1 Ecosystems and Communities The Role of Climate & What shapes an ecosystem? What is climate? • Weather = day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. • Climate = average temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
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Ecosystems and Communities...•Ecosystems and communities are always changing in response to natural or human disturbances. –Examples: change in temperature, amount of rainfall,
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Ecosystems and Communities
The Role of Climate&
What shapes an ecosystem?
What is climate?
• Weather = day-to-day condition ofEarth’s atmosphere at a particular timeand place.
• Climate = average temperature andprecipitation in a particular region.
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The Greenhouse Effect
• Atmosphere = the mass of airsurrounding the earth.
• Atmospheric gases trap heat energyfrom the sun and mountain's the Earth’stemperature range.
The Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse effect = the retention of heat bythe atmosphere.
• Sunlight hits the Earth.• The sunlight is reflected back into the
atmosphere as heat.• Some of the heat passes through the
atmosphere and into space.• Some of the heat bounces off of the
atmosphere back to the Earth.
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The Effect of Latitude onClimate
• Solar radiation (sunlight) strikesdifferent parts of the Earth at differentangles.
• This results in different climate zones
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The Effect of Latitude onClimate
• Polar Zones– Cold zones where sunlight strikes the Earth at a
low angle.– Cold climate
• Temperate Zones– Climate ranges from hot to cold depending on the
season.• Tropical Zone
– Near the equator.– Warm climate
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Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Air Currents (Winds)– Air that is heated near the equator rises.– Cooled air over the poles sinks to the
ground.– The upward movement of warm air and the
downward movement of cool air creates aircurrent (winds)
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Heath Transport in the Biosphere• Ocean currents
– Cold water near the poles sinks to theocean bottom and flows toward warmerregions.
– The cold water rises up to the surface atthe warmer regions.
– Surface water is moved by winds.– Surface ocean currents warm or cool the
air above them.
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic factors = Living components of anecosystem.– Examples: plants, animals, bacteria.
sunlight, soil type….• Habitat = the combination of biotic and abiotic
factors.– The organism’s address!
The Niche
• Niche = The role of an organism in anecosystem.– The organism’s occupation– Examples
• types of food eaten.• How food is obtained.• Which species use this organism as food.• Where the organism lives.• Temperature needed to survive.• When the organism reproduces.• ………
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The Niche
The Niche• Competitive exclusion principle = No two
species can occupy the same niche in thesame habitat at the same time.
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Community Interactions -Competition
• Competition = organisms of the same ordifferent species attempt to use anecological resource in the same placeat the same time.
• Resource = a necessity of life– Examples = water, nutrients, light, food,
space.
Community Interactions -Predation
• Predation = one organism captures andfeeds on another organism.
• Predator = the organism that does thekilling.
• Prey = the food organism.
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Community Interactions -Symbiosis
• Symbiosis = any relationship in whichtwo species live together.– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism