Ecosystem powerpoint 2

2.4.1-.2 Biomes

5/1/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 1

BIOME is the collection of ecosystems

sharing similar climatic conditions.



Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude

Earth as a whole is in thermal equilibrium, but different latitudes are not.

Moving masses of air and ocean currents transport energy from

locations with a surplus to those with a deficit. 5/1/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 4

Cell 3 South

Cold, dry air falls

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 South

Cool, dry air falls

Cell 1 South

Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain

Cell 1 North

Cool, dry air falls

Cell 2 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls

Polar cap

Arctic tundra

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

Polar cap

Evergreen coniferous forest

Temperate deciduous forest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

Equator Tropical rain forest

Tropical deciduous forest

Desert

Temperate deciduous forest and grassland

Model of global air

circulation and

biomes.

The direction of air

flow and the ascent

and descent of air

masses in

convection cells

determine the

earth’s climatic

zones.


Mountain Ice and snow

Altitude

Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)

Coniferous Forest

Tropical Forest

Deciduous Forest

Tropical Forest

Deciduous Forest

Coniferous Forest

Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)

Polar ice and snow

Latitude

Generalized effects of altitude and latitude on climate and biomes.

Parallel changes in vegetation occur when moving from the

Equator to the poles or from the lowlands to mountaintops.



DESERT BIOMES

Tropical desert (Saudi Arabia)

Polar desert (northwest China)


GRASSLAND BIOMES

Tropical grassland (savanna) (Harare, Zimbabwe)

Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska) 5/1/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 9

FOREST BIOMES

Tropical rain forest (Manaus, Brazil) Temperate deciduous forest

(Nashville, Tennessee) 5/1/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 10

AQUATIC BIOMES

Coral reefs Rivers

Lakes Mangroves

Ocean


High tide Low tide

Coastal Zone

Estuarine Zone

Continental shelf

Open Sea Sea level

Sun

Euphotic Zone

Bathyal Zone

Abyssal Zone

Depth in meters

0

50

100

200

Ph

oto

syn

the

sis

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

10,000

Dar

knes

s Tw

iligh

t


DIVERSITY is a generic term for heterogeneity. If may refer to:

1. Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species.

2. Habitat diversity is the diversity of habitats in a given unit area.

3. Species diversity

a. Species richness – total number of species.

b. Species evenness – relative abundance of each species.

c. Species dominance – the most abundant species.


Figure A and B have

the same species

richness, but

different species

evenness.

A

B


What is Biome?

A biome is a specific area characterized by the animals and plants that live within it, the climate conditions, the amount of water available, the soil conditions, and the location of the area.



• The seven main biomes that can be found all

over the world.

• The Desert, Grasslands, Temperate

Deciduous Forests, Rainforests, Taiga, and

the Tundra


CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMES

A fundamental classification of biomes is into:

• Terrestrial (land) biomes

• Freshwater biomes

• Marine biomes


Terrestrial (land) biomes

Freshwater biomes

Marine biomes


What is tropical rainforest ?

A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem usually

found around the equator,

They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa,

South America, Central America, Mexico and

on many of the Pacific Islands.



Rainforests are home to half of all the living

animal and plant species on the planet.

Tropical rain forests are called the "world's

largest pharmacy" because over one-quarter of

modern medicines originate from its plants.


DISTRIBUTION

The tropical forests are restricted to the small land

area between the latitudes 22.5

North and 22.5

South of the equator, or in other words between

the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.

Since the majority of Earth's land is located north

of the tropics, rainforests are naturally limited to a

relatively small area.



Major Tropical rain Forest Area

CENTRAL AMERICA

THE AMAZON

AFRICA

SOUTHERN ASIA

AUSTRALASIA



CENTRAL AMERICA

Central America is famous for its large number

of tropical birds, including many kinds of

parrots

This region was once entirely covered with

rainforest, but large areas have been cleared for

cattle ranching and for sugar cane plantations.



The photograph below shows a particular ecosystem.

1.State and briefly describe the ecosystem shown in the photograph

2. State whether you would expect ecosystems of the type shown in the

photograph to have a low, medium or high level of abiotic factors.


THE AMAZON

The Amazon is the world's largest and most famous

rainforest.

The Amazon is home to more species of plants and animals than any other ecosystem on the planet and perhaps 30% of the world's species are found there.

American rainforests are most threatened today with large-scale agriculture (especially soybeans), clearing for cattle pasture, subsistence agriculture by poor farmers, and logging.






AFRICA Central Africa holds the world's second largest

rainforest.

To the south east, the large island of Madagascar was once intensively forested, but now much of it is gone.

Africa contains areas of high cloud forest, mangrove swamps and flooded forests.

The island of Madagascar is home to many unique plants and animals not found anywhere else.




SOUTHERN ASIA

• The rainforests of Asia stretch from India and Burma in the west to Malaysia and the islands of Java and Borneo in the east.

•

• In Southeast Asia the climate is hot and humid all year round. In the mainland Asia it has a subtropical climate with torrential monsoon rains followed by a drier period.








What is Freshwater Biome? The freshwater biome is a low-saline, or sweet

water, aquatic biome that covers one fifth of the earth's surface.

Streams, rivers, swamps, bogs, ponds, lakes, ditches, puddles, and canals comprise the tributaries of the freshwater biome.

Animals and plants in this biome might reside along the bank, beneath open water, on the surface of the water, or move between water and an adjacent biome.



TYPES OF FRESHWATER

• There are 3 different types of freshwater regions:

Ponds and Lakes

Streams and Rivers

Wetlands



These regions range in size from just a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers. Scattered throughout the earth.

Many ponds are seasonal, lasting just a couple of months.

Ponds and lakes may have limited species diversity since they are often isolated from one another and from other water sources like rivers and oceans.





http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Botanischer_Garten_Zollikerstrasse_NEUERNAME_20080910_017.jpg




For the organism you have chosen, describe and evaluate a method for estimating

its abundance. 5/1/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 56


STREAMS & RIVERS


Streams and rivers

These are bodies of flowing water moving in

one direction.

Streams and rivers can be found everywhere

— they get their starts at headwaters, which

may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and

then travel all the way to their mouths, usually

another water channel or the ocean.



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Butchers_creek_-_omeo13.jpg



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Stream_Uluguru_Mountains.jpg



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Marshall-county-indiana-yellow-river.jpg

Numerous aquatic green plants and algae can

be found in these bodies.

Since there is less light, there is less diversity

of flora, and because of the lower oxygen

levels, fish that require less oxygen, such as

catfish and carp, can be found.



1.Name an organism in an ecosystem that you have studied and state one abiotic

factor that might affect this organism.

Organism:

.........................................................................................................

Factor:

...............................................................................................................



Wetlands

Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants.

Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands. Plant species adapted to the very moist and humid conditions are called Hydrophytes.

These include pond lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce. Marsh flora also include such species as cypress and gum.

These support different species of animals, such as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses.









What is Marine Biome?

The marine biome includes all the water that is on the earth's surface.

The marine biome covers three fourths of the earth. There are thousands of animals and plants in the biome.

or

Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth's surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries


Marine Biomes are classified into three types.

• Coral reefs

• Estuaries

• Oceans


Oceans

The largest of all the ecosystems, oceans are very large bodies of water that dominate the Earth's surface.

The ocean regions are separated into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic.

All four zones have a great diversity of species.



The intertidal zone is where the ocean meets the land — sometimes it is submerged and at other times exposed, as waves and tides come in and out.

The pelagic zone includes those waters further from the land, basically the open ocean.

The pelagic zone is generally cold though it is hard to give a general temperature range since, just like ponds and lakes





The benthic zone is the area below the pelagic zone, but does not include the very deepest parts of the ocean

The bottom of the zone consists of sand, slit, and/or dead organisms.

The deep ocean is the abyssal zone. The water in this region is very cold (around 3

C), highly

pressured, high in oxygen content, but low in nutritional content.




















TUNDRA

• Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless plain.

• It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons.

• Dead organic material functions as a nutrient pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological fixation, and phosphorus is created by precipitation.


Biomes of the World

1. The Tundra

2. Low biotic diversity

alpine vs arctic tundra

1. Extremely cold climate

3. Simple vegetation structure 4. Permafrost limited drainage

5. Short growing season

6. Energy and nutrients in the form

of dead organic material

7. Large population oscillations





Characteristics of tundra include:

• Extremely cold climate

• Low biotic diversity

• Simple vegetation structure

• Limitation of drainage

• Short season of growth and reproduction

• Energy and nutrients in the form of dead

organic material

• Large population oscillations


• Tundra is separated into two types:

• Arctic tundra

• Alpine tundra



Arctic tundra

• Arctic tundra is located in the northern

hemisphere, encircling the north pole and

extending south to the coniferous forests of the

taiga.

