Economic and Social Council Study GuideTopic A: The Adverse Effects of Illegal Immigration upon the Global Economy and how to prevent itTopic B : How to Combat the Growing trade of Drugs andNarcotics GloballyBy Joseph Jung and Rishi Kumar, chairs for the ECOSOC committee of OAKMUN 2011
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Dear delegates,
It gives me a great pleasure to have you all in the first MUN of Oakridge International
School. My name is Joseph Jung, and I will be chairing Economics and Social Council.
I am a student of 12th grade of Oakridge International School, Hyderabad. I was born in
South Korea but moved to India when I was in the 5th grade. I like economics and world
history and I actively take part in formal debates like MUN, where I can display my skills in
these areas. I‟m also the Sports Captain of my school and I try to arrange as many matches
with different schools as possible both domestically and internationally, so that I can interact
with different people from different environment.
The topics for the ECOSOC are “Illegal immigration” and “Drug trade”. I thought that these
are some of the major social problems that the world is facing today and therefore I‟mlooking forward to listen to different opinions about these matters. I strongly believe that you
will not only enjoy the conference but also come across the importance of unity of nations at
the time of such crisis. I hope that OAKMUN gives you the maximum opportunity in
displaying your art of diplomacy to help you build yourself as a successful leader of India
and the world as a whole. I really look forward to meeting you all as soon as possible.
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Chapter 2: Illegal immigration in
different countries
Angola
In 2007 around 44,000 Congolese were forced to leave Angola. Since 2004, more than
400,000 illegal immigrants, almost all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have
been expelled from Angola.
Argentina
The preamble of the Constitution of Argentina states as its purpose to secure the blessings of
liberty to all men of the world who wish to dwell on Argentine soil. Furthermore, the section
25 of its Constitution states that the Federal Government shall foster European immigration,
and may not restrict, limit or burden with any tax whatsoever, the entry into the Argentine
territory of foreigners who arrive for the purpose of tilling the soil, improving industries, and
introducing and teaching arts and sciences. Although the Constitution of Argentina makes
impossible the existence of such a thing as "illegal immigration", there are in the country,
however, undocumented immigrants. Undocumented immigrants were estimated at 50,000 to
2,500,000 in the year 2001.
Bhutan
Immigration in Bhutan by Nepalese settlers (Lhotshampa) began slowly towards the end of
the 19th century. In 1985, the government passed a new Citizenship Act which clarified and
attempted to enforce the 1958 Citizenship Act to control the flood of illegal immigration.
Those individuals who could not provide proof of residency prior to 1958 were adjudged to
be illegal immigrants. In 1991-92, Bhutan expelled roughly 139,110 ethnic Nepalis, most of
whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. The United
States has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese origin
now living in U.N. refugee camps in Nepal. The Bhutanese government, even today has not
been able to sort the problem of giving citizenship to those people who are married toBhutanese, even though they have been in the country for 40 years.
Brazil
Brazil has long been part of international migration routes. In 2009, the government
estimated the number of undocumented immigrants at about 200,000 people; a Catholic
charity working with immigrants said there were 600,000 unauthorized immigrants (75,000
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Chapter 2: Major drugs which compromise the narcotics
trade in drug-prone areas
A) Heroin
At current levels, world heroin consumption (340 tons) and seizures
represent an annual flow of 430-450 tons of heroin into the global heroin market.
Of that total, opium from Myanmar and the Lao People's Democratic Republic yields
some 50 tons, while the rest, some 380 tons of heroin and morphine, is produced
exclusively from Afghan opium. While approximately 5 tons are consumed andseized in Afghanistan, the remaining bulk of 375 tons is trafficked worldwide via
routes flowing into and through the countries neighboring Afghanistan.
The Balkan and northern routes are the main heroin trafficking corridors linking
Afghanistan to the huge markets of the Russian Federation and Western Europe.
The Balkan route traverses the Islamic Republic of Iran (often via Pakistan),
Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria across South-East Europe to the Western European
market, with an annual market value of some $20 billion. The northern route runs
mainly through Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (or Uzbekistan or Turkmenistan) to
Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. The size of that market is estimated to
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Europe, ATS manufacture is mainly powder and tableted amphetamine and ecstasy
(MDMA), with methamphetamine („pervitine‟) manufactured primarily in the Czech
Republic and Slovakia, and other eastern European countries, with evidence that
manufacture is further spreading. South Africa-based manufacture is predominately
methamphetamine („tik‟) and methcathinon. Global methamphetamine laboratory counts
increased 29% in 2008 to 8,295, With the largest numbers reflected increases reported from
the United States (7,226).
Chapter 3- Consequences of the illegal drug trade- the economic
and social impacts on the countries which they plague and ways of
combating the problem.
At the core of drug consumption lie the „problem drug users‟: those who inject drugs
and/or are considered dependent, facing serious social and health consequences as a result.
Based on the global estimates of the number of cannabis, opiate, cocaine and ATS users, it is
estimated that there were between 16 and 38 million problem drug users in the world in
2008. This represents 10% to 15% of all people who used drugs that year. It can be estimated
that in 2008, globally, between 12% and 30% of problem drug users had received treatment
in the past year, which means that between 11 and 33.5 million problem drug users did not
receive treatment that year. Thus it is clear that drug users place a significant strain on
countries‟ healthcare systems, as each year, millions of dollars are used to treat drug relatedafflictions and diseases which are transmitted through drug use, such as the H.I.V virus
which is spread through infected needles which are often used by heroin addicts.
Furthermore, to prevent and discourage drug usage, governments around the world require
large amounts of funds to pay for law enforcement and prisons to correct those who frequent
drugs. Furthermore, unemployment, which can often be seen in populations of drug users
coupled with a financial burden on healthcare systems is extremely detrimental to a country‟s
economy. Research indicates that spending on treatment produces savings in terms of a
reduction in the number of crime victims, as well as reduced expenditures for the criminal
justice system. At a minimum there was a 3:1 savings rate, and when a broader calculation of
costs associated with crime, health and social productivity was taken into account, the rate of
savings to investment rose to 13:1. These savings can improve disadvantaged situations
where opportunities for education, employment and social welfare are undermined, and
increase possibilities for families to recover battered economies, thus facilitating social and
economic development. Nonetheless, huge amounts of funds are required to provide such