Economics Hindi XI 2011

1 Economics (Hindi) XI

List of members who prepared support material for Class-XI (Economics)

TEAM MEMBERS

S.No. Name School

1. Mrs. Neelam Vinayak Vice-Principal (Team Leader) G.G.S.S. Deputy Ganj,

Delhi-110006

2. Sh. S.P.S. Rathi P.G.T. (Eco.) R.P.V.V. BT-Block Shalimar Bagh, New Delhi

3. Sh. Sanjeev Kumar P.G.T. (Eco.) G.B.S.S.S. No.1, Ghonda Delhi

4. Sh. Ram Kishan Chauhan P.G.T. (Eco.) R.P.V.V., Nand Nagri Delhi-110093

5. Sh. Bharat Chand Thakur P.G.T. (Eco.) R.P.V.V., Surajmal Vihar Delhi

6. Sh. Kunwar Rovins P.G.T. (Eco.) G.B.S.S.S. No.1, Adarsh Nagar, Delhi


ECONOMICS (Code No. 30) Rationale

Economics is one of the social sciences, which has great influence on every human being. As economic life and the economy go through changes, the need to ground education in children's own experience becomes essential. While doing so, it is imperative to provide them opportunities to acquire analytical skills to observe and understand the economic realities.

At senior secondary stage, the learners are in a position to understand abstract ideas, exercise the power of thinking and to develop their own perception. It is at this stage, the learners are exposed to the rigour of the discipline of economics in a systematic way.

The economics courses are introduced in such a way that in the initial stage, the learners are introduced to the economic realities that the nation is facing today along with some basic statistical tools to understand these broader economic realities. In the later stage, the learners are introduced to economics as a theory of abstraction.

The economics courses also contain many projects and activities. These will provide opportunities for the learners to explore various economic issues both from their day-to-day life and also from issues, which are broader and invisible in nature. The academic skills mat they learn in these courses would help to develop the projects and activities. The syllabus is also expected to provide opportunities to use information and communication technologies to facilitate their learning process.

OBJECTIVES

1. Understanding of some basic economic concepts and development of economic reasoning which the learners can apply in their day-to-day life as citizens, workers and consumers.

2. Realisation of learners' role in nation building and sensitivity to the economic issues that the nation is facing today.

3. Equipment with basic tools of economics and statistics to analyse economic issues. This is pertinent for even those who may not pursue this course beyond senior secondary stage.

4. Development of understanding that there can be more than one views on any economic issue and necessary skills to argue logically with reasoning.


Class-XI

Paper-1 3 Hours 100 Marks

Part A : Statistics for Economics

1. Introduction 5 3

2. Collection, Organisation and Presentation ofData 25 12

3. Statistical Tools and Interpretation 64 30

4. Developing Projects in Economics 10 5

104 50

Part B: Indian Economic Development

5. Development Policies and Experience ( 1 947-90) 18 10

6. Economic Reforms since 1 99 1 14 8

7. Current Challenges feeing Indian Economy 60 25

8. Development experience of India-A comparison with neighbours 12 7

104 50

PART A : STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS

In this course, Ihe learners are expected to acquire skills in collection, organisation and presentation of quantitative and qualitative information pertaining to Yarious simple economic aspects systematically. It also intends to provide some basic statistical tools to analyse, and interpret any economic information and drawappropriate inferences. In this process, the learners are a!so expected to understand the behaviour of various economic data.

Unit 1: Introduction 5 Periods

What is Economics?

Meaning, scope and importance of statistics in Economics

Unit 2: Collection, Organisation and Presentation of data 25 Periods

Collection of data - sources of data - primary and secondary; how basic data is collected; methods of collecting data; Some important sources of secondary data: Census of India and National Sample Survey Organisation.

Organisation ofData: Meaning and types of variables; Frequency Distribution.

Presentation ofData: Tabular Presentation and Diagrammatic Presentation ofData: (i) Geometric forms (bar diagrams and pie diagrams), (ii) Frequency diagrams (histogram, polygon and ogive) and (iii) Arithmetic line graphs (time series graph).


Unit 3: Statistical Tools and Interpretation 64 Periods

(For all the numerical problems and solutions, the appropriate economic interpretation may be attempted. This means, the students need to solve the problems and provide interpretation for the results derived)

Measures of Central Tendency- mean (simple and weighted), median and mode

Measures of Dispersion - absolute dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation); relative dispersion (co-efficient of quartile- deviation, co-efficient of mean deviation, coefficient of variation); Lorenz Curve: Meaning and its application.

Correlation - meaning, scatter diagram; Measures of correlation - Karl Pearson's method (two variables ungrouped data) Spearman's rank correlation.

Introduction to Index Numbers - meaning, types - wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers; Inflation and index numbers.

Unit 4: Developing Projects in Economics 10 Periods

The students may be encouraged to develop projects, which have primary data, secondary data or both. Case studies of a few organisations / outlets may also be encouraged. Some of the examples of the projects are as follows (they are not mandatory but suggestive):

(i) A report on demographic structure of your neighborhood;

(u) Consumer awareness amongst households

QS) Changing prices of a few vegetables in your market

(iv) Study of a cooperative institution: milk cooperatives

The idea behind introducing this unit is to enable the students to develop the ways and means by which a project can be developed using the skills learned in the course. This includes all the steps involved in designing a project starting from choosing a title, exploring Hie information relating to the title, collection of primary and secondary data, analysing the data, presentation of the project and using various statistical tools and their interpretation and conclusion.

PART B: INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Unit 5: Development Policies and Experience (1947-90); 18 Periods

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy, etc.), industry (industrial licensing, etc,) and foreign trade.


Unit 6: Economic Reforms since 1991: 14 Periods

Need and main features - liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation;

An appraisal of LPG policies.

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy: 60 Periods

Poverty- absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment;

Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing * role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming

Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India

Employment: Formal and informal, growth and other issues: Problems and policies. Inflation: Problems and Policies

Infrastructure: Meaning-and Types: Case Studies: Energy and Health: Problems and Policies- A critical assessment;

Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects ofEconomic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming.

Unit 8: Development Experience of India: 12 Periods

A comparison with neighbours

India and Pakistan

India and China

Issues: growth, population, sectoral development and other developmental indicators.


ECONOMICS

Class XI Design of Sample Question Ppaper for March, 2012 Examination

Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks 100

The weightage to marks over different dimensions of the question paper shall be as under :

S.No. Content Unit Marks

Part-A :Statistics for Economics

1. Introduction 03

2. Collection, Organisation and presentation of data 12

3. Statistical tools and Enterpretation 30 Total - 45

Part-B :Indian Economic Development 5. Development policies and Experience (1947-90) 10

6. Economic Reforms since 1991 08

7. Current challenges facing Indian Economy 25

8. Development experience of India- A comparision with neighbours 07

Grand Total - 95

B. WEIGHTAGE TO FORM OF QUESTIONS S.No. Forms of Questions Marks for No. of Total

each Ques. Ques. Marks 1. Very short answer type (VSA) 1 10 10

2. Short answer type (SA-I) 3 9 27

3. Short Answer type (SA-II) 4 7 28

4. Long Answer type (LA) 6 5 30


C. NO. OF SECTIONS

The question paper will have two sections A and B. D. SCHEME OF OPTION

There will be no overall choice. However, there is internal choice in one question of 3 marks, one question of 4 makrs and one question of 6 marks in each section. E. WEIGHTAGE TO FORMS OF QUESTIONS

S.No. Estimated Difficulty Level of Questions Percentage

1. Easy 30

2. Average 50

3. Difficult/above overage 20

F. TYPOLOGY OF QUESTIONS

In order to asses different abilities to the subject, the question paper is likely to include open ended questions and numerical questions.


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Lej.kh; fcanq %

jkWfcUl ds vuqlkj vFkZ'kkL=k og foKku gS tks oSdfYid mi;ksxksa okys lhfer lk/uksa rFkk mn~ns';ksa ls laca/ j[kus ekuoh; O;ogkj dk vè;u djrk gSA

q nqyZHkrk ls vfHkizk; gS] oLrqvksa rFkk lalk/uksa dk mudh ekax dh rqyuk esa vHkkoA

fØ;k,a

vkfFkZd fØ;k,a vukfFkZd fØ;k,a

1- mRiknu 1- lkekftd fØ;k,a

2- miHkksx 2- /kfeZd fØ;k,a

3- fuos'k 3- jktuSfrd fØ;k,a

4- fofue; 4 /ekZFkZ fØ;k,a

5- forj.k 5- ekrk&firk dh larku ds izfr fØ;k,a

q lalk/ku (v) lhfer@nqyZHk rFkk

(c) oSdfYid mi;ksx okys gksrs gSa

q vkfFkZd fØ;k,a os fØ;k,a gSa ftudk laca/ thfodksiktZu gsrq lEifÙk ;k /u dekus ls gSA buls ubZ vk; dk ltu gksrk gS o oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds izokg esa of¼ gksrh gSA

q vukfFkZd fØ;kvksa ds varxZr mu fØ;kvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ftudk laca/ /u dekus ls ugha gksrk buls ubZ vk; dk ltu ugha gksrk uk gh oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds izokg esa of¼ gksrh gSA


vkfFkZd fØ;k,a q miHkksDrk % og vkfFkZd ,tsaV gksrk gS tks oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø; vko'drkvksa dh larqf"V

ds fy, djrk gSA

q mRiknd % tks oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk mRiknu /u dekus ds fy, djrk gSA

q lsok/kjh % ,d O;fDr tks ukSdjh djrk gS rFkk viuh lsok,a mRiknu ds dkjd ds :i esa nsrk gS vkSj osru ;k ikfjJfed izkIr djrk gS] lsok/kjh dgykrk gSA tSls vè;kidA

q lsok iznkrk % tc O;fDr Hkqxrku ysdj viuh lsok,a vafre miHkksDrk dks iznku djrk gS] lsok iznkrk dgykrk gS tSls] VSDlh pkyd] dqyh vkfn

lkaf[;dh

q la[;kRed fooj.kksa ds lqO;ofLFkr foospu dks lkaf[;dh dgrs gSaA

q lkaf[;dh dks nks izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lkaf[;dh

,dopu ds vFkZ esa cgqopu ds vFkZ esa lkaf[;dh ls vfHkizk; lkaf[;dh dk rkRi;Z lkaf[;dh fof/;ksa ls gS ^Ô;ofLFkr :i ls laxzfgr tSls vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu] la[;kRed rF;ksa ls gSA** laxBu] izLrqrhdj.k] fo'ys"k.k o fuoZpuA

lkaf[;dh dk ks=k izkphu dky esa lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx dsoy jktkvksa kjk viuk iz'kklu pykus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk Fkk ysfdu vkt ds ;qx esa lkaf[;dh dk egRo c<+ x;k gS rFkk mu lHkh ks=kksa rd tgka la[;kRed rF;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] esa bldk izlkj gks x;k gS tSls vFkZ'kkL=k] m|ksx] okf.kT;] HkkSfrd 'kkL=k] jlk;u 'kkL=k vkfnA

ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk ,slk dksbZ ks=k ugha gS tgka lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx u gksrk gksA


lkaf[;dh dk vFkZ'kkL=k esa egRo 1- ;g vFkZ'kkL=kh dks vkfFkZd rF;ksa dks ;FkkrFkk fuf'pr :i esa izLrqr djus ;ksX; cukrk gSA

2- vk¡dM+ksa ds lewg dks dqN la[;kRed ekiksa ds :i esa lafkIr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

3- lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx fofHkUu vkfFkZd dkjdksa ds chp laca/ksa dks Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

4- vFkZ'kkL=kh la[;kRed vè;;uksa ds kjk vkfFkZd Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa lke gksrs gSaA

5- lkaf[;dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSa ftuls vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk lek/ku gks ldrk gSA

6- iwoZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeksa dh lehkk djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

lkaf[;dh ds dk;Z 1- lakf[;dh tfVyrk dks ljy cukrh gSA

2- lkaf[;dh rF;ksa dks la[;k ds :i esa izdV djrh gSA

3- lkaf[;dh leadks dks lafkIr :i esa izLrqr djrh gSA

4- lkaf[;dh fofHkUu leadks esa rqyuk ,oa muesa laca/ LFkkfir djrh gSA

5- lkaf[;dh uhfr fu/kZj.k esa lgk;d gSA

6- lkaf[;dh vkfFkZd iwokZuqeku esa lgk;d gSA

lkaf[;dh dh lhek,a 1- lkaf[;dh O;fDrxr bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u ugha djrhA

2- lkaf[;dh; fu"d"kZ Hkze mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA

3- lkaf[;dh dsoy la[;kRed rF;ksa dk vè;;u djrh gSA

4- lkaf[;dh fu;e dsoy vkSlru lR; gksrs gSaA

5- lkaf[;dh dk mi;ksx dsoy fo'ks"kKksa kjk gh laHko gSA

6- leadksa dh ,d:irk rFkk ltkrh;rk vko';d gSA


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,d vad okys iz'u

1- vFkZ'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

2- nqyZHkrk dk D;k vFkZ gS\

3- cgqopu esa lkaf[;dh dk vFkZ crkb,A

4- ,dopu esa lkaf[;dh dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

5- lkaf[;dh dh ,d lhek crkb,A

6- vkfFkZd fØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gks\

7- vukfFkZd fØ;k,a D;k gksrh gSa\

8- lkaf[;dh dk dksbZ ,d dk;Z fyf[k,A

9- miHkksDrk dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

10- mRiknd dkSu gksrk gS\

rhu vad okys iz'u

1- ^lsok/kjh* rFkk ^lsok iznkrk* 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k dhft, rFkk izR;sd dk ,d&,d mnkgj.k Hkh nhft,A

2- orZeku le; esa lkaf[;dh ds ks=k dks le>kb,A

3- vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh ds egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- êk=kkRed* rFkk ^xq.kkRed* vk¡dM+ksa esa varj crkb, rFkk izR;sd dk ,d&,d mnkgj.k Hkh fyf[k,A