• The growing season ranges from 50 to 60 days.

• The average winter temperature is -34

C, but

the average summer temperature is 3-12

C

(37-54

F) which enables this biome to sustain

life.





• There are no deep root systems in the

vegetation of the arctic tundra, however, there

are still a wide variety of plants that are able

to resist the cold climate.

• There are about 1,700 kinds of plants in the

arctic and subarctic, and these include:

• Low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses,

liverworts, and grasses



• Animals are adapted to handle long, cold

winters and to breed and raise young quickly

in the summer.

• Animals such as mammals and birds also

have additional insulation from fat.

• Many animals hibernate during the winter

because food is not abundant.






Alpine tundra

• Alpine tundra is located on mountains

throughout the world at high altitude where

trees cannot grow.

• The growing season is approximately 180

days.

• The nighttime temperature is usually below

freezing. Unlike the arctic tundra, the soil in

the alpine is well drained.




• The plants are very similar to those of the arctic ones and include:

• tussock grasses, dwarf trees, small-leafed shrubs, and heaths

• Animals living in the alpine tundra are also well adapted:

• Mammals: pikas, marmots, mountain goats, sheep, elk

• Birds: grouselike birds

• Insects: springtails, beetles, grasshoppers, butterflies






The desert biome • Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth's

surface and occur where rainfall is less than

50 cm/year.

• Most deserts have a considerable amount of

specialized vegetation, as well as specialized

vertebrate and invertebrate animals.



• Desert biomes can be classified according to

several characteristics.

There are four major types of deserts:

• Hot and dry Desert

• Semiarid Desert

• Coastal Desert

• Cold Desert


Hot and dry desert

• Hot and dry desert present in North American

countries.

• The seasons are generally warm throughout the

year and very hot in the summer.

• The winters usually bring little rainfall.




• Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice

the solar radiation received by humid regions .

• The animals include small nocturnal (active at

night) carnivores.

• The dominant animals are burrowers and

kangaroo rats. There are also insects, arachnids,

reptiles and birds.




Semiarid Desert

• The major deserts of this type include the

• Sagebrush of Utah,

• Montana and Great Basin.

• They also include the North America,

Newfoundland, Greenland, Russia, Europe and

northern Asia.





Coastal desert

• These deserts occur in moderately cool to

warm areas is the coastal desert.

A good example is the Atacama of Chile.

• The soil is fine-textured with a moderate salt

content.



Salt bush Buckwheat bush

Little leaf horse brush






Cold desert • These deserts are characterized by cold winters

with snowfall and high overall rainfall

throughout the winter and occasionally over the

summer.

• They occur in the Antarctic, Greenland and the

Nearctic realm. They have short, moist, and

moderately warm summers with fairly long,

cold winters.


The Atacama desert is, according to NASA, National Geographic and many other

publications, the driest desert in the world


• The heaviest rainfall of the spring is usually in

April or May. In some areas, rainfall can be

heavy in autumn.

• The burrowing habit also applies to carnivores

like the badger, kit fox, and coyote.


The 10 largest deserts

Rank Desert Area (km²) Area (mi²)

1 Antarctic Desert

(Antarctica) 13,829,430 5,339,573

2 Arctic 13,700,000+ 5,300,000+

3 Sahara (Africa) 9,100,000+ 3,320,000+

4 Arabian Desert (Middle

East) 2,330,000 900,000

5 Gobi Desert (Asia) 1,300,000 500,000

6 Kalahari Desert (Africa) 900,000 360,000

7 Patagonian Desert

(South America) 670,000 260,000

8 Great Victoria Desert

(Australia) 647,000 250,000

9 Syrian Desert (Middle

East) 520,000 200,000

10 Great Basin Desert

(North America) 492,000 190,000


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert

Which is the biggest cold desert in

India siachen glacier





http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b1/Atacama_desert.jpg






The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert







http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Thar_Desert_satellite.jpg

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a

large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian

subcontinent.


The region surrounding Aravalli hills near

Ranthambore, Rajasthan


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Aravali_range_inside_Ranthambhore,_Rajasthan.jpg



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Chinkara.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/Bmw-mc.jpg


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/89/Organ-pipe-cactus.jpg


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Saguaro_Forest_-_Tucson_Arizona_-_Relic38.JPG










Ecosystem powerpoint 2

Education

rain dry air authorguru

species diversity

masses of air

specific species

raintropical deciduous

plant species

species dominance

abundant species