.2

CO2 450ppm

2

2

22

2050 10% 20%

S9.ES 50

1.2 S10.ES

80

MA 4 2050

S.SDM

S.SDM S10.ESMA 1970 2050

1 0 % 1 5 % S.SDM 20503

5.3

MA4

M A

1 0 0 % 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 % 6

3 3 6 4 1

6 9 5

81

S.SDM

A

MA2050 t

70% 85% S9.4.120% 85% S9 9

S.SDM

50

M A 4

2 0 5 0

S.SDM MA3 2050

10% 60%10%

S9.4.1 5.4

S.SDM1 / 2

S9.ES

82

S.S D M

S9.ESCO 2 CH 4

10 20

2 0 %

CO 2

CO2

CH4

50

G D P

S.SDM

S11

HIV/AIDS

SARS

HIV

2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0

5 5

83

S.SDM

e c o l o g i c a lsurpr ises

5 .5

S.SDM 5.4

50

5 . 4

12

34 5

84

M ASG.SDM

33 6.1

Gariep ZambeziMA

SG.SDM

SG.SDMSão Paulo the Laguna Lake

SG7.ES

85

Tropical Forest MarginsSG.SDM

SG.SDM

M A 1 8 M A

M A

M A M A

M A M A 1 5

1 5 M A

86

SG.SDM

Sinai

SGWG

SG.SDM BajoChirripo

SG.SDM SG11.ES

M AMA

M A6.1

M A

MA

MAMA MA

87

M A

M A

V i l c a n o t a

Quechua

A y n i

Pachakuti

I n c a

M u n a y

L l a n k a y

Yachay

Ayllu

M A

V i l c a n o t a

K a y p a c h a H a n a n p a c h a

Ukupacha

Chakana

Pachamama MA

2 Pachakuti

M A

A y l l u

and Munay Yachay and Llankay

M A

SG.SDM

V i l c a n o t a

P a c h a m a m a

P a c h a m a m a

M A

88

7.1

S7.3.2

S12.ES

RWG S7

S10

10 50

S.SDG

89

C6.2 S13.4

S13.4

S A R S

1 9 9 71998

African Great LakesC14.2.1

19182 000 4 000

1

IPCC IPCC TAR C4 4.15

C4.4.2 CF7 S7

I P C C

90

S13.4

C18

. ,,

19923 . 4

CF2 2.4

Z e b r a

mussel St. Clair

1S12.4.8 Mnemiopsis

le idyi 26

C28.5

Kelp forests

1983

91

C4.6 C13.3

Sahel

30

C 6S3 S12

S.SDM

S7 SG7.5

C8.3 S.SDM C14

C.SDM

1 0 %

13 1998 2003

C18.2.6 207 0

Herring fishery 4C18

92

S.SDM 5MA 4 2000

20503

2 0 1 013% GDP 2000

3 .5%

2015 50% 10%

MA

100 000

1 1 . 7 %R5.2 .1

40109% 208%

RWG

93

RWG R12G

B N

G

R17.ES

G

R17.2

94

R.SDM

G B NRWG SG9

R7.2.3

G B N

G RWG

95

G BR15.ES R12.ES R11.ES

C5 5.2

R 1 7

GS7.ES 2001 2003

96

3240 20001 / 3

1 / 4

200262

20% C8.4.1

R17.5

G B N RWG

c a p -and-trade systems

R17

C5 5.1

97

R7 7.3

8.1 2004 15 6 400 t

20037 800 t C5 5.2

2003 31/4

3 330 2005 1

2010

100 44045 t

salinity credits

1996

2001 280 000hm2

3 000800 000hm2

C5 5.2

the Ecosys-tem Marketplace

R18

G B N RWG

G B N RWG R5

Johannesburg P lan o f Implementa t ion

98

G B N RWG

R17.ES

G B N R6 21

19502 000

km2 C.SDM

G B N RWG R7.4

G B R13

99

G B N RWG

ı

G B RWG

G B N RWG C17.ES

a

+ + +

+ + ++ ++

++ + + +

a + + ++ ++

+ + ++ +

+ +

+

-

100

MA

R18.ES

R33.6 3.8

consensus participation

R4.5

8.1

R4.ES

SG9.ES

hard-to-articulate assumptions

101

MA

30

102

holistic models

RWG

SG9 R17.ES

leakage problems

multistakeholder policy processes R15.ES

R17.4.5

103

1961 2003160% C8.1

A.1.2 . 5

40% 60%C8.ES

40

80%

1961 1999

29%71%

3 4 %C26.ES C26.1.1

40

1 9 7 3

C8.ES

real pricesC8 8.4

19709.2%

1.4%

2.8% C26.3.127% C8.ES

1996

C8.2.2 2001

20 9030% 40% C8.2.2

104

C8 8.1

2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 8 . 5 2 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 3 7 0 0

FAOSTATS SOFI

F A O S T A T S

105

20 80

Marine fish landingsInland water fisheries

C8.ES

MA 4 2050S9

MA 4

MA

A.2. 2000 2050

70% 85% S9.4.1

S 9 . E S

S9 9.15

2000 1.1

1 . 1

106

57% 28%40 2/3

1 6 % 0 .2%

45 50

C7.ES

1960 2000 1020%

C7.ES

continental runoff 10%

C7 7.3

1 5 % 3 5 % C 7 . 2 . 2

1 k m 3 0 . 1 1 k m 3

0 0 . 1 k m 3 5 0 k m

0 . 2

1 . 6 m

0 . 1 m

107

40%50% C7.ES C7.2.3

19602

10

5% 25%

10

C7.ES1 / 3

C7.ES 15% 35%

C7.2.2 A.3.

4010 20%

2000 201010% C7.ES

2021

S9.ES

sub-Saharan

S9 .ES MA 2000 2050

2 0 % 8 5 %S9 9.35 A.4.

MA2050

5% 7%2 %

16% 22%S9.4 .5

108

196060% 3 C9.ES

C9 9.5 5 5 %

C9.ES 26

7 %4 0 %

10% C9.4 20 90

19752000

S9.4.1

SG3.4

19613

C9.ES

1980 200016% C9.5.3

C9.ES 20005%

35% 202044%

MA 1970 2050

1 9 7 01995 0.4% 0.6%

10

A.5.

S9 9.15

109

A . 1 .