5- mRiknu] miHkksx o forj.k vkfFkZd fØ;k,a gSa] o.kZu dhft,A

6- vki vFkZ'kkL=k dk vè;;u D;ksa djuk pkgrs gSa\ dkj.k crkb,A

7- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lh fØ;k vkfFkZd fØ;k gS\ dkj.k Hkh fyf[k,A

d) unh ds fdukjs ls jsr dks 'kgj rd igqapkukA

[k) 'kknh ds lekjksg esa 'kkfey gksukA

x) ekrk&firk dk muds cPpksa dks I;kj djukA


8- fuEufyf[kr esa vukfFkZd fØ;k dks igpkfu, rFkk dkj.k Hkh fyf[k,A

d) lekpkj i=kksa dh NikbZ djus ds fy, NikbZ e'khu dk mRiknuA

[k) gkfLiVy esa MkWDVj dh lsokA

x) fu%'kqYd fpfdRlk dsUæ dh LFkkiuk

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- vFkZ'kkL=k ,sls fo"k; dk vè;;u gS ftlesa euq"; o lekt oSdfYid mi;ksx okys lhfer lalk/uksa ls pquko kjk viuh vlhfer vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V djrs gSaA

2- nqyZHkrk ls vfHkizk; gS] oLrqvksa rFkk lalk/uksa dk mudh ekax dh rqyuk esa vHkkoA

3- cgqopu esa lkaf[;dh ls rkRi;Z ^Ô;ofLFkr :i ls lax`ghr la[;kRed rF;ksa ls gSA**

4- ,dopu esa lkaf[;dh ls vfHkizk; lkaf[;dh; fof/;ksa ls gS tSls vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu] laxBu] izLrqrhdj.k] fo'ys"k.k o fuoZpuA

5- lkaf[;dh dsoy ek=kkRed rF;ksa dk vè;;u djrh gSA

6- os fØ;k,a tks ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V ds fy, nqyZHk lalk/uksa ds iz;ksx ls lacaf/r gSa vkfFkZd fØ;k,a dgykrh gSA

7- vukfFkZd fØ;k,a os fØ;k,a gksrh gSa ftudk dksbZ vkfFkZd igyw ugha gksrk gS vFkkZr~ /u dekus ls budk dksbZ laca/ ugha gksrk gSA

8- lkaf[;dh vk¡dM+ksa dks laxfBr :i esa izLrqr djrh gSA

9- miHkksDrk og vkfFkZd ,tsaV gksrk gS tks oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk Ø; vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V ds fy, djrk gSA

10- O;fDr ;k laLFkk tks oLrq o lsokvksa dk mRiknu@fcØh /u dekus ds fy, djrk gSA mRiknd dgykrk gSA


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vè;k;&2

(v) vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu q lkaf[;dh; vuqla/ku ds fy, vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu lcls izFke ,oa izeq[k dk;Z gSA

vk¡dM+ksa ds Ïksr

vkarfjd Ïksr ckg~; Ïksr

izkFkfed Ïksr frh;d Ïksr

1- izdkf'kr Ïksr

2- vizdkf'kr Ïksr

izkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa dks ladyu dh fof/;ka 1- izR;k O;fDrxr lkkkRdkj

2- vizR;k O;fDrxr lkkkRdkj

3- VsyhiQksu lkkkRdkj

4- Mkd kjk iz'ukoyh

5- izx.kdks kjk iz'ukoyh Hkjuk

6- laoknnkrkvksa ls izkIr lwpuk


frh;d vk¡dM+ksa ds Ïksr

izdkf'kr Ïksr vizdkf'kr Ïksr 1- ljdkjh izdk'ku dqN vk¡dM+s vizdkf'kr 2- v/Z'kkldh; izdk'ku :i esa dk;kZy;ksa dh 3- desVh vkSj vk;ksxksa ds izdk'ku iQkbyksa o fjdkMZ esa 4- futh izdk'ku tSls& miyC/ gksrs gSa

& nSfud vkSj lekpkj i=k vko';drk iM+us ij & vuqla/ku laLFkku bUgsa Hkh iz;ksx esa & O;kikfjd laLFkku yk;k tk ldrk gSA

5- varjkZ"Vªh; izdk'ku

iz'ukoyh dks rS;kj djrs le; è;u esa j[kus ;ksX; izeq[k fcanq d) vUos"kd dk ifjp; rFkk vUos"k.k ds mn~ns'; dk fooj.kA

[k) iz'uksa dh mi;qDr la[;kA

x) iz'u NksVs o Li"V gksus pkfg,A

?k) iz'uksa dk Øe rdZlaxr gksuk pkfg,A

Ä) lwpdksa ds fy, fuf'pr funsZ'kA

p) iz'uksa ds mÙkj ds fy, mfpr LFkkuA

N) vuqla/ku ls gh lacaf/r iz'uA

t) O;fDrxr iz'u ugha iwNus pkfg,A

>) x.kuk okys iz'uksa dh vogsyukA

izfrn'kZ dh fof/;ka

nSo izfrn'kZ ;k vnSo izfrn'kZ ;k ;kn`fPNd izfrn'kZ v;kn`fPNd izfrn'kZA

d) ljy ;k fuckZ/ nSo izfrn'kZ d) lfopkj izfrn'kZ [k) izfrc¼ nSon'kZ [k) dksVk izfrn'kZ

& Lrfjr izfrn'kZ x) lqfo/kuqlkj izfrn'kZ & O;ofLFkr izfrn'kZ & lewg izfrn'kZ


q lax.kuk losZk.k % vUos"k.k dh bl fof/ esa lexz dh izR;sd bdkbZ dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

q izfrn'kZ losZk.k % vUos"k.k dh bl fof/ esa lexz dh dqN izfrfuf/ bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

q tula[;k ;k lexz % lkaf[;dh esa fdlh fo"k; ls lacaf/r lHkh enksa ds ml lewg dks tula[;k ;k lexz dgk tkrk gS ftlds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djuh gksrh gSA

q izfrn'kZ % vk¡dM+ksa dk ,slk NksVk lewg tks fdlh lexz dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS rFkk fu"d"kZ mlh ds vk/kj ij fudkys tkrs gSaA

q izfrp;u =kqfV;k¡ % izfrp;u =kqfV;k¡ izfrn'kZ vkadyu rFkk lef"V fo'ks"k ds okLrfod ewY; ds chp dk varj izdV djrh gSA

q vizfrp;u =kqfV;k¡ % ;s =kqfV;k¡ tux.kuk fof/ o (;k) izfrn'kZ fof/ kjk ladfyr vk¡dM+ksa esa ik;h tk ldrh gSaA

izfrp;u =kqfV;k¡ vizfrp;u =kqfV;k¡

1- ikikr iw.kZ =kqfV;k¡ 1- vkadM+k vtZu esa =kqfV;k¡ 2- vikikr iw.kZ =kqfV;k¡ 2- vuqÙkj laca/h =kqfV;k¡

3- ekiu =kqfV;k¡

q izk;ksfxd losZk.k % iz'ukoyh rS;kj djus ds mijkar dqN lwpdksa ij igys gh ijhk.k dj ysuk pkfg, rkfd deh gksus ij iz'ukokyh esa vko';drkuqlkj lalks/u o ifjorZu fd;k tk ldsA

q izkFkfed vk¡dM+s % vuqla/ku dh fØ;k esa ewy :i esa ,d=k fd, x, vk¡dM+s izkFkfed vk¡dM+s dgykrs gSaA

;s vk¡dM+s vuqla/ku drkZ kjk Lo;a ;k mlds kjk fu;qDr izx.kdksa kjk ,d=k fd, tkrs gSaA

q frh;d vk¡dM+s % ;s vk¡dM+s fdlh nwljs mn~ns'; ds fy, fdlh vU; laLFkk kjk lax`fgr rFkk la'kksf/r fd, gq, gksrs gSaA


Hkkjrh; tux.kuk rFkk jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZk.k laxBu CENSUS OF INDIA AND NSSO

q Hkkjrh; tu.kxuk ns'k dh tu lkaf[;dh; fLFkfr ls lacaf/r iw.kZ tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA

q jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZk.k laxBu dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj kjk lkekftd&vkfFkZd eqn~nksa ij (tSls jkstxkj] f'kkk] ekrRo f'k'kq ns[kHkky] lkoZtfud forj.k foHkkx dk mi;ksx vkfn) jk"Vªh; Lrj ds losZk.k ds fy, dh xbZ gSA

q NSSO kjk lax`fgr vk¡dM+s le;≤ ij fofHkUu fjiksVks± ,oa bldh =kSekfld if=kdk ^^losZk.k** esa izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA

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,d vad okys iz'u

1- izkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa ls vki D;k le>rs gks\

2- frh;d vk¡dM+ksa dk vFkZ crkb,A

3- lkaf[;dh esa ^tula[;k* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4- îzfrn'kZ* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

5- izfrn'kZ =kqfV;k¡ fdUgsa dgrs gSa\

6- vizfrn'kZ =kqfV;k¡ D;k gksrh gSa\

7- ml lkaf[;dh; fof/ dk uke fy[kks tks de [kphZyh gks rFkk ftlesa le; dh Hkh cpr gksA

8- eku yhft, ,d dkk esa 10 foFkkFkhZ gSaA muesa ls dsoy rhu dk pquko djuk gSA crkb, blds fy, fdrus izfrn'kZ cuk, tk ldrs gSaA

9- NSSO dk iwjk uke fyf[k,A

rhu@pkj vad okys iz'u

1- izkFkfed rFkk frh;d vk¡dM+ksa esa varj Li"V dhft,A

2- tux.kuk fof/ dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

3- izfrn'kZ fof/ dh rhu dfe;ka crkb,A


4- izfrn'kZ =kqfV;k¡ rFkk vizfrn'kZ =kqfV;ksa esa varj fyf[k,A

5- tux.kuk fof/ ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ fdu fLFkfr;ksa esa bl fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\

6- ;kn`fPNd izfrn'kZ D;k gksrk gS le>kb,A

7- ^lexz* rFkk îzfrn'kZ* dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k, rFkk mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

8- Hkkjr dh tux.kuk frh;d vk¡dM+ksa dk eq[; Ïksr gSA o.kZu dhft,A

9- izk;ksfxd losZk.k fdls dgrs gSa\ bldh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

N% vad okys iz'u

1- iz'ukoyh ls vki D;k le>rs gks\ ,d vPNh iz'ukoyh dh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

2- vk¡dM+s ladyu dh ^tux.kuk fof/* rFkk îzfrn'kZ fof/* esa varj Li"V dhft,A

3- jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZk.k laxBu D;k gS\ blds D;k&D;k dk;Z gSa\ fyf[k,A

4- fo'oluh;rk] le; vkSj ykxr ds lanHkZ esa tux.kuk rFkk izfrn'kZ fof/;ksa dh rqyuk dhft,A

5- lkkkRdkj fof/ rFkk Mkd iz'ukoyh fof/ kjk izkFkfed vk¡dM+s ,d=k djds xq.k o nks"k fyf[k,A


;wfuV&2


1- izkFkfed vk¡dM+s os ekSfyd vk¡dM+s gksrs gSa ftUgsa vuqla/kudrkZ ;k mlds kjk fu;qDr izx.kd Lo;a ,d=k djrs gSaA

2- os vk¡dM+s ftUgsa vuqla/kudrkZ fdlh vU; laLFkk kjk igys ls ,df=kr fd, x, vk¡dM+ksa ls izkIr djrk gS] frh;d vk¡dM+s dgykrs gSaA

3- lkaf[;dh esa fdlh fo"k; ls lacaf/r lHkh enksa ds ml lewg dks tula[;k ;k lexz dgk tkrk gS ftlds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djuh gksrh gSA

4- izfrn'kZ vk¡dM+ksa dk ,slk NksVk lewg gS tks fdlh lexz dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS rFkk fu"d"kZ mlh ds vk/kj ij fudkys tkrs gSaA

5- izfrn'kZ =kqfV;k¡] izfrn'kZ vkadyu rFkk lef"V fo'ks"k ds okLrfod ewY; ds chp dk varj izdV djrh gSA

6- izfrn'kZ =kqfV;k¡ os =kqfV;k¡ gSa tks tux.kuk fof/ rFkk (;k) izfrn'kZ fof/ kjk ladfyr vk¡dM+ksa esa ik;h tkrh gSa tSls ekiu laca/h =kqfV;k¡A

7- izfrn'kZ losZk.k

8- 10 fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ls dsoy 3 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk pquko nSo izfrn'kZ fof/ kjk tSls nSo la[;k lkj.kh ;k ykVjh fof/ ls dj ldrs gSaA izfrn'kZ dh dqy la[;k 120 gksxhA

9- NSSO dk iwjk uke jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZk.k laxBu gSA


;wfuV&2

vè;k;&3

(c) vk¡dM+ksa dk laxBu rFkk izLrqfrdj.k

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q vk¡dM+ksa dks ljy] lafkIr rFkk O;ofLFkr <ax ls izLrqr djus dh fof/;ka vFkok fØ;kvksa dks vk¡dM+ksa dk O;fLFkfrdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

q ,df=kr vk¡dM+ksa dks mudh lekukrk rFkk vlekurkvksa ds vk/kj ij foHkUu oxks± o lewgksa esa foHkkftr djuk oxhZdj.k dgykrk gSA

oxhZdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a

Li"Vrk O;kidrk ltkrh;rk vuqdwyrk ykspnkj fLFkjrk

q pj fdlh rF; dh og fo'ks"krk gS ftls la[;kRed :i esa ekik tk ldrk gSA

q fdlh oxZ fo'ks"k ls lecaf/r enksa dh la[;k dks oxZ vkofÙk dgk tkrk gSA

q os pj tks ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa gksrs gSa vkSj tks lkekU;r% fHkUukRed ugha gksrs fofoDr pj dgykrs gSaA

q lrr~ pj os pj gSa tks ekin.Mksa dh bdkb;ksa esa gksrs gSa vkSj vusd oxks± esa foHkDr fd, tk ldrs gSaA bUgsa fHkUukRed :i esa Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

q vuqla/kudrkZ kjk vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ,d=k fd, x, vk¡dM+s 'kq¼ vk¡dM+s dgykrs gSaA ;s vO;ofLFkr :i esa gksrs gSaA

q og Ja[kyk ftlesa ml oxZ dh lHkh vkofÙk;ka 'kkfey dh tkrh gSa vFkkZr~ oxZ dh mQijh lhek dk ewY; Hkh mlh oxZ esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS rks bls lekos'kh Ja`[kyk dgk tkrk gSA


q viothZ Ja[kyk % og Jà[kyk ftlesa ,d oxZ dh mQijh lhek vxys oxZ dh fupyh lhek gksrh gSA

q lkj.kh;u % ;g ladfyr vk¡dM+ksa ds izLrqrhdj.k dh ,slh fof/ gS ftlesa vk¡dM+ksa dks LrEHkksa (dkWyeksa) rFkk iafDr;ksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

q lkjf.k;ksa ds izdkj

mn~ns';kuqlkj ekSfydrkuqlkj cukoV ds vuqlkj

q lkj.kh dh fo'ks"krk,a

vuqdwy 'kh"kZd

rqyuk esa lgk;d

vkn'kZ vkdkj

iafDr 'kh"kZd

enksa dh O;oLFkk

izfr'kr rFkk vuqikr

ljyrk

leadksa ds Ïksr vkfn

q n.M vkjs[k % vk¡dM+ksa dks izLrqr djus okyk ,slk fp=k gS ftlesa vk¡dM+s n.M o vk;rksa ds :i esa izdV fd, tkrs gSaA

q fp=ke; izn'kZu ds xq.k@ykHk

l;adksa dks ljy cukrs gSa

vkd"kZd

vf/d le; rd izHkko

rqyukRed vè;;u esa mi;ksxh

q mifoHkkftr n.M vkjs[k % ,slk n.M vkjs[k gS tks fdlh rF; ds dqy ewY; rFkk mifoHkktu dks izLrqr djrk gSA

q o`Ùkh; vkjs[k % bls dks.kh; fp=k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,slk fp=k gS ftlesa oÙk dks fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vk¡dM+ksa ds izfr'kr] lkisk o dks.kh; ewY;ksa ds vk/kj ij ckaVk tkrk gSA


q vk;r fp=k % enksa rFkk mudh vkofÙk;ksa dks vk;r ds :i iznf'kZr djds cuk;k x;k fp=k vk;r fp=k dgykrk gSA budk fuekZ.k dsoy lrr~ Ja[kyk ds vk¡dM+ksa dks iznf'kZr djus gsrq gh laHko gksrk gSA

q vko`fÙk cgqHkqt % vk;r fp=k ds lHkh vk;rksa ds 'kh"kZ ds eè;&fcUnqvksa dks ljy js[kk kjk feykdj cuk;k x;k oØ cgqHkqt dgykrk gSA

q vko`fÙk oØ % ;g vkofÙk cgqHkqt oØ dk og ljyre :i gS ftls vk;rfp=k ds lHkh vk;rksa ds 'kh"kZ ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks eqDr gLr jhfr kjk js[kk [khapdj cuk;k tkrk gSA

q vkstkbo (rksj.k ;k lap;h vko`fÙk) oØ % vkstkbo oØ lap;h vkofÙk;ksa (ls de] ls vf/d) dks vafdr djds cuk;k tkrk gSA


,d vad okys iz'u

1- vk¡dM+ksa ds O;ofLFkfrdj.k ls D;k vfHkiz;k gS\

2- oxhZdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

3- vk¡dM+ksa dh ltkrh;rk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

4- xq.kkRed oxhZdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

5- 'kq¼ vk¡dM+ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

6- fofoDr ;k [kf.Mr Jà[kyk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

7- viothZ Jà[kyk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- ,d oxZ dh mQijh lhek dk ewY; Hkh ;fn mlh oxZ esa 'kkfey fd;k tk, rks ,slh Jà[kyk dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\

9- vkofÙk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

10- oxZ foLrkj ;k oxkZUrj dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A

11- lkj.kh;u ls D;k vfHkizk; gSA

12- lkj.kh ds varxZr ks=k ;k dysoj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

13- cgqxq.kh lkj.kh ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

14- n.M vkjs[k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

15- mifoHkkftr n.M vkjs[k ;k varfoZHkDr n.M vkjs[k dks ikfjHkkf"kr dhft,A

16- oÙkh; vkjs[k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

17- vk;r fp=k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

18- vkofÙk oØ fdls dgk tkrk gS\

19- vk;r fp=k ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks ljy js[kk kjk feykdj cuk, x, fp=k dks fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

20- vkstkbo (rksj.k) oØ dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

21- df=ke vk/kj js[kk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\


rhu@pkj vad okys iz'u

1- vk¡dM+ksa ds oxhZdj.k ds izeq[k mn~ns'; fyf[k,

2- vkn'kZ oxhZdj.k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- [kf.Mr rFkk v[kf.Mr pjksa dks mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

4- oxhZdj.k ds dksbZ rhu egRo fyf[k,A

5- vkn'kZ lkj.kh dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

6- lkj.kh;u izLrqrhdj.k ds izeq[k [email protected] fyf[k,A

7- oÙkh; vkjs[k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS blds fuekZ.k dh jpuk fof/ fyf[k,A

8- lkj.kh;u o fp=ke; izn'kZu ds chp dksbZ rhu varj fyf[k,A

9- fuEufyf[kr leadksa ls ,d vkofÙk forj.k cukb,A

vlfEefyr jhfr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, igyk oxZ 100&110 fyf[k,A

125 108 112 126 110 113 136 130 149 155

120 130 126 138 125 132 119 125 140 148

145 137 144 150 142 150 137 132 166 154

10- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa dks cgqxq.kh n.M vkjs[k kjk izLrqr dhft,&

o"kZ izFke Js.kh frh; Js.kh ikl 2007 40 80 130 2008 80 100 120 2009 100 120 180

11- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kj ij ,d ifjokj ds miHkksx O;; dks oÙkh; fp=k dh lgk;rk ls izLrqr dhft,A

ensa O;; (#i;ksa esa) oL=k 1600 Hkkstu 2400 f'kkk 1000 fctyh 1500 vU; 2500


12- fuEu leadksa esa 4 dk oxkZUrj ysdj vkofÙk forj.k cukb,A forj.k cukrs le; lekos'kh jhfr dk iz;ksx dhft,A

10 17 15 22 16 11 19 24 29 18 25 26 32 14 20 17 23 27 30 19 15 18 24 35 15 18 21 28 33 18 34 13 10 16 22 20 29 19 23 31

13- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls vk;r fp=k cukb,A

vad fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 30&35 10 35&40 24 40&45 30 45&50 44 50&55 28 55&60 22 60&65 14 65&70 8

14- fo|ky; fuekZ.k ykxr ds vk¡dM+ksa dks oÙkh; vkjs[k kjk izLrqr dhft,A

ensa izfr'kr O;; etnwjh 15 b±Vsa 20 ydM+h 5 jax jksxu 10 bLikr 25 lhesaV 12 fujhk.k 7 vU; 6


5@6 vad okys iz'u

1- vkn'kZ lkj.kh ds izeq[k Hkkxksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2- vkn'kZ lkj.kh dk fuekZ.k djrs le; j[kh tkus okyh izeq[k lko/kfu;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls ls de* rFkk ls vf/d* vkstkbo (rksj.k) oØ cukb,A

vad Nk=kksa dh la[;k 0&10 20 10&20 14 20&30 24 30&40 26 40&50 28 50&60 38 60&70 40 70&80 10

4- fuEu vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls vk;r fp=k rFkk vkofÙk cgqHkqt cukb,A

vad Nk=kksa dh la[;k 30&35 10 35&40 12 40&45 20 45&50 26 50&55 38 55&60 28 60&65 18 65&70 12



1- vk¡dM+ksa dks ljy] lafkIr rFkk O;ofLFkr <ax ls izLrqr djus dh fof/;ksa dks vk¡dM+ksa dk O;ofLFkrhdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

2- ,df=kr vk¡dM+ksa dks mudh lekurk] fo'ks"krkvksa o vlekurkvksa ds vk/kj ij fofHkUu oxks± o lewgksa esa foHkkftr djuk oxhZdj.k dgykrk gSA

3- fdlh oxZ dh lHkh bdkb;ksa esa xq.k ds vk/kj ij lekurk vk¡dM+ksa dh ltkrh;rk dgykrh gSA

4- vk¡dM+ksa dk oxhZdj.k tc muds xq.kksa] fo'ks"krkvksa vFkok izdfr ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS rks bls xq.kkRed oxhZdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

5- vuqla/kudrkZ kjk vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ,d=k fd, x, vk¡dM+s 'kq¼ vk¡dM+s gksrs gSaA ;s vO;ofLFkr :i esa gksrs gSaA

6- izR;sd en ds fuf'pr eki dks Li"V :i ls izLrqr djus okyh Ja[kyk fofoDr Ja[krk dgykrh gSA

7- og Jà[yk ftlesa ,d oxZ dh mQijh lhek nwljs oxZ dh fupyh lhek gksrh gS mls viothZ Jà[kyk dgk tkrk gSA

8- lekos'kh Jà[kykA

9- en dh vkofÙk ls vfHkizk; lewg esa en dh iqujkofÙk dh la[;k ls gSA

10- fdlh oxZ dh mPpre rFkk fuEure lhek ds vUrj dks oxZ foLrkj ;k oxZ vUrjky dgk tkrk gSA

11- ;g ladfyr vk¡dM+ksa dks izLrqr djus dh ,slh fof/ gS ftlesa vk¡dM+ksa dks LrEHkksa (dkWye) rFkk iafDr;ksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

12- ks=k ;k dysoj lkj.kh dk og Hkkx gS ftlesa lHkh lwpuk,a fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA

13- vk¡dM+ksa dh rhu ls vf/d fo'ks"krkvksa dks iznf'kZr djus okyh lkj.kh cgqxq.kh lkj.kh dgykrh gSA

14- n.M vkjs[k ,slk oØ gS ftlesa vk¡dM+s n.M o vk;rksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

15- mifoHkkftr n.M fp=k ,slk vkjs[k gS tks fdlh rF; ds dqy ewY; rFkk mifoHkktu dks izLrqr djrk gSA

16- bls dks.kh; vkjs[k Hkh dgk tkrk gS ;g ,slk oØ gS ftlesa oÙk dks fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vk¡dM+ksa ds izfr'kr] lkisk o dks.kh; ewY;ksa ds vk/kj ij ckaVk tkrk gSA


17- vk;r fp=k enksa rFkk mudh vkofÙk;ksa dks vk;r ds :i esa iznf'kZr djds cuk;k tkrk gSA

18- vkofÙk oØ vkofÙk cgqHkqt oØ dk og ljyre :i gS ftls vk;r fp=k ds lHkh vk;rksa ds 'kh"kZ ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks eqDr gLr jhfr kjk js[kk [khapdj cuk;k tkrk gSA

19- vkofÙk cgqHkqt

20- vkstkbo oØ lap;h vkofÙk;ksa (ls de] ls vf/d) dks vafdr djds cuk;k tkrk gSA

21- 'kwU; rFkk pj ds U;wure ewY; esa ;fn cgqr vf/d varj gks rks bl varj dks de djus ds fy, df=ke vk/kj js[kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA


;wfuV&3

(lkaf[;dh; midj.k vkSj fuopZu)

vè;k;&4

dsUæh; izo`fÙk dk eki

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q dsUæh; izofÙk og ,dd la[;kRed eku gS tks vk¡dM+ksa ds iwjs lewg dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA

q fdlh lead Js.kh ds lHkh ewY;ksa ds ;ksx dks mldh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ls izkIr gksus okyh

la[;k dks lekUrj eè; dgrs gSaA lw=k ds :i esa X X N

q tc fdlh Jà[kyk ds lHkh enksa dks leku egRo fn;k tkrk gS rks mls ljy lekUrj eè; dgrs gSa vkSj ;fn Jà[kyk ds fofHkUu enksa dks muds rqyukRed egRo ds vuqlkj Hkkj fn;k tkrk gS rks mls Hkkfjr ekè; dgrs gSaA

q fdlh Js.kh dks vkjksgh vFkok vojksgh Øe ls O;oLFkfr djus ij] Js.kh ds eè; esa fLFkr ewY; eè;dk dgykrk gSA

q tc fdlh lead Js.kh dks nks ls vf/d Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS rks bu ekuksa dks foHkktu ewY; dgrs gSaA

q og ewY; tks Js.kh dks pkj cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaVrk gS mls prqFkZd dgrs gSaA

q Js.kh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaVus ij igys prqFkZd dks fuEu prqFkZd ;k izFke prqFkZd (Q 1 ) dgrs gSaA blh izdkj rhljs prqFkZd dks mPp prqFkZd ;k rrh; prqFkZd (Q 3 ) dgrs gSaA

q og ewY; tks Jà[kyk esa lcls vf/d ckj vkrk gS] mls cgqyd dgrs gSaA


q vkSlrksa ds eq[; mn~ns'; ,oa dk;Z i) vk¡dM+ksa dk lafkIr fooj.k ii) lewgksa dh rqyuk iii) uhfr fu/kZj.k esa lgk;d iv) lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dk vk/kj v) lewg dk izfrfuf/ ewY;

q vPNs vkSlr ds vko';d rRo& i) ljy rFkk le>us ;ksX; gksA ii) x.kuk vklkuh ls dh tk ldsA iii) ifjHkk"kk fLFkj ,oa Li"V gksA iv) Js.kh ds lHkh enksa ij vk/kfjr gksA v) fuf'pr la[;k esa O;Dr gksA vi) izfrn'kZ ds ifjorZuksa ls cgqr de izHkkfor gksA vii) chtxf.krh; mi;ksx laHko gksA