A . 2 .20 90

bioprospecting activities

bioremediationand biomimetics

C10.ES

C10 10.8

+++

+++

+++

++

+++

++

+

+++

++

P A M

P A M

P A M

M

P A M

P A M

P A M

P

P A M

+ + + 1 0 + + 1 0 0 +

P A M

110

C10 10.2

Cladribine Leustatin Johnson & Johnson Ortho Biotech

Docetaxel Taxotere Rh?ne-Poulenc Rorer

Fludarabine Fludara Berlex

Idarubicin Idamycin Pharmacia & Upjohn

Irinotecan Camptosar Yakult Haisha

Paclitaxel Taxol Bristol-Myers Squibb

Pegaspargase Oncospar Rh?ne-Poulenc

Pentostain Nipent Parke-Davis

Topotecan Hycamtin SmithKline Beecham

Vinorelbine Navelbine Lilly

Bisantrene Wyeth Ayerst

Cytarabine ocfosfate Yamasa

Formestane Ciba-Geigy

Interferon gamma-la Siu Valy

Miltefosine Acta Medica

Porfimer sodium Quadra Logic

Sorbuzoxane Zeuyaku Kogyo

Zinostatin Yamamouchi

111

1750

radiative forcingC13.ES A.6. 1750

CO 2

10% 30% CH4 N2O

CO 2

net sink CH4

N2O net source

IPCC

40%2 20% CO2

20 90

CO 2

1 / 31/3 20 90

s ink

CO 2

1920 CO2

20CO2

CO 2

25% 30%

3 0 %

90% N2O35%

112

A 1 7 5 0 2 0 0 0

cloud drople t

B 3

C O 2

C H 4 N 2O

1 0 0 C O 2

C O 2

C O 2

C13 13.3

113

Dry deposition1 / 2

precursorsNOx CO CH4

O 3

20

44% 70%C26.2.6

C O 2

CO2 CO2

CO 2

CO2 200ppm C13.2.1

1750

CO 2

C13.ES

10 20 t20%

CO 2

CO2

CH4 S9.ES

114

R16

A.3

1/4

C14.ES

Lymphatic filariasis

Sahel

West Nilevirus Lyme diseaseC14.ES

C14.ES

the in t e rmed ia t e r e se rvo i r hos tspec i e s

Rift ValleyFever

kala-azar

HIVSARS

Salmonella CampylobacterEscherichia coli bacteria

SARS

115

C14 14.4

HIV

Guanarito;

Junin Machupo

Oropouche/

Mayar O

Hantavirus .

4 6 486

6 1 6

8 4 458

2 090

6 6 7

7 0 9

1 702

3 5 0 m

8 0 m

4 2 m

1 2 m

2 3 763

US2002

16 1 8 m

30

5 0 000

1 2 0 m

S11 MA

S11

116

C14 14.4

Cryptosporidiosis

coccidioidomycosis

R i f t

Valley Fever

Nipah/Hendra

Ebola

BSE

SARS

6 192

5 777

1 525

4 8 4

-

†

†

-

1 2 0 m

30

5 0 0 000

1 8 m

a b

† DALYs 1 798 1 000 61 966 1 000 DALYs

+ ++ +++ ++++

117

C15.ES

C15.ES 90% 95% 70%

C 7 . 4 . 5 n i t r o g e nloads

80%

g l o b a l i n c i d e n t n i t r o g e nload ing

C7.2.5

C7.ES

C15.ES MA

S9.5.4

MA

118

b a r r i e rbeaches

2004

C16.ES 17%

100 50%

10%1/2

1998 2/3C16.2.2

1992 20012 257

43% 10 96 50712 20 50

9010 C16.ES

Missis-s ipp i 60

1280% C16.1.1

6 0A.7.

A.8.