q lekUrj ekè; ds xq.k& i) x.kuk esa ljyrk ii) lekUrj ekè; dk eku fuf'pr iii) lHkh ewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr iv) chtxf.krh; mi;ksx laHko v) rqyuk dk vk/kj vi) 'kq¼rk dh tkap laHko

q lekUrj ekè; ds nks"k& i) lhekUr ewY;ksa dk izHkko ii) lekUrj ekè; dk eku Js.kh ls vyx iii) nj] izfr'kr] vuqikr vkfn ds fy, vuqi;qDr iv) xyr fu"d"kZ laHko v) xq.kkRed fo'ys"k.k esa mi;ksxh ughaA


q ekè;dk ds xq.k& i) dsUæh; izofÙk dk ljy eki ii) lhekar ewY;ksa ls izHkkfor ugha iii) viw.kZ rF;ksa esa Hkh laHko iv) xzkiQh; izn'kZu laHko v) eè;dk dk eku fuf'pr

q ekè;dk ds nks"k& i) Js.kh ds lHkh ewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr ugha ii) chtxf.krh; mi;ksx laHko ugha iii) vkjksgh vojksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus esa vf/d le; iv) vk¡dM+ksa ds enksa ds mrkj&p<+ko ls vf/d izHkkfor

q cgqyd ds xq.k& i) ljy ,oa dsUnzh; izofÙk dk yksdfiz; ekid ii) vk;r fp=k dh lgk;rk ls xzkiQh; fu:i.k iii) lhekUr ekuksa dk izHkko ugha iv) Js.kh ds lHkh ekuksa dh tkudkjh vko';d ugha v) Js.kh dk lc ls vf/d izfrfuf/ eku

q cgqyd ds nks"k& i) ;g vfuf'pr rFkk vLi"V dsUnzh; izofÙk dk eki gS ii) cht xf.krh; foospu laHko ugha iii) lewghdj.k dh fof/ tfVy iv) Js.kh ds lHkh ekuksa ij vk/kfjr ugha

q ekè;] eè;dk vkSj cgqyd esa laca/&

cgqyd ¾ 3 eè;dk & 2 ekè;

q eè;dk Kkr djus dh xzkiQh; fof/&

xzkiQh; fof/ ls lap;h vkofÙk oØ kjk eè;dk dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA bldh nks fof/;ka gSa&

i) ^ls de* vFkok ^ls vf/d* fof/& eè;dk Kkr djus ds fy, vkofÙk dks ^ls de* ;k ^ls vf/d* lap;h forj.k esa cnyk tkrk gSA blds ckn ^ls de* rFkk ls vf/d


vkstkbo cukus ds fy, vk¡dM+ksa dk js[kk fp=kh; izLrqrhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA Jà[kyk

dh eè;dk la[;k

N 2 oka en fu/kZfjr djds eè;dk la[;k ls lap;h vkofÙk oØ

(vkstkbo) ij yac Mkyk tkrk gSA fiQj ml fcUnq ls X& vk ij yEc Mkydj eè;dk ewY; Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gSA

ii) ^ls de* rFkk ^ls vf/d* fof/& xzkiQ isij ij ^ls de* rFkk ^ls vf/d* lap;h vkofÙk oØ (vkstkbo) [khaps tkrs gSaA tgka ij ;s nksuksa oØ ,d nwljs dks dkVrs gSa ml fcUnq ls X&vk ij yEc Mkyk tkrk gS ;g yEc X&vk dks ftl LFkku ij feyrk gS ogh eè;dk dk eku gksrk gSA

q cgqyd dh xzkiQh; fof/ ls x.kuk&

nh gqbZ Jà[kyk dks vkofÙk vk;r fp=k esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS lcls mQapk vk;r cgqyd oxZ dks izdV djrk gSA cgqyd oxZ okys vk;r ds ,d fdukjs dks nwljs vk;r ds fdukjs ls feykrs gSaA blh izdkj cgqyd oxZ ds vk;r ds vk;r ds nwljs fdukjs dks mlds lekus okys vk;r ds fdukjs ls feykrs gSaA ;s nksuksa js[kk,a ,d nwljs dks ftl fcUnq ij dkVrh gSa ogka ls X&vk ij yEc Mkyk tkrk gSA ;g yEc ftl fcUnq ij X&vk dks feyrk gS ogh cgqyd gSA

q lekUrj ekè; Kkr djus ds lw=k&

Js.kh izR;k fof/ y?kq fof/ in fopyu fof/

O;fDrxr Js.kh X X N d

N X = A +

d' N

X = A + C

[kf.Mr Js.kh fx N

X = fd

N X = A +

fd' N

X = A + C

v[kf.Mr Js.kh fm N

X = fm

N X = A +

fd' N

X = A + C

q Hkkfjr ekè; ¾

WX W

tgka ij] WX & enksa ,oa Hkkjksa dh xq.kk dk ;ksx

W & Hkkjksa dk ;ksx


Q 3

q vf[k.Mr Js.kh esa cgqyd Kkr djus dk lw=k&

cgqyd ;k 1 0 1

1 0 2

f f Z = + C

2f f f l

tgka ij] l 1 = cgqyd oxZ dh fuEu lhek f 0 = cgqyd oxZ ls mQij okys oxZ dh vkofÙk f 1 = cgqyd oxZ dh vkofÙk f 2 = cgqyd oxZ uhps okys oxZ dh vkofÙk c = cgqyd oxZ dk oxZ vUrjky

q eè;dk rFkk foHkktu ewY; Kkr djus ds fy, lw=k&

eki O;fDrxr [kf.Mr [kf.Mr Js.kh Js.kh Js.kh

enksa dk enksa dk enksa dk lw=k vkdkj vkdkj vkdkj

eè;e N + 1 2

N + 1 2

N 2

1 2 N Cf

l C f

izFke prqFkZd N + 1 4

N + 1 4

N 4

1 4 N Cf

l C f

rrh; prqFkZd N+1 4 3 N+1

4 3 N 4 3 1

3 4 N Cf

l C f

n'ked N +1 10 1 N +1

10 1 N10 1 1

10 N Cf

l C f

'kred N +1 100 1 N +1

100 1 N 100 1 1

100 N Cf

l C f

Q 1

P 1

D 1


,d vad okys iz'u

1- dsUæh; izofÙk ls D;k vk'k; gS\

2- lekUrj ekè; fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS\

3- fdUgha nks foHkktu ewY;ksa ds uke crkvksA

4- xf.krh; vkSlr dk vFkZ crkb;sA

5- cgqyd dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

6- vkB Nk=kksa dk tsc [kpZ #- 6] 12] 18] 24] 30] 36] 42 vkSj 48 gSA ekè; dh x.kuk djksA

7- Hkkfjr ekè; Kkr djus ds fy, lw=k fyf[k;sA

8- ekè;] eè;dk vkSj cgqyd esa D;k laca/ gS\

9- fdl foHkktu ewY; dk eku vk¡dM+ksa ds fn;s x;s iwjs lewg gks pkj cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaVrk gS\

10- lkewfgd ekè; dk D;k vFkZ gS\

11- ,d twrk cukus okyh dEiuh dsoy o;Ldksa ds fy, twrs cukrh gS rFkk lcls vf/d pyus okys lkbt dk irk yxkuk pkgrh gSA dsUnzh; izofÙk dk dkSu lk eki dEiuh ds fy, lcls mi;qDr jgsxk\

12- xzkiQh; fof/ ls cgqyd Kkr djus ds fy, lkaf[;dh dh fdl xzkiQh; vkdfr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\

13- cgqyd dk dksbZ ,d nks"k crkb;sA

14- ;fn ekè; vkSj eè;dk ds eku Øe'k% 40 vkSj 48 gksa rks cgqyd dk eku Kkr djksA

15- fuEu vk¡dM+ksa ls cgqyd Kkr djks&

10] 8] 10] 6] 4] 12] 10] 8] 10] 18] 16] 10] 18] 10] 10

16- lap;h vkofÙk oØksa (vkstkbo) dh lgk;rk ls eè;dk dh x.kuk dSls dh tkrh gS\

17- fLFkfrtU; vkSlr D;k gS\

18- fdlh Js.kh esa ekè; ls fopyuksa dk ;ksx D;k gksrk gS\


3@4 vad okys iz'u

1- lkaf[;dh; ekè; ds pkj mn~ns'; Li"V djksA

2- fl¼ djks fd xf.krh; ekè; ls pjksa ds ekuksa ds fopyuksa dk ;ksx 'kwU; gksrk gSA

3- eè;dk ds xq.k fy[kksA

4- fuEu rkfydk ls eè;dk dk x.kuk djks& x 10 20 30 80 90 100 f 3 7 6 2 8 4

mÙkj ¾ 30)

5- cgqyd ds rhu xq.k Li"V djksA

6- ekè; ds pkj nks"k crkb;sA

7- 50 ifjokjksa dh vkSlr vk; #- 30]000 gSa buesa ls 12 ifjokjksa dh vkSlr vk; #- 18]000 gSA 'ks"k ifjokjksa dh vkSlr vk; dh x.kuk djksA (mÙkj 3378-95)

8- ,d vPNs vkSlr dh fo'ks"krk,sa crkb;sA

9- ,d Nk=k ds ikap fo"k;ksa ds izkIrkadksa dk ekè; 15 gSA ml Nk=k us vaxzsth esa 8] vFkZ'kkL=k esa 12] xf.kr esa 18 rFkk dkeÏ esa 9 vad izkIr fd;sA crkb;s ml Nk=k esa ikapos fo"k; lkaf[;dh esa fdrus vad izkIr fd;s\

10- Hkkfjr ekè; ls D;k vk'k; gS\ bldh x.kuk dSls dh tkrh gS\

11- rhu lkaf[;dh; vkSlrksa ds uke fy[kdj mUgsa ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

12- eè;dk rFkk cgqyd esa nks vUrj dkj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A

13- ekè; ds xq.k] nks"k rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A


5 vad okys iz'u 1- ,d dkYifud rkfydk dh lgk;rk ls in fopyu fof/ kjk lekUrj ekè; Kkr djus dh

fof/ dh O;k[;k djksA

2- dsUnzh; izofÙk dh eki ds mn~ns'; ,oa dk;ks± dk o.kZu djksA

3- lekUrj ekè; dks dsUnzh; izofÙk dk lcls yksdfiz; eki D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\

4- cgqyd ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ cgqyd Kkr djus dh fof/;ksa dh foospuk djksA

5- eè;dk dh fo'ks"krk,a] xq.k ,oa nks"k Li"V djksA

6- jkgqy us fofHkUu eSpksa esa fuEu lkfj.kh ds vuqlkj ju cuk,&

ju 5&15 15&25 25&35 35&45 45&55

vkofÙk 10 12 17 19 22

in fopyu fof/ ls juksa ds lekUrj ekè; dh x.kuk djksA

7- fuEu rkfydk esa yqIr vkofÙk Kkr djks ;fn ekè; dk eku 44-8 gks& x 20 30 40 50 60 70 f 5 \ 15 10 8 5

(mÙkj ¾ 7)

8- fuEu vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls eè;dk Kkr djks&

vad 46&50 41&45 36&40 31&35 26&30 21&25 16&20 11&15

Nk=k la[;k 3 11 22 35 26 13 10 7

(mÙkj ¾ 31-7)

9- fuEu rkfydk dh lgk;rk ls xzkiQh; fof/ kjk cgqyd dh x.kuk djksA xf.krh; lw=k dk iz;ksx djds vius mÙkj dh iqf"V djks&

O;; 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50

ikfjokj la[;k 14 23 27 21 15

(mÙkj ¾ 24)

10- xzkiQh; fof/ dk iz;ksx djds fuEu vk¡dM+ksa ls eè;dk Kkr djks&

vad 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60

Nk=k la[;k 6 11 20 12 6 5

(mÙkj ¾ 26-5)



1- dsUnzh; izofÙk og la[;kRed eku gS tks vk¡dM+ksa ds iwjs lewg dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA

2- ekè; nks izdkj dk gksrk gS& ljy ekè; ,oa Hkkfjr ekè;

3- (d) prqFkZd] ([k) n'ked] (x) 'kred

4- fdlh lead Js.kh ds lHkh ewY;ksa ds ;ksx dks mldh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ij izkIr gksus okyh la[;k dks xf.krh; ekè; dgrs gSaA

5- og ewY; tks Jà[kyk esa lcls vf/d ckj vkrk gS] mls cgqyd dgrs gSaA

6- 1 2 3 ................ X X X Xn X N

7- WX X W

8- cgqyd = 3 eè;dk & 2 ekè;

9- prqFkZd

10- tc nks ;k nks ls vf/d Jsf.k;ksa dk ekè; ,d lkFk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS rks mls lkewfgd ekè; dgrs gSaA

11- cgqyd

12- vk;r fp=k

13- cgqyd dk ,d nks"k ;g gS fd bldk chtxf.krh; foospu laHko ugha gSA

14- cgqyd = 3 eè;dk & 2 ekè; = 3 48 & 2 40 = 144&80 = 64

15- cgqyd = 10

16- fcUnq ij ^ls vf/d* rFkk ^ls de* lap;h vkofÙk oØ (vkstkbo) ,d nwljs dks dkVrs gSa ml fcUnq ls x&vk ij Mkyk x;k yEc ekè;dk dk eku crkrk gSA

17- os vkSlr ftudk eku fdlh lkaf[;dh; lkfj.kh esa mldh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA mls fLFkfrtU; vkSlr dgrs gSaA

18- 'kwU;


;wfuV&3

vè;k;&5

vifdj.k dh eki

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q fdlh Js.kh esa lekarj ekè; ls leadksa ds foLrkj ds eki dks vifdj.k dgrs gSaA

q vifdj.k dh ekisa lead Js.kh ds ewY;ksa ds chp iSQyko] fc[kjko] fopj.k'khyrk] fo'oluh;rk o ,d:irk dks tkuus o le>us dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA

q vifdj.k ds fujisk eki dks fu'fpr bdkb;ksa esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

q vifdj.k ds lkisk eki dks vuqikr ;k izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA vifdj.k dh eki

(i) (ii) (iii) foLrkj varj prqFkZd foLrkj prqFkZd&fopyu ;k

v¼Z&vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj

(iv) (v) ekè; fopyu izeki fopyu ykWjsUt oØ

1- foLrkj (Range) q fdlh Hkh Js.kh esa lcls cM+s vkSj lcls NksVs ewY; ds varj dks foLrkj dgrs gSaA

lw=k& R = L – S tgka R = foLrkj (Range)

L = lcls cM+k ewY; (Largest Value) S = lcls NksVk ewY; (Smallest Value)


foLrkj xq.kkad ¾ L S L + S

1- varj&prqFkZd foLrkj (Inter Quartile Range)

varj prqFkZd foLrkj rrh; prqFkZd ,oe~ izFke prqFkZd dk varj gksrk gSA

vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj = Q 3 – Q 1

= Q 3 = rrh; prqFkZd (Third Quartile)

= Q 1 = izFke prqFkZd (First Quartile)

3- prqFkZd fopyu ;k v¼Z&vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj (Quartile Deviation or Semi Inter Quartile Range)

fdlh Js.kh ds rrh; prqFkZd ,oe~ izFke prqFkZd ds vUrj ds vk/s dks prqFkZd fopyu vFkok v¼Z&vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj dgrs gSaA

prqFkZd fopyu 3 1 – 2

Q Q Q.D. =

Q.D. = prqFkZd fopyu (Quartile Deviation)

Q 3 = rrh; prqFkZd (Third Quartile)

Q 1 = izFke prqFkZd (First Quartile)

prqFkZd&fopyu dk xq.kkad 3 1

3 1

– =

+ Q Q Q Q

4- ekè; fopyu (Mean Deviation)

ekè; fopyu Js.kh ds fdlh ekè; (tSls& ekè;] eè;dk ;k Hkwf;"Bd) ls Kkr fd, x, fofHkUu ewY;ksa dk lekUrj ekè; gSA fo'ks"kr;k bls eè;dk ls Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA

ekè; fopyu ds x.kuk lw=k&

O;fDrxr Js.kh [f.Mr Js.kh v[kf.Mr Js.kh

M.D. = |D |

N

M.D. = f | D | N

M.D. = f | D |

N


tgka] M.D. = ekè; fopyu (Mean Deviation)

|D| = + ,oe~ & fpUgksa dks è;ku esa u j[krs

ekè; ;k ekfè;dk ls fopyu N = enksa dh la[;k (No. of Items)

f = vkofÙk;ksa dh la[;k

ekè; & fopyu xq.kkad (Coefficient of M.D.) = M.D.

X M Z or or

izeki&fopyu (Standard Deviation)

vifdj.k dks ekius ds fy, izeki fopyu dk lcls vf/d iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Js.kh ds lekUrj ekè; ls Kkr fd, x, muds fofHkUu ewY;ksa ds fopyu ds oxks± ds ekè; dk oxZewy izeki fopyu dgykrk gSA

O;fDrxr Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk % izR;k fof/; okLrfod lekarj ekè; fof/

2 N =

tgka] = izeki fopyu (StandardDeviation) x 2 = fopyuksa dk oxZ (Square of Deviation taken from mean) N = enksa dh la[;k (No. of Items)

y?kq fof/ (Short method) 2 2 dx dx

N N

tgka] dx 2 = dkYifud ekè; ls fy, x;s fopyuksa dk oxZ

[kf.Mr Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk

izR;k fof/ (Direct Method)

f 2 N =


tgka] = izeki fopkyu (StandardDeviation) fx 2 = fopyuksa ds oxks± dks lacaf/r vkofÙk ls xq.kk djds izkIr ;ksx N = enksa dh la[;k (No. of Items)

y?kq fof/ (Short method)

fd2 fd N N =

2

in fopyu fof/%

fd'2 fd' N N = c

2

v[kf.Mr Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk

izR;k fof/ % f 2 N =

y?kq fof/ % fd2 fd N N =

2

in fopyu fof/ fd'2 fd' N N = c

2

fopj.k xq.kkad (Co efficient of Variation)

nks ;k nks ls vf/d Jsf.k;ksa esa rqyukRed vè;;u ds fy, fopj.k dk xq.kkad Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA fopj.k xq.kkad] izeki fopyu rFkk lekarj ekè; ds chp laca/ dks izfr'kr ds :i esa O;Dr djrk gSA

C.V. = 100 x

C.V. = fopyu dk xq.kkad

= izeki fopyu

X = lekUrj ekè;


ykWjsat oØ (Lorenz Curve)

MkW- ykWjsat kjk loZizFke iz;ksx esa yk;h x;h vifdj.k dks iznf'kZr djus dh ,d xzkiQh; fof/ gSA ykWjsat oØ leku forj.k js[kk ls ftruh vf/d nwjh ij gksxk] forj.k esa mruh gh vf/d vlekurk gksxh] blds foijhr oØ leku forj.k js[kk ds ftruk ikl esa gksxk] forj.k esa mruh gh de vlekurk gksxhA

;g oØ ,d lap;h izfr'kr oØ (Cumulative Percentage Curve) gSA


,d vad okys iz'u

1- vUrj&prqFkZd foLrkj D;k gS\

2- fopj.k xq.kkad Kkr djus dk lw=k D;k gS\

3- ykWjsat oØ D;k gS\

4- foLrkj dh x.kuk dhft,A 22] 35] 32] 45] 42] 48] 39

5- vifdj.k dks ekius ds fy, fdl xzkiQh; fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\

6- vifdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

7- ekè; fopyu xq.kkad dh x.kuk dSls dh tkrh gS\

8- vifdj.k dk dkSu&lk eki chp ds 50 izfr'kr ewY;ksa ls lacaf/r gS\

9- ekè; fopyu dk dksbZ ,d izeq[k nks"k crkb;s\

10- vifdj.k ds eki dh lkisfkd eki D;k gS\

11- lkeku forj.k dh js[kk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

12- foLrkj ds nks nks"k crkb;sA

13- vifdj.k dk lcls T;knk iz;qDr vkSj loksZÙke eki dkSu&lk gS\

14- prqFkZd fopyu Kkr djus dk lw=k fyf[k;s

15- foLrkj ds nks iz;ksx crkb;sA

y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u (3&4 vad)

1- vifdj.k ds izeq[k eki D;k gSa\

2- ekè; fopyu ds dksbZ nks xq.k o nks nks"k crkb;sA

3- ekè; fopyu o izeki fopyu ds chp varj crkb;sA

4- vifdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vifdj.k ds eki ds fofHkUu fof/;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5- vifdj.k ds ekiksa ds :i esa foLrkj] ekè;&fopyu ,oe~ izeki fopyu ds lkisfkd xq.kksa dk foospu dhft,A


6- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls foLrkj ,oe~ foLrkj xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A

vad& 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 8 12 7 30 10 5 2

(foLrkj ¾ 60 vad] foLrkj xq.kkad ¾ 0-75)

7- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls prqFkZd fopyu o mldk xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A

jksy ua- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vad 20 28 40 12 30 15 50

(prqFkZd fopyu ¾ 12-5 vad) (prqFkZd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-45)

8- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls eè;dk ls ekè; fopyu o xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A

100] 150] 80] 90] 160] 200] 140 (Mean Deviation from median = 34.28) (Coefficient of Mean Deviation = 0.74)

9- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls prqFkZd fopyu Kkr dhft,% X (ls de) % 200 300 400 500 600

vkofÙk 8 20 40 46 50 (prqFkZd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-24)

10- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,A

lkbZt % 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 vkofÙk % 3 7 22 60 85 32 8

(izeki fopyu ¾ 1-149)

11- fuEu Js.kh ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,A

Js.kh % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 60&70 vkofÙk % 2 4 6 6 6 4 2

(izeki fopyu ¾ 15-81)

12- fuEu lkfj.kh nks iSQfDVª;ksa ds dfeZ;ksa dh nSfud etnwjh iznf'kZr djrh gSA nksuksa iSQfDVª;ksa ds fy, ykWjsat oØ cukb;s %

nSfud vk; (#-) 0&100 100&200 200&300 300&400 400&500 iSQDVªh (v) 8 7 5 3 2 iSQDVªh (c) 15 6 2 1 1


13- nks daifu;ksa X vkSj Y dh 'ks;j dhers uhps nh gqbZ gSa] nksuksa esa ls dkSu lh daiuh vf/d fLFkj gS\

daiuh X : 25 50 45 30 70 42 36 48 34 60 daiuh Y : 10 70 50 20 95 55 42 60 48 80

(X daiuh ds 'ks;j ewY;ksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad ¾ 29-72» Y daiuh ds 'ks;j ewY;ksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad ¾ 45-94» vr% X daiuh ds 'ks;j ewY; T;knk fLFkj gSA)

14- fuEu vk¡dM+ksa ls fopj.k xq.kkad Kkr dhft,&

en (X) % 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 vkofÙk (F) % 10 25 15 5 15 20 10

(ekè; ¾ 12-9 izeki fopyu ¾ 1-997 fopj.k xq.kkad ¾ 15-5»)

15- x.kuk ds vk/kj ij foLrkj] prqFkZd fopj.k] ekè; fopyu vkSj izeki fopyu ds chp rqyuk dhft,A

18- ekè; fopyu ls D;k le>rs gks\ ,d O;fDrxr Js.kh ds fy, ekè; fopyu Kkr djus ds fy, iz;qDr izeq[k lksikuksa dks crkb,A

17- in fopyu fof/ ls fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,A

en (X) % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 vkofÙk (F) % 2 3 4 1

( 9-165)


fucU/kRed iz'u (5 vad) 1- foLrkj ds xq.kksa] nks"kksa ,oe~ mi;ksxksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2- ykWjsat oØ D;k gS\ ykWjsat oØ dh jpuk esa yxus okys izeq[k lksikuksa ds ckjs esa crkb;sA

3- ekè; fopyu ls D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g fdl rjg ls foLrkj vkSj prqFkZd foLrkj ls ,d csgrj eki gS\

4- vifdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vifdj.k dks ekius dh fofHkUu fof/;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

5- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls foLrkj o foLrkj xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A

vk;q o"kks± esa % 5&10 10&15 15&20 20&25 vkofÙk % 10 15 20 5

(foLrkj ¾ 20 foLrkj xq.kkad 0-67)

6- fuEufyf[kr Js.kh ls prqFkZd fopyu] vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj o prqFkZd fopyu xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A

yEckbZ (bap) esa % 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Nk=kksa dh la[;k % 2 3 6 15 10 5 4 3 1

(prqFkZd fopyu ¾ 1] varj prqFkZd fopyu ¾ 2 prqFkZd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-016

7- eè;dk ls ekè; fopyu Kkr dhft,

iQyksa dh izfr ikS/ la[;k % 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ikS/ksa dh la[;k % 2 5 7 11 18 24 12 8 6 4 3

(ekè; ¾ 5] ekè; fopyu ¾ 1-68)

8- ,d dkk ijhkk esa 100 Nk=kksa kjk izkIr vadksa ls eè;dk ls ekè; fopyu Kkr dhft,%

vad % 60&63 63&66 66&69 69&72 72&75 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k % 5 18 42 27 8

(ekè; fopyu ¾ 2-26)

9- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls v¼Z&vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj o xq.kd Kkr dhft,A

vad % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 60&70 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k % 4 8 11 15 12 6 3

(prqFkZd fopyu ¾ 11-55) (prqFkZd fopyu xq.kkad ¾ 0-337)


10- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls izeki fopyu Kkr dhft,%

5] 8] 7] 11] 14 (S.D = 3.16)

11- nks Jsf.k;ksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad Øe'k % 58» o 69» rFkk mudk izeki fopyu Øe'k% 21- 2 vkSj 15-6 gSA budk ekè; Kkr dhft,A

(ekè; ( X ) = 36.35 o 22.50)

12- fuEu fn;s x;s nks dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vk¡dM+ksa ls vf/d laxr dk;ZdrkZ dks Kkr dhft,A

dk;Z lekIr djus esa yxk vkSlr le; A B (feuV) 40 42

izeki fopyu 8 6

(^B* dk;ZdrkZ t;knk laxr gS D;ksafd bldk fopj.k xq.kkad (14-29») Â* dk;ZdrkZ ls (20») de gS)


,d vad okys iz'u

1- vUrj prqFkZd foLrkj rrh; prqFkZd ,oe~ izFke prqFkZd dk varj gksrk gSA

2- fopj.k xq.kkad 100

= x

3- ykWjsat oØ vifdj.k dks iznf'kZr djus okyh ,d xzkiQh; fof/ gSA

4- foLrkj ¾ lcls cM+k ewY; & lcls NksVk ewY; 48 & 22

¾ 26

5- vifdj.k dks ekius ds fy, ykWjsat oØ fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

6- fdlh Js.kh esa dsUnzh; ekè;ksa ls leadks ds foLrkj ds eki dks vifdj.k dgrs gSaA

7- ekè; fopyu = f | D|

N

8- varj prqFkZd foLrkj

9- ekè; fopyu dk izeq[k nks"k bldk fpUgksa dks R;kxuk gSA

10- vifdj.k ds lkisk eki dks vuqikr ;k izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

11- ykWjsat oØ dh jpuk esa X&vk ij iznf'kZr ^0* fcUnq dks Y&vk ij iznf'kZr ^100* ds fcUnq ls feykdj ,d lh/h js[kk izkIr dh tkrh gS] ;g js[kk leku forj.k dh js[kk dgykrh gSA

12- foLrkj ds nks"k% (i) ;g Js.kh ds lHkh ewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr ugha gSA (ii) ;g nks pje inksa ls dkiQh izHkkfor jgrk gSA