19309 0 %

1876 12 000hm2 19894 0 0 hm2

20 80 10 904 51 0 1 0 0

C16 .2 .2

119

C16 16.6

C16 16.9

120

M A

MA

extended families

C17.2.1

C17.2.3

C17.2.5

20 90nature t ravel

10% 30% 199720% C17.2.6

MA

SG8.3 MA

SG8.3 MA

context-specific

SG8.3

SãoP a u l o

SG11.3

121

C.SDM

110 210teragram

165 gR9.2 A.9

C 7 7 . 5

122

C12.ES

10.5 15.5 g1 6 g

C12.ES

C12.ES

C12.ES

C12.ES

2020 10% 80%S9.3.7 MA 4 3

203010% 20%

2 0 % 3 0 %

S9.3.7

123

effective

promising

problematic

I E ST K

GIGN GL

B NGOC

R

MA

S9.7

124

R 5

R 5

R 5

R 5

R 5

R 5

R 5

R 5 1 5

R 5

P A GIGN

NGOCR

I

E

T

S

I

I

T

I

I

S

GNGLB

NGOC

GNS

NGOR

GNGL

NGO

NGB

NGOR

NGB

GLGNGLR

GLGN

GNGL

NGOC

125

GIGNB

E

T GNBR

R 6

R 6

R 6

R 6

R 6

B S ER 6

R6

R 7

R 7

GNGL

NGOC

SK

E GNGLB

NGO

IE

GNGLB

NGO

T GNB

S GNNGO

C

IT

GNGL

NGOR

I GNBC

126

GNGL

NGOCR

I

I

I E

GIGN

NGO

GIGNB

NGOC

RBOs

R 7

R 7

R7

R 7

R 7

R 7

R 7

R 7

I GNGL

E GIGNB

E GNBC

T GN

T GNGL

NGOB

127

GLGNB

I

GLGN

E

R 8

R 8

R 8

R 8

R8

R 8

R 8

R 8

R 8

R8

GNGL

I

GLC

I

GNGLB

NGOC

I

GLBC

I

GLBC

I

NGOBC

S

BI E

NGRB

T

128

NGOBR

ENWFPs

N T F P sN T F P s

N T F P s N T F P s R 8

R 8

R 8

R8

2 0 0 1C D M

R 8

R 9

R 9

R 9

R 1 1

GIGNGLB

NGOC

T

GNGLB

NGOR

T

GLBC

T

GLGNB

T E

GIGN

I

GNBR

E

GIGNGL

NGOC,R

I E

GNB

T

129

GNGL

NGOC

T

I V M

/

R 1 1

R 1 1

( R 1 1 )

R 1 1

I V M

I V M

I V M

R 1 2

R 1 2

R 1 2

I V M

R 1 2

R 1 2

R 1 2

5 1 0

R 1 2

GNGLBC

SI

GNB

E

GNI

GNNGO

I

GNBCR

I

GNBR

T

GNBR

T

GNNGO

C

T

CS

GNB

NGOR

T

130

GIGNGL

SI

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

R 1 4

GLNGO

C

SK

GLNGO

C

S

GLGN

I

GNB

NGO

K I

GNBC

E K

GNGLC

I

GIGNB

IS

GIGNGL

NGOC

ES

GLBC

E

131

GIGN

IEKT B

U N F C C C

R 1 5

N C S

N E A P N S S D

R 1 5

S F M I C Z M

I C D P I R B M

R 1 5

U N F C C C

1 9 9 0

2 0 0 8 2 0 1 2 5 %

R 1 3

R 1 3

R 1 3

R 1 3

R 1 3

GNGLB

NGOC

IEKT B

GNGL

NGOC

IEKT B

GIGN

I

GNBC

T

GNGLB

NGOC

T

GIGNB

E

GNGL

NGOCR

I

132

Walter V. Reid

Harold A. MooneyAngela Cropper

Cropper Doris Capistrano

Stephen R. Carpenter

Kanchan Chopra

Partha DasguptaThomas DietzAnantha Kumar Duraiappah

Rashid HassanRoger KaspersonRik LeemansRobert M. MayTony A.J. McMichael

Prabhu Pingali

Cristi Samper

Robert Scholes

Robert T. WatsonA.H. Zakri

Zhao ShidongNeville J. Ash

UNEP-WCMC

Elena Bennett

Pushpam Kumar

Marcus Lee

Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne

Henk Simons

Jillian ThonellU N E P -

WCMCMonika B. Zurek

Adel Farid Abdel-Kader

BahrainNimbe Adedipe

Zafar Adeel

John B.R. AgardWest Indies

Tundi Agardy Sound SeasHeidi AlbersJoseph AlcamoJacqueline Alder

Mourad Amil Ministere del’Amenagement du Territoire del’Eau et de l’EnvironnementAlejandro Argumedo Kechua-Aymara ANDESD o l o r s A r m e n t e r a sI n s t i t u t o d e I n v e s t i g a c i o n d eRecursos Biológicos Alexander vonHumboldtNeville J. Ash

UNEP-WCMC

Bruce Aylward Deschutes Re-sources ConservancySuresh Chandra Babu

Jayanta Bandyopadhyay

Charles Victor Barber IUCN

Stephen BassAllan Batchelor B&M Environmen-tal Services Pty LtdT. Douglas Beard Jr.

A n d r e w B e a t t i eMacquarie Juan Carlos Belausteguigoitia

Elena Bennett

D.K. BhattacharyaH e r n á n B l a n c o R e c u r s o s eInvest igación para e l Desarrol loSustentableJorge E. Botero Centro Nacional deInvestigaciones de CaféLelys Bravo de Guenni UniversidadSimón BolívarEduardo Brondizio

Victor Brovkin

Katrina BrownColin D. ButlerJ. Baird Callicott

Esther Camac-RamirezIxä Ca Vaá Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum

Doris Capistrano

Fabricio William Carbonell TorresIxä Ca Vaá

Stephen R. Carpenter

Kenneth G. Cassman

133

Juan Carlos Castilla

Robert Chambers

W. Bradnee Chambers

F. Stuart Chapin III

Kanchan Chopra

Flavio ComimRio Grande do SulUlisses E.C. Confalonieri

Steve CorkCarlos Corvalan

Wolfgang Cramer

Angela CropperCropper

Graeme Cumming

Owen Cylke

Rebecca D’Cruz Aonyx Environ-mentalGretchen C. DailyPartha DasguptaRudolf S. de Groot

Ruth S. DeFriesSandra Diaz Universidad Nacionalde CórdobaT h o m a s D i e t z

Richard Dugdale

Anantha Kumar Duraiappah

Simeon EhuiPolly Ericksen

Christo Fabricius RhodesDan FaithJoseph FargioneColin Filer

C. Max Finlayson

Dana R. FisherCarl FolkeMiguel Fortes

Madhav GadgilHabiba GitayYogesh GokhaleThomas HahnSimon Hales

Kirk HamiltonRash id Hassan

He DamingKenneth R. HingaAnkila J. Hiremath

Joanna House Max Planck

Rober t W. Howar th

Tariq IsmailA n t h o n y J a n e t o s T h e H . J o h nH e i n z I I I

Peter KareivaRoger KaspersonKishan Khoday

Christian KoernerKasper KokPushpam Kumar

E r i c F . L a m b i n U n i v e r s i t eCatholique de LouvainPaulo Lana Universidade Federal doParanáRodel D. Lasco

Patrick Lavelle VI/IRD

Louis Lebel Chiang MaiMarcus Lee

Rik LeemansC h r i s t i a n L é v ê que I n s t i t u t d e

Recherches pour le développement

Marc LevyLiu Jian

Liu JiyuanMa Shiming

Georgina MaceJens Mackensen

Mai Trong Thong

Ben Malayang IIILos Baños

Jean-Paul Malingreau

Anatoly MandychPeter John Marcotullio

E d u a r d o M a r o n e C e n t r o d eEstudos do MarHillary M. Masundire

Robert M. MayJames Mayers

Alex F. McCalla

Jacqueline McGlade

Gordon McGranahan

Tony A.J. McMichael

Jeffrey A. McNeely IUCN

Monirul Q. Mirza

Bedrich Moldan CharlesDavid Molyneux

Harold A. Mooney

Sanzhar Mustafin

Constancia Musvoto

Shahid Naeem

134

Nebojša Naki´cenovi´c

Gerald C. Nelson Ill inois -Urbana-Champaign

Niu Wen-Yuan

Ian NobleSigne NybøMasahiko OhsawaW i l l i s O l u o c h - K o s u r aNairobi

Ouyang Zhiyun

Stefano PagiolaCheryl A. PalmJyoti K. Parikh

Anand Patwardhan

Ankur Patwardhan

Jonathan Patz

Daniel Pauly

Steve PercyHenrique Miguel Pereira

Reidar PerssonGarry D. Peterson McGill

Gerhard Petschel-Held

Ina Binari Pranoto

Robert Prescott-Allen

Rudy RabbingeKilaparti Ramakrishna

P. S. Ramakrishnan JawaharlalNehruPaul RaskinCiara Raudsepp-Hearne

Walter V. Reid

Carmen Revenga

Belinda Reyers

Taylor H. Ricketts

Janet RileyClaudia Ringler

Jon Paul Rodriguez

Jeffrey M. Romm

Sergio RosendoUriel N. Safriel

Osvaldo E. SalaCristián Samper

Neil Sampson

Robert Scholes

Mahendra Shah

Alexander Shestakov

Anatoly Shvidenko

Henk Simons

David SimpsonNigel Sizer

Marja Spierenburg

Bibhab Talukdar

Mohamed Tawfic Ahmed

Pongmanee Thongbai

David TilmanThomas P. Tomich

Ferenc L. Toth

Jane K. TurpieA l b e r t S . v a n J a a r s v e l d

StellenboschDetlef van Vuuren

Joeli VeitayakiSandra J. Velarde

Rodrigo A. Braga Moraes VictorSão Paulo City Green Belt BiosphereReserve - Forest InstituteErnesto F. Viglizzo

Bhaskar ViraCharles J. Vörösmarty

Diana Harrison Wall

Merrilyn Wasson

Masataka Watanabe

Robert T. WatsonT h o m a s J . W i l b a n k s O a kRidge Meryl Williams

Poh Poh WongStanley Wood

Ellen Woodley TerralinguaAlistair Woodward

Anastasios Xepapadeas

Gary Yohe WesleyanYue Tianxiang

Maria Fernanda Zermoglio

Zhao Shidong

Monika B. Zurek

135

José SarukhánUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de

MéxicoAnne Whyte Mestor Asso-ciates Ltd.

Antonio Alonso ConcheiroAnalítica Consultores AsociadosJoseph Baker

Arsenio Balisacan

Fikret Berkes

Julia CarabiasGerardo Ceballos

Robert Costanza

Marian S. de los Angeles

Navroz K. Dubash

Faye DuchinJeremy S. Eades

Mohamed A. El-Kassas

Paul R. Epstein

Jorge D. Etchevers Colegiode PostgraduadosExequiel Ezcurra InstitutoNacional de EcologíaNaser I. FaruquiChristopher Field

Blair Fitzharris OtagoGilberto Gallopin

Peter Gardiner Indepen-dent consultantM a r i o G i a m p i e t r o I s t i t u t oNazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimentie la Nutrizione

Andrew Githeko

Allen Hammond

Marc J. HershmanBrian John Huntley

Pedro R. Jacobi Universidadede São PauloPavel KabatRoger KaspersonRobert W. KatesTony La Viña

Sarah LairdSandra Lavorel Université JosephFourierNeil A. Leary

Kai LeeAriel E. Lugo

Yuzuru MatsuokaRichard Moles Limerick

Fran MonksPatricia Moreno Casasola

M o h a n M u n a s i n g h eMunasingheGerald C. Nelson Ill inois -Urbana-Champaign Valery M. Neronov

Shuzo Nishioka

Richard B. Norgaard

Bernadette O’Regan Limer-ick León OlivéGordon OriansStephen PacalaChristine PadochJan Plesnik

Ravi Prabhu

Jorge Rabinovich LaPlataVictor RamosDavid J. Rapport

Robin S. Reid

Ortwin RennFrank Rijsberman

Agnes C. Rola

Jeffrey M. Romm

Cherla B. Sastry

Marten SchefferKedar Lal Shrestha

Bach Tan Sinh

Otton SolisAvelino Suárez Rodríguez

Jatna SupriatnaDanLing Tang

Holm Tiessen GoettingenHebe M.C. Vessuri

Angela de L. Rebel lo WagenerPontificia Universidade Catolica doRio de Janeiro

Wang RusongWolfgang Weimer-Jehle

Philip WeinsteinT h o m a s J . W i l b a n k s O a kRidge

Xu Jianchu

Michael D. Young

Linxiu Zhang

136

BSE CBDDALY FAO GDP GHS GNI GNP IPCC IUCN IVM MA MEA MDG NGO NPP NWFP OECD PA RBO SARS SCOPE UNCCD UNEP UNFCCC

WWF

CH4 CO CO2 GtC-eq tN N2O NOx ppmv SO2 teragram 1012g

11 3.4CF 2.4

2004 3

2003/2004

14 1.5R9 9.2

2050R9 9.2

Galloway J.P. et al. 2004Biogeochemistry

70: 153 226.

1.6R9 9.2

1860 2050R9

9.2 Galloway J.P.e t a l . 2 0 0 4

Biogeochemistry 70: 153 226.

1.7C11.3.1 2

Ruiz et al. 2000 An-nual Review of Ecology and Systemat-ics 31: 481-531 1c ; Ribera Siguan2003 in G.M. Ruiz and J.T. Carltoneds. Invasive Species: Vectors andManagement Strategies Island PressWashington D.C. 8.5 .

3.1 B C

C7 7.13 7.142000

2000

2002

3.1C5.2.6

2001

l n w e b 1 8 . w o r l d b a n k . o r g / E S S D /e n v e x t . n s f / 4 4 B y D o c N a m e /GreenAccountingAdjustedNetSavingson January 25 2005 2005 125

3.6S7 7.3

IPCC 20003

9 Inter-governmenta l Panel for Cl imateChange 2000: Special Report onEmissions Scenarios Cambridge Uni-versity Press Cambridge U.K.

4.1 4.2S7 7.6a 7.6b

2 0 0 4World Development Report 2004:

Making Services Work for Poor PeopleWorld Bank Washington D.C.

8.1C5 5.2 2004

20047

137

CF CWG SWG RWG SGWG

E S

CF.1CF.2CF.3CF.4

CF.5CF.6

CF.7CF.8

SDMC.01 MAC.02

C.037

C.04C.05C.06C.07C.08C.09C.10

C.11C.12C.13C.14

C.15C.16

C.17C.18C.19

C.20C.21C.22C.23C.24C.25C.26C.27C.28

SDMS.01 MAS.02S.03S.04

S.05

S.06 MAS.07

S.08 4 S.09 4

S.10 4 S.11 4 S.12S.13S.14

SDMR.01R.02R.03R.04R.05R.06

R.07R.08R.09R.10

R.11R.12R.13R.14R.15R.16R.17

R.18R.19

SDMSG.01 MASG.02 MASG.03

SG.04SG.05

SG.06SG.07SG.08

SG.09

SG.10SG.11SG.12

138

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Order FormSAVE 50 WHEN YOU PURCHASE THE FIVE-VOLUME CLOTH SET

Ecosystems and Human Well-beingFive-Volume Set*Includes Volumes 1-4 and Our Human Planet

Qty.

275.001-59726-042-8

Qty.

500.001-59726-041-x

TitleVol.1,Current State and TrendsFindings of the Condition and Trends Working Group

Qty.

75.001-55963-228-3

Qty.

145.001-55963-227-5

Vol.2,ScenariosFindings of the Scenarios Working Group

Qty.

65.001-55963-391-3

Qty.

130.001-55963-390-5

Vol.3,Poilcy ResponsesFindings of the Responses Working Group

Qty.

55.001-55963-270-4

Qty.

110.001-55963-269-0

Vol.4,Multiscale AssessmentsFindings of the Sub-global Assessments Working Group

Qty.

55.001-55963-186-4

Qty.

110.001-55963-185-6

Our Human PlanetSummary for Decision-makers

Qty.

25.001-55963-387-5

Qty.

55.001-55963-386-7

Ecosystems and Human Well-being:Synthesis

Qty.

15.001-59726-040-1

Qty.

25.001-55963-403-0

Qty.

50.001-55963-402-2

Ecosystems and Human Well-being:A Framework for Assessment

Paper Cloth Sub-Total

Total Book PriceTax(D.C.5.75%)

Shipping & Handling(U.S.: 4.50 first book; 1.00 each)

additional;Int’1: 5.50 first book; 1.00each additional

Total Payment

ISLANDPRESSOrder Online:www.lslandPress.orgCall:1-800-621-2736 Outside of the U.S.:773-702-7000

Name: Purchase Order No:Address: My check is enclosed.

Please charge my: Visa MasterCardCity/State/Zip: American Express DiscoverPhone Exp.Date:E-mail: Signature:

Mail orders to:lsland Pressc/o University of Chicago Distribution Center,11030 South Langley Ave., Chicago,IL 60628

UNEP

CIMMYT 2002

Meridian

(RIVM) 2004

(SCOPE)

Pretoria

WRI

UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emmanuelle Bournay Philippe

Rekacewicz

1 UNEP/Still Pictures

2 UNEP/Still Pictures

3 HUNT-UNEP/Still Pictures

4 UITTAPRON JUNTAWONSUP/UNEP/Still Pictures

WASHINGTON COVELO LONDON

www.islandpress.org

Island Press