13- loksZÙke vkSj lcls vf/d iz;ksx esa vkus okyk vifdj.k dh eki izeki fopyu gSA

14- prqFkZd fopyu = 3 1 Q – Q 2

15- foLrkj ds nks iz;ksx & (i) xq.koÙkk fu;U=k.k (ii) fofHkUu njksa tSls O;kt] fofue;] 'ks;jksa esa ifjoZru dh ekiA


;wfuV&3

vè;k;&6

lkaf[;dh; midj.k vkSj fuoZpu

lglEca/

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q lglaca/ ,d lkaf[;dh; midj.k gS tks nks pjksa ds eè; laca/ dk vè;;u djrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ewY; esa ifjorZu ls oLrq dh ekaxh x;h ek=kk esa ifjorZu gksukA

q lglaca/ pjksa ds chp laca/ksa dh xgurk ,oa fn'kk dk vè;;u ,oa ekiu djrk gSA lglaca/ lg&izlj.k dk ekiu djrk gS u fd dk;Zdkj.k laca/ dkA

q lglaca/ ds izdkj % lglaca/ dks vkerkSj ij /ukRed ;k ½.kkRed lglaca/ ds :i esa oxhZdr fd;k tkrk gSA

tc pjksa esa ifjorZu ,d gh fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gS rks mls /ukRed lglaca/ dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vkblØhe dh fcØh vkSj rkieku] oLrq dh dher vkSj iwfrZ esa /ukRed lglaca/ gSA

tc pjksa esa ifjorZu foijhr fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gS rks mls ½.kkRed lglaca/ dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] dher vkSj ekax dk laca/A

q /ukRed lglaca/ ds mnkgj.k gS%

d) oLrq dh dher vkSj iwfrZ dh ek=kk

[k) yackbZ esa of¼ ls otu esa of¼

x) ifr o iRuh dh vk;q

?k) ifjokj dh vk; esa of¼ ls foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ds mQij [kpZ esa of¼


q ½.kkRed lglaca/ ds mnkgj.k gSa%

d) rkieku esa of¼ ls xeZ diM+ksa dh fcØh esa deh

[k) ewY; esa of¼ ls oLrq dh ekax esa deh

x) vR;f/d df"k mit ls dherksa esa deh

?k) i<+kbZ esa de le; yxkus ls vuqÙkh.kZ gksus dh vf/d lEHkkouk

q lglaca/ ds ifjek.k

ifjek.k /ukRed ½.kkRed iw.kZ $1 &1 mPp $0-75 vkSj $1 ds chp &0-75 vkSj &1 ds chp eè;e $0-25 vkSj $0-75 ds chp &0-25 vkSj &0-75 ds chp fuEu 0 vkSj $0-25 ds chp 0 vkSj &0-25 ds chp 'kwU; 0 0

q lglaca/ dks Kkr djus dh fof/;ka

d) izdh.kZ vkjs[k

[k) dkyZ fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad

x) Lih;jeSu dk dksfV lglaca/

q izdh.kZ vkjs[k lglaca/ dh ek=kk rFkk fn'kk dks xzkiQ ij n'kkZrk gSA

q dkyZ fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad nks pjksa ds chp ds js[kh; laca/ksa dk la[;kRed ekiu djrk gSA

q dkyZ fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dks xq.ku vk?kw.kZ lglaca/ Hkh dgrs gSaA

lw=k % xy

N x y r =

tgka] r = lg laca/ xq.kkad

X) x = (X –

Y) y = (Y –

x = x – Js.kh dk ekud fopyu y = y – Js.kh dk ekud fopyu N = voyksduksa dh la[;k


dkyZ fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk fuEufyf[kr fof/;ksa kjk dh tkrh gS%

d) okLrfod ekè; fof/%

2 2 xy

x . y r =

tgka] r = lglaca/ xq.kkad

X) x = (X –

Y) y = (Y – [k) dfYir ekè; fof/%

2 2 2 2

( ) ( ) .

( ) ( )

dx dy dx dy N r

dx dy dx dy N N

(;k)

2 2 2 2

. . ( ) ( ) . ( ) . ( )

N dx dy dx dy r N dx dx N dy dy

tgka] r = dkyZ fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad dx = x & Js.kh ds enksa dk muds dfYir ekè; ls fopyu = (X&A) dy = y & Js.kh ds enksa dk muds dfYir ekè; ls fopyu dx.dy = dx vkSj dy ds xq.kuiQyksa dk ;ksx dx 2 = dx ds oxks± dk ;ksx dy 2 = dy ds oxks± dk ;ksx dx = x & Js.kh ds fopyuksa dk ;ksx dy = y & Js.kh ds fopyuksa dk ;ksx N = voyksduksa dh la[;k


x) in fopyu fof/%

2 2 2 2

. '. ' ( ') ( ') . ' ( ') . ' ( )

N dx dy dx dy r N dx dx N dy dy

vFkkZr~

tgka]

1

dxc

dx' =

2

dyc

dy' =

c 1 = x & Js.kh dk ,d mHk;fu"B xq.ku[k.M c 2 = y & Js.kh dk ,d mHk;fu"B xq.ku[k.M

q lglaca/ xq.kkad (r) dks xq.k (i) lglaca/ xq.kkad (r) dh dksbZ bdkbZ ugha gksrh gSA (ii) r dk ½.kkRed eku izfrykse laca/ n'kkZrk gSA (iii) ;fn r dk eku /ukRed gS rks nksuksa pj ,d gh fn'kk esa xfreku gksrs gSaA (iv) r dk eku &1 vkSj $1 ds chp fLFkr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ &1< r <1

(v) ;fn r = 0, rks nks pj vlglacaf/r gksrs gSaA (vi) ;fn r = +1, ;k r = &1 rks lglaca/ iw.kZ gksrk gSA (vii) r dk mPp eku lqn`<+ js[kh; laca/ n'kkZrk gS rFkk fuEu eku nqcZy js[kh; laca/

n'kkZrk gSA (viii) r dk mPp eku mn~xe ifjorZu ;k iSekus ds ifjorZu ls izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA

;fn nks pj X rFkk Y fn;s x;s gksa rks nks u;s pjksa dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

X – A Y – C ; V = B D

U =

;gka] A vkSj C Øe'k% X vkSj Y ds dfYir eku gSa rFkk B vkSj D lekiorZd gSaA vr%

r xy = r UV

q Lih;jeSu dh dksfV lglaca/ fof/ dk iz;ksx xq.kkRed pjksa tSls lqanjrk] ohjrk] cqf¼eÙkk] ;ksX;rk vkfn ds lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA


lw=k % 2

s 3 6 D N – N

r = 1 –

tgka] r s = dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad D = dksfV vUrj N = voyksduksa dh la[;k

tc dksfV;ksa (Ranks) dks nksgjk;k tkrk gS rks fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS%

(m 3–m (m 3–m 2 1 1 2 2 6 D + + ............ 12 12 r = 1 – s 3 N – N

) )

tgka] m 1 , m 2 , ................, dksfV;ksa dh la[;k gS ftUgsa nqgjk;k x;k gSA


vfr y?kq mÙkj :ih iz'u

,d vad okys iz'u

1- lglaca/ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2- dqN ,sls pjksa dh lwph nks ftudk ifj'kq¼ ekiu dfBu gksA

3- ½.kkRed lglaca/ D;k gS\

4- /ukRed lglaca/ dk vFkZ crkb;sA

5- lk/kj.k lglaca/ xq.kkad dk ijkl crkb;s

6- ml izdkj ds lglaca/ dk uke crkb;s tc nks pjksa esa leku vuqikr esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA

7- /ukRed lglaca/ ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

8- izdh.kZ vkjs[k fof/ dk eq[; voxq.k crkb;s

9- ½.kkRed lglaca/ ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

10- dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad fof/ dk iz;ksx dc fd;k tkrk gS\

11- lglaca/ Kkr djus dh fofHkUu fof/;ksa ds uke nhft,A

12- Lih;jeSu ds dksfV lglaca/ fof/ dk eq[; voxq.k D;k gS\

13- dkyZ fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dk eq[; nks"k crkb;sA

14- ;fn r xy = 0 rc pj x vkSj y ds chp laca/ (i) js[kh; laca/ gksxk (ii) js[kh; laca/ ugha gksxk (iii) Lora=k gksxk

15- dn (iqQVksa esa) rFkk otu (fd-xzk- esa) ds chp lglaca/ xq.kkad dh bdkbZ gS% (i) fd-xzke@iqQV (ii) izfr'kr (iii) vfo|eku

16- lglaca/ ekius dh dkSu lh fof/ fdlh Hkh izdkj ds laca/ dh eki dj ldrh gSA


y?kq mÙkj :ih iz'u

3@4 vad okys iz'u

1- lglaca/ ls D;k vk'k; gS\ lglaca/ xq.kkad ds xq.k crkb;sA

2- r (lglaca/ xq.kkad) ds fofHkUu ekuksa +1, &1 rFkk 0 dh O;k[;k djsaA

3- X vkSj Y ds eè; lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk djsa vkSj muds laca/ ij fVIi.kh djsaA X &3 &2 &1 1 2 3 Y 9 4 1 1 4 9

(mÙkj r = 0)

4- X vkSj Y ds eè; lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk djsa vkSj muds laca/ ij fVIi.kh dhft,A X 1 3 4 5 7 8 Y 2 6 8 10 14 16

(mÙkj r = 1)

5- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls izdh.kZ vkjs[k cukb, vkSj ifj.kke ij fVIi.kh dhft,A X 11 10 15 13 10 16 13 8 17 14 Y 6 7 9 9 7 11 9 6 12 11

6- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls dkyZ fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk dhft,% X 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 39 42 48 Y 25 25 27 27 31 33 35 41 41 45

(mÙkj r = 0.98)

7- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls X vkSj Y ds eè; xq.ku vk?kw.kZ lglaca/ dh x.kuk dhft,A XJs.kh YJs.kh

d) enksa dh la[;k 15 15 [k) lekUrj ekè; 25 18 x) lekUrj ekè; ls fy, fopyuksa dk oxZ 136 138

?k) X vkSj Y Js.kh ds muds Øe'k% lekUrj ekè; ls izkIr fopyuksa ds xq.kuiQyksa dk ;ksx = 122

(mÙkj r = 0.89) 8- X vkSj Y Js.kh ds voyksdu ds tksM+ksa dh la[;k = 10

XJs.kh % lekUrj ekè; = 65 izeki fopyu (S.D.) = 23-33


YJs.kh % lekUrj ekè; = 66 izeki fopyu = 14-9

X rFkk Y Js.kh esa buds lekUrj ekè; ls fy, fopyuksa ds xq.kuiQy dk ;ksx = +2704 X rFkk Y dk xq.ku vk?kw.kZ lglaca/ Kkr dhft,A

(mÙkj r = + 0.78) 9- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls Lih;jeSu ds dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk dhft,%

X 10 12 8 15 20 25 40 Y 15 10 6 25 16 12 8

(mÙkj r = + 0.14)

10- ,d lkSan;Z izfr;ksfxrk esa nks fu.kkZ;dksa us 12 izfrHkkfx;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr dksfV&Øe iznku fd;s%

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Y 12 9 6 10 3 5 4 7 8 2 11 1 dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A

(mÙkj r = – 0.45)

11- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad dk ifjdyu dhft,% X 68 75 90 75 50 62 40 35 Y 10 12 14 10 10 13 9 8

(mÙkj r = + 0.76)

12- D;k lglaca/ ds kjk dk;Zdkj.k laca/ dh tkudkjh feyrh gS\

13- D;k 'kwU; lglaca/ dk vFkZ Lora=krk gS\

14- dkyZ fi;jlu lg laca/ xq.kkad ls dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad D;ksa fHkUu gksrk gS\

15- ljy lglaca/ xq.kkad dh rqyuk esa dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad dc vf/d ifj'kq¼ gksrk gS\


nh?kZ mÙkj :ih iz'u

6 vad okys iz'u

1- lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr djus dh dkyZ fi;jlu fof/ dh O;k[;k dhft,A blds xq.kksa rFkk lhekvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- ,d lkSan;Z izfr;ksfxrk esa rhu fu.kkZ;dksa us 10 izfr;ksfx;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr dksfV Øe iznku fd,% fu.kkZ;d I 1 6 5 10 3 2 4 9 7 8 fu.kkZ;d II 3 5 8 4 7 10 2 1 6 9 fu.kkZ;d III 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7

Lih;jeSu ds dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad kjk ;g Kkr dhft, fd fu.kkZ;dksa ds fdl ;qXe (Pairs of Judges) dh lkSan;Z ds izfr lkekU; #fp gS\

(mÙkj% r s I & II = – 0.21; r s II & III = – 0.29; r s I & III = +0.64)

vr% I vkSj III ds fu.kkZ;dksa esa lgefr gSA)

3- dkyZ fi;jlu ds lglaca/ xq.kkad dh rqyuk esa Lih;jeSu ds dksfV lglaca/ xq.kkad ds D;k ykHk gSa\ Lih;jeSu ds dksfV lg&laca/ xq.kkad dh x.ku fof/ dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- ,d dkk ds 10 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh yackbZ rFkk otu bl izdkj gSA ,d izdh.kZ vkjs[k cukb, rFkk ;g crkb;s fd laca/ /ukRed gS ;k ½.kkRedA

yackbZ (bapksa esa) 72 60 63 66 70 75 58 78 72 62 otu (fd-xzk- es) 65 54 55 61 60 54 50 63 65 50

5- 12 fo|kfFkZ;ksa kjk xf.kr rFkk lkaf[;dh esa izkIrkadksa dk lglaca/ xq.kkad Kkr dhft, rFkk fuoZpu Hkh dhft,A

vad (xf.kr esa) 50 54 56 59 60 62 61 65 67 71 71 74 vad (lkaf[;dh esa) 22 25 34 28 26 30 32 30 28 34 36 40

(mÙkj % r = +0.78)


,d vad okys iz'u

1- lglaca/ ,d lkaf[;dh; midj.k gS tks nks pjksa ds eè; laca/ dk vè;;u djrk gSA

2- lqUnjrk] ohjrk] cqf¼eÙkk] ;ksX;rk vkfnA

3- tc pjksa esa ifjorZu foijhr fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gS rks mls ½.kkRed lglaca/ dgrs gSaA

4- tc pjksa esa ifjorZu ,d gh fn'kk dh vksj gksrk gS rks mls /ukRed lglaca/ dgrs gSaA

5- &1 < r < 1

6- iw.kZ lglaca/

7- d) oLrq dh dher vkSj iwfrZ dh ek=kk

[k) yackbZ esa of¼ vkSj otu esa of¼

8- izdh.kZ vkjs[k lglaca/ dk fuf'pr la[;kRed eku izLrqr ugha djrk gSA

9- d) rkieku esa of¼ ls xeZ diM+ksa dh fcØh esa dehA

[k) vf/d df"k mit ls dherksa esa deh

10- tc pj xq.kkRed izdfr ds gksa tSls& lqUnjrk] bZekunkjh vkfnA

11- d) izdh.kZ vkjs[k fof/

[k) dkyZ fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad

x) Lih;jeSu dk dksfV lglaca/

12- bl fof/ dk iz;ksx lkewfgd vkofÙk forj.k esa lglaca/ Kkr djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

13- lglaca/ xq.kkad dk ewY; lhekUr enksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA

14- Lora=k gksxkA

15- vfo|eku

16- dkyZ fi;jlu dk lglaca/ xq.kkad


;wfuV&3

vè;k;&7

lwpdkad

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q lwpdkad ,d lewg ls lacaf/r pj ewY;ksa ds vkdkj esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh eki djus dh ,d lkaf[;dh; fof/ gS

q lwpdkadksa dh fo'ks"krk,a %

d) lwpdkadksa dks izfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rFkkfi izfr'kr fpUg (») dk iz;ksx dHkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

[k) lwpdkad vk¡dM+ksa ds lewg ds lkisk eki gksrs gSaA

x) lwpdkad lacaf/r pjksa esa ifjorZu dk la[;kRed eki izLrqr djrs gSaA

?k) lwpdkad kjk ifjorZuksa dks vkSlrksa ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

q lwpdkadksa ds izdkj %

d) Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI)

[k) miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad (CPI) ;k thou fuokZg ykxr lwpdkad

x) vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad (IIP)

?k) df"k mRiknu lwpdkad (IAP)


Ä) lsalsDl

q lwpdkad fuekZ.k dh fof/;ka

lk/kj.k lwpdkad Hkkfjr lwpdkad dh jpuk dh jpuk

ljy lewghdj.k ljy vkSlr fof/ ewY; vuqikr fof/

Hkkfjr vkSlr ewY; Hkkfjr lewghdj.k vuqikr fof/ fof/

q ljy lewghdj.k fof/ %

lw=k % 100

1 01

0

P P

P =

;gka] P 01 = orZeku o"kZ dk ewY; lwpdkad

P 1 = orZeku o"kZ dh fofHkUu oLrqvksa ds ewY;ksa dk ;ksx

P 0 = vk/kj o"kZ dh oLrqvksa ds ewY;ksa dk ;ksx

q vk/kj o"kZ % og o"kZ ftlls rqyuk djds orZeku (;k pkyw) o"kZ esa ifjorZu dks ekik tkrk gSA

q pkyw (;k orZeku) o"kZ % og o"kZ gS ftlesa gksus okys vkSlr

iforZu dks ekik tkuk gS ;k ftlds fy, lwpdkad rS;kj fd;k tkuk gSA

q ljy vkSlr ewY; vuqikr fof/ % 1

0

P P

01

100 P =

N

;gka] P 01 = pkyw o"kZ dk ewY; lwpdkad

1

0

P P = ewY;ksa dk vuqikr


N = oLrqvksa dh la[;k

q Hkkfjr vkSlr ewY; vuqikr fof/%

RW P = o1 W

;gka] P 01 = pkyw o"kZ dk ewY; lwpdkad W = Hkkj

R = ewY; vuqikr vFkkZr~ 100 1

0

P P

q Hkkfjr lewghdj.k fof/ %

d) ykLih;j dh fof/% 100

1 0

0 0

P q P = o1 P q

[k) ik'ps dh fof/% 100

1 1

0 1

P q P = o1 P q

q dqN egRoiw.kZ lwpdkad

d) miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad (CPI)

;g [kqnjk dherksa esa gksus okys vkSlr ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA bls thou fuokZg ykxr lwpdkad Hkh dgrs gSaA

q miHkksDrk dher lwpdkadksa dh jpuk dh fof/;ka%

d) ikfjokfjd ctV fof/%

CPI WR = W

;gka] 100 1

0 R = P

P W = Hkkj

[k) lewghdr ctV fof/%

100

1 0

0 0

P q CPR = P q


x) Fkksd dher lwpkdkad (WPI) % WPI lkekU; dher Lrj esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA

?k) vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpkdkad (IIP)%

;g vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds Lrj esa gksus okyh lkisfkd deh ;k of¼ dks ekius ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS

1 0

q q W

IIP = o1 W

;gka] IIP 01 = pkyw o"kZ esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad q 1 = pkyw o"kZ esa mRiknu Lrj q 0 = vk/kj o"kZ esa mRiknu Lrj W = Hkkj ;k fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dk lkisfkd egRo

Ä) df"k mRiknu lwpkdkad (IAP)%

bl lwpdkad dk iz;ksx] ,d le;kof/ ls nwljh le;kof/ ds chp izeq[k iQlyksa ds mRiknu esa gksus okys mrkj p<+ko ds vè;;u ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

p) lsalsDl % ;g ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat laosnh lwpdkad dk lafkIr :i gS ftldk vk/kj o"kZ 1978&79 gSA ;g Hkkjrh; LVkWd ekdsZV ds fy, eq[; funsZ'k fpUg lwpdkad gSA blds varxZr 30 LVkWd gS] tks vFkZ O;oLFkk ds 13 ks=kdksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSa rFkk lwphc¼ daifu;ka vius&vius m|ksxksa esa vxz.kh gSaA

q lwpdkadksa dh jpuk esa dfBukbZ;ka ;k leL;k,a %

(i) lwpdkad dk mn~ns';

(ii) vk/kj o"kZ dk pquko

(iii) enksa dk pquko

(iv) enksa (vFkkZr~ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa) dh dherksa dk pquko

(v) Hkkjkadu dh fof/ dk pquko

(vi) vkSlr dk pquko

(vii) vk¡dM+ksa ds Ïksr dk pquko

(viii)lwpdkad Kkr djus dh fof/ dk pquko


q lwpdkadksa ds mi;ksx %

(i) eqnzk dh Ø; 'kfDr dk ekiu

(ii) thou Lrj esa ifjorZu dk Kku

(iii) osru ,oa HkÙkksa esa leUo;

(iv) mi;qDr uhfr fu/kZj.k esa lgk;d

(v) vkfFkZd cSjksehVj ds :i esa

q eqnzk LiQhfr vkSj lwpdkad%

(i) eqnzk LiQhfr ls vfHkizk; ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa lkekU; dher Lrj esa fujarj rFkk Li"V of¼ gksrh gSA

(ii) lkekU;r;k] eqnzkLiQhfr dh x.kuk Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA

(iii) eqnzkLiQhfr dh nj = 100 2 1

1

A – A A

;gka] A 1 = izFke lIrkg ds fy, Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI)

A 2 = nwljs lIrkg ds fy, WPI


,d vad okys iz'u

1- lwpdkad ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2- dher lwpdkadksa dh nks eq[; Jsf.k;ka crkb,A

3- vk/kj o"kZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

4- nks miHkksDrk lewgksa ds uke nhft, ftuds fy, miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad cuk, tkrs gSaA

5- ewY; vuqikr D;k gS\

6- Hkkfjr lwpdkad Kkr djus ds fy, ykLih;j dk lw=k crkb,A

7- gesa dqN egRoiw.kZ lwpdkad tSls& CIP, WPI, IIP etc. dgka ls fey ldrs gSa\

8- vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad Kkr djus dk lw=k fyf[k,A

9- Hkkjr esa fdrus izdkj ds miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad cuk, tkrs gSa\

10- pkyw o"kZ dh ifjHkk"kk nsaA

11- lk/kj.k lwpdkad vkSj Hkkfjr lwpdkad esa eq[; varj D;k gSa\

12- eqnzk LiQhfr dh nj Kkr djus dk lw=k fyf[k,A

13- dher lwpdkad dks n'kkZus ds fy, fdl fpUg dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\

14- Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad D;k ekirk gS\

15- Hkkfjr lwpdkad Kkr djus ds fy, ik'ps dk lw=k fyf[k,A

16- fdl lwpdkad dks fuokZg ykxr lwpdkad ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\

17- Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad esa izkFkfed oLrqvksa ds Hkkj dk mYys[k dhft,A

18- Fkksd dher lwpdkad ds fy, lHkh oLrqvksa dks fdrus lewgksa esa oxhZdr fd;k x;k gSA

19- vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad esa fofHkUu lewgksa ds Hkkj dk mYys[k djksA

20- lkekU;r% fdl lwpdkad dk iz;ksx eqnzkLiQhfr ds ekiu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS\

21- vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad esa fdl en dk Hkkj lokZf/d gS\

22- miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad fdl izdkj ds ifjorZu dks ekirk gS\

23- dkSu ls lwpdkad esa enksa dk lkisfkd egRo gksrk gS\


3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- lwpdkadksa ds fuekZ.k esa rhu dfBukb;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- vk/kj o"kZ ds okafNr xq.kksa dk o.kZu djsaA

3- gesa lwpdkad dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\

4- eqnzkLiQhfr vkSj lwpdkad ij ,d lafkIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

5- fHkUu&fHkUu miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu miHkksDrk lwpdkadksa dh vfuok;Zrk D;ksa gksrh gS\

6- miHkksDrk dher lwpdkadksa ds fuekZ.k esa dfBukb;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

7- dher lwpdkad rFkk ek=kk lwpdkad esa D;k varj gS\

8- lwpdkad dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A bldh D;k mi;ksfxrk gSA

9- vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad ls fdldk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS\ lw=k Hkh crkb,A

10- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls ljy lewghdj.k fof/ kjk o"kZ 1994 dks vk/kj o"kZ ekudj o"kZ 2004 ds fy, dher lwpdkad dh x.kuk djsa % oLrq,a A B C D E o"kZ 1994 esa dhersa (#i;s esa) 100 40 10 60 90 o"kZ 2004 esa dhersa (#i;s esa) 140 60 20 70 100

(mÙkj% 130)

11- vxzfyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls o"kZ 2000 dks vk/kj o"kZ eku o"kZ 2005 ds fy, ljy vkSlr ewY; vuqikr fof/ kjk ,d lwpdkad dk fuekZ.k dhft,% oLrq,a A B C D E o"kZ 2000 esa dhersa (#i;s esa) 100 80 160 220 40 o"kZ 2005 esa dhersa (#i;s esa) 140 120 180 240 40

(mÙkj% 122-32)

12- o"kZ 2004 dks vk/kj o"kZ ekudj o"kZ 2010 ds fy, Hkkfjr vkSlr ewY; vuqikr fof/ kjk vxzfyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls Hkkfjr lwpdkad dh x.kuk dhft,A

o"kZ 2004 esa o"kZ 2010 esa oLrq,a Hkkj dhers (#-) dhers (#-) xsgwa 20 20 35 pkoy 12 15 18 nw/ 8 10 11 ?kh 4 5 5 'kDdj 6 4 5

(mÙkj% 139-4)


13- ykLih;j dh fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls dher lwpdkad dh x.kuk djsa%

oLrq,a vk/kj o"kZ pkyw o"kZ dher (#-) ek=kk (bdkb;ka) dher (#-) ek=kk (bdkb;ka)

A 8 100 10 120 B 4 60 5 80 C 10 20 12 25 D 12 25 15 30 E 3 5 4 6

(mÙkj% 124-44)

14- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls ik'ps ds dher lwpdkad dh x.kuk dhft,%


A 4 2 6 3 B 3 5 2 1 C 8 2 4 6

(mÙkj% 69-84)

15- fdlh 'kgj esa ,d eè;oxhZ; ikfjokfjd ctV esa tkap&iM+rky ls fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS% enksa ij O;; [kk| inkFkZ b±/u diM+k fdjk;k fofo/

35» 10» 20» 15» 20» 2004 esa dher (#- esa) 1500 250 750 300 400 1995 esa dher (#- esa) 1400 200 500 200 250

1995 dh rqyuk esa 2004 dk fuokZg lwpdkad dk eku D;k gksxk\ (mÙkj% 134-49)

16- uhps fn, x;s vk¡dM+ksa ls miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad dk fuekZ.k dhft,%

oLrq,a ewY; vuqikr Hkkj [kk| 250 45 fdjk;k 150 15 diM+k 320 20 b±/u vkSj izdk'k 190 5 fofo/ 300 15

(mÙkj% 253-5)


6 vad okys iz'u 1- lwpdkadksa ds fuekZ.k esa fufgr dfBukbZ;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- lwpdkadksa ds fofHkUu mi;ksxksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- lwpdkadksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- Fkksd dher lwpdkad dk vFkZ crkb,A bldh mi;ksfxrk dk Hkh o.kZu djsaA

5- fuEufyf[kr ij lafkIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, %

d) vk/kj o"kZ

[k) miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad

x) Fkksd dher lwpdkad

?k) vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad

6- lwpdkadksa ls D;k vk'k; gS\ lwpdkadksa ds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,A

7- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls fuokZg ykxr lwpdkad dh x.kuk dhft, %

ensa pkyw o"kZ esa miHkksx dh vk/kj o"kZ esa dher pkyw o"kZ esa dher ek=kk (#- izfr bdkbZ) (#- izfr bdkbZ)

pkoy 2-5 Qt. 12 12 25 nkysa 3 Kg. 12 0-4 0-6 rsy 2l 12 1-5 2-2 diM+k 6 metres 12 0-75 10 fdjk;k 12 eghus 20 #i;k izfr ekg 30 #i;k izfr ekg fofo/ 12 eghuksa dk O;; 10 #i;k izfr ekg 15 #i;k izfr ekg

(mÙkj% 252-8)

8- miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A miHkksDrk dher lwpdkadksa ds egRo dh O;k[;k dhft,A


1 vad okys iz'uksa mÙkj 1- lwpdkad ,d lewg ls lacaf/r pj ewY;ksa ds vkdkj esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh eki djus

dh ,d fof/ gSA

2- d) lk/kj.k lwpdkad

[k) Hkkfjr lwpdkad

3- og o"kZ ftlls rqyuk djds orZeku o"kZ esa ifjorZu dks ekik tkrk gSA

4- d) vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds fy, miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad & CPI (IW)

[k) 'kgjh xSj 'kkjhfjd deZpkfj;ksa ds fy;s miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad CPI (UNME)

5- ;g pkyw o"kZ rFkk vk/kj o"kZ dh dherksa dk izfr'kr vuqikr gSA

6- 100

1 0

0 0

P q P = o1 P q

7- vkfFkZd losZk.k ls

8- 100

q 1 q 0 W

IIP = 01 W

9- rhu izdkj ds miHkksDrk dher lwpdkad (CPI) cuk, tkrs gS%

d) vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds fy, CPI

[k) 'kgjh xSj 'kkjhfjd deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, CPI

x) df"k Jfedksa ds fy, CPI

10- ;g og o"kZ gS ftlesa gksus okys vkSlr ifjorZu dks ekik tkrk gS ;k ftlds fy, lwpdkad rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

11- lk/kj.k lwpdkad esa lHkh enksa dks leku Hkkj fn;k tkrk gS tcfd Hkkfjr lwpdkad esa fHkUu&2 enksa muds lkisfkd egRo ds vuqlkj Hkkj fn;k tkrk gSA

12- eqnzk LiQhfr dh nj = 100 2 1

1

A – A A

;gka] A 1 = igys lIrkg dk (WPI) A 2 = nwljs lIrkg dk WPI

13- P 01

14- WPI lkekU; dher Lrj esa ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA


15- 100

1 1

0 1

P q P = o1 P q

16- 22-02»

18- rhu

19- lewg Hkkj d) [kuu ,oa mR[kuu 10-47 [k) fofuekZ.k 79-36 x) fo|qr 10-17

20- Fkksd dher lwpdkad

21- [kk|

22- [kqnjk dherksa esa ifjorZuksa dks

23- Hkkfjr lwpdkad esa


;wfuV&5

vè;k;&8

Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd fodkl

^^Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk** q vaxzsth vkSifuosf'kd iz'kklu dk eq[; mn~ns'; Hkkjr dks fczVsu dks tYnh ls fodflr gks

jgh vk/qfud vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, vk/kj ds :i esa iz;ksx djuk FkkA

q Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr

d) vkfFkZd fodkl dh fuEu nj%

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj us dHkh Hkh Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; rFkk izfr O;fDr vk; ds vuqeku ds fy, dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd,A

MkW- oh-ds-vkj-oh- jko ds vuqlkj (1931&32) ldy ns'kh; mRikn esa of¼ dsoy 2» rFkk izfr O;fDr vk; esa of¼ dsoy 0-5» FkhA

[k) fiNM+k df"k ks=k% ftlds fuEu dkj.k Fks

v) tehankjh] egyokM+h rFkk jS;rokM+h izFkk

c) O;olk;hdj.k ij ncko& uhy vkfn dk mRiknu

l) ns'k dk foHkktu

x) vfodkflr vkS|ksfxd ks=k%

v) fo&vkS|ksfxdhdj.k & Hkkjrh; gLrdyk m|ksx dk iru

c) iwathxr oLrq m|ksx dk vHkko

l) lkoZtfud ks=k dh lhfer fØ;k'khyrk

n) HksnHkkoiw.kZ VSfjiQ uhfr


?k) izfrdwy fons'kh O;kikj

v) dPps eky dk 'kq¼ fu;kZrd rFkk rS;kj eky dk vk;krd

c) fons'kh O;kikj ij fczVsu dk ,dkf/dkjh fu;a=k.k

l) Hkkjrh; lEifÙk dk izokg

Ä) izfrdwy tukafddh; n'kk,a %

v) mQaph eR;qnj & 40 izfr gtkj

c) mPp f'k'kq eR;q nj & 18 izfr gtkj

l) lkewfgd fujkjrk & 83» fujkjrk

n) fuEu thou izR;k'kk & 32 o"kZ

;k) thou dk fuEu Lrj & yksx viuh vk; dk yxHkx 80 ls 90 izfr'kr Hkkx vk/kjHkwr vko';drk ij [kpZ djrs FksA

p) vfodflr vk/kjHkwr <kapk % vPNh lM+ds] fo|qr mRiknu] LokLF;] f'kkk rFkk lapkj lqfo/kvksa dk vHkkoA

;|fi vaxzst iz'kkldksa kjk vk/kjHkwr <kaps ds fodkl ds fy, iz;kl fd;s x, tSls& lM+ds] jsyos] canjxkg] ty ;krk;kr vkSj Mkd o rkj foHkkx ysfdu budk eq[; mn~ns'; vke turk dks lqfo/k,a nsuk ugha Fkk cfYd lkezkT;oknh iz'kklu ds fgr esa FkkA

N) izkFkfed (df"k) ks=k ij vf/d fuHkZjrk%

v) dk;Z cy dk vf/dre Hkkx yxHkx 72» df"k esa yxk FkkA

c) 10» mRiknu ks=k esa vkSj 18» dk;Zcy lsok ks=k esa yxk FkkA

q vaxzth lkezkT;okn ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij dqN ldkjkRed izHkko%

d) ;krk;kr dh lqfo/kvksa esa of¼ & fo'ks"kdj jsyos esaA

[k) canjxkgksa dk fodklA

x) Mkd o rkj foHkkx dh lqfo/k,aA

?k) vaxzstksa dh uhfr;ksa ls lqn`<+ rFkk dq'ky iz'kklu dk fuekZ.kA


,d vad okys iz'u 1- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa f'k'kq eR;q nj D;k Fkh\

2- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa thou izR;k'kk fdrus o"kZ Fkh\

3- f'k'kq eR;q nj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

4- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa izfr O;fDr vk; dk vuqeku yxkus okys ,d vFkZ'kkL=kh dk uke fyf[k,A

5- df"k ds O;olk;hdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

6- Hkkjr esa lkezkT;oknh ljdkj kjk fo&vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds ihNs D;k mn~ns'; Fkk\

7- ns'k ds foHkktu ds dkj.k fdl m|ksx ij cqjk izHkko iM+k\

8- fu;kZr vkf/D; dk D;k vFkZ gS\

9- Lora=krk ds le; frh;d ks=k rFkk rrh;d ks=k esa fdrus izfr'kr dk;Z'khy tula[;k layXu Fkh\

3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; df"k dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk/kjHkwr ifjorZu ds ihNs vaxzsth 'kkldksa ds D;k mn~ns'; Fks\

3- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjrh; laifÙk ds fu"dklu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

4- Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh O;olkf;d lajpuk dSlh Fkh\ o.kZu dhft,A

5- Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh rhu fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

6- Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa ds fodkl dh voLFkkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

6 vadksa okys iz'u 1- fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd iz'kklu kjk viukbZ xbZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa dh vkykspukRed foospuk

dhft,A

2- vkSifuosf'kd 'kkludky esa df"k dh xfrghurk ds eq[; dkj.k D;k Fks\

3- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjr dh tukafddh; fLFkfr dk ,d la[;kRed fp=k.k izLrqr dhft,A

4- D;k vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa dqN ldkjkRed ;ksxnku Hkh fn;k Fkk\ foospuk dhft,A


,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- 18 izfr gtkj thfor f'k'kq FkhA

2- thou izR;k'kk 32 o"kZ FkhA

3- f'k'kq eR;q nj dk vFkZ gS ,d o"kZ ls de mez ds ftank iSnk gq, ,d gtkj cPpksa esa eR;q dh la[;kA

4- nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth] MkW- oh-ds-vkj-oh- jko

5- df"k ds O;olk;hdj.k dk vFkZ gS fd Lo&miHkksx ds LFkku ij foØ; ds fy, iQlyksa dk mRiknuA

6- d) Hkkjr ls lLrh nj ij dPpk eky izkIr djukA

[k) bXySaM esa cukbZ xbZ oLrqvksa dks mQaph dherksa ij Hkkjrh; cktkj esa cspukA

7- twV rFkk diM+k m|ksx ijA

8- fdlh ns'k dk fu;kZr vk;kr ls vf/d gksukA

9- frh;d ks=k esa 10» rFkk rrh;d ks=k esa 18»A


;wfuV&5

vè;k;&9

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990

vFkZO;oLFkk vFkZO;oLFkk vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk ,d ,slk laxBu gS ftlds varxZr yksx dk;Z djds viuh

vkthfodk dekrs gSa vFkZO;oLFkk

iwathoknh lektoknh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk vFkZO;oLFkk vFkZO;oLFkk

q iwthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk % bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa eq[; vkfFkZd fu.kZ; (D;k mRiknu djsa] fdl izdkj mRiknu djsa rFkk fdlds fy, mRiknu djsa) cktkj ds 'kfDr;ksa&ekax o iwfrZ kjk Lora=k :i ls fy, tkrs gSaA

q lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk % bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa eq[; vkfFkZd fu.kZ; ljdkj kjk lEiw.kZ lekt ds fgr dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy, tkrs gSaA

q fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk % ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa eq[; vkfFkZd fu.kZ; dsUnzh; ljdkj dh laLFkk rFkk lkFk gh cktkj dh 'kfDr;ksa ds Lora=k iz;kl ls fy, tkrs gSaA

q vkfFkZd fu;kstu % dk vFkZ ns'k ds lalk/uksa dk fofHkUu fodkl dh fØ;kvksa esa ns'k dh izkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj mi;ksx djuk gSA

Hkkjr esa fu;kstu ds mn~ns';

nh?kZdkyhu mn~ns'; vYidkyhu mn~ns'; 20 o"kks± dh vof/ esa 5 o"kks± dh vof/ esa izkIr gksus okys mn~ns'; iwjs fd, tkus okys mn~ns';


fu;kstu ds nh?kZdkyhu mn~ns'; 1- vk/qfudhdj.k & ubZ rduhd dks viukukA

2- vkRe fuHkZjrk & vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk esa deh djukA

3- vkfFkZd laof¼ * oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds lexz mRiknu esa of¼A

4- lekurk & vk; rFkk /u dh vlekurk esa deh djukA

5- iw.kZ jkstxkj & ls rkRi;Z og fLFkfr gksrh gS tc dk;Z'khy vk;q oxZ ds lHkh O;fDr okLro esa fdlh ykHkizn jkstxkj esa layXu gksa

vYidkyhu mn~ns'; ;k iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds mn~ns'; vYidkyhu mn~ns'; ;kstuk nj ;kstuk ns'k dh vko';drkuqlkj dnyrs jgrs gSa tSls igyh

;kstuk (1951&56) df"k mRiknu ij dsfUnzr Fkh tcfd nwljh ;kstuk (1956&61) dk mn~ns'; cnydj vkS|ksfxd fodkl gks x;k FkkA

Hkkjr esa lekurk rFkk laof¼ izR;sd ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; gksrk gSA

orZeku X;kjgoha ;kstuk (2007&2012) dk eq[; mn~ns';&rst] foLrr vk/kj nj rFkk yxkrkj laof¼ gSA

d`f"k

Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjrh; df"k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a

1- fuEu mRikndrk

2- izPNUu csjkstxkjh

3- o"kkZ ij fuHkZjrk

4- Lo&miHkksx ds fy, mRiknu vFkkZr fuokZfgr df"k

5- ikjaifjd vkxrksa dk iz;ksx

6- tksrksa dk NksVk vkdkj

7- fiNM+h rduhd

8- Hkw&Lokfe;ksa rFkk dk'rdkjksa esa la?k"kZ


Hkkjrh; d`f"k dh leL;k,a

lkekU; leL;k,a rduhdh leL;k,a laLFkkxr leL;k,a 1- Hkwfe ij tula[;k ncko 1- mRiknu ds vizpfyr 1- y?kq o fc[kjh 2- Hkwfe vik; rjhds tksrsa 3- fuokZfgr df"k 2- flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa 2- Hkwfe lq/kj dh 4- lkekftd okrkoj.k dk vHkko nks"kiw.kZ izofÙk 5- iQlyksa dh gkfu&dhV] 3- iQlyksa dk nks"kiw.kZ 3- lk[k ,oa cktkj

ihM+d] ck<+ o lw[kk vkfn pØ lqfo/kvksa dk vHkko

Hkkjrh; d`f"k esa lq/kj q laLFkkxr lq/kj % bUgsa Hkwfe lq/kj Hkh dgrs gSA

1- eè;ofrZ;ksa dk mUewyu

2- fdjk;s dk fu;eu

3- tksrksa dk ,dhdj.k

4- tksrksa dh lhek dk fu/kZj.k

q lkekU; lq/kj %

1- flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa esa foLrkj

2- lk[k dh miyC/rk

3- fu;fer foi.ku dsUnz vkSj lkeqnkf;d foi.ku lkslkbVhA

4- leFkZu dherksa ds fu/kZj.k dh uhfr

q rduhfd lq/kj ;k gfjr Økafr %

1- HYV (mPp mRikndrk fdLe) ds chtksa dk iz;ksx

2- jlk;fud mcZjdksa dk iz;ksx

3- iQlyksa dh lqjkk ds fy, dhVuk'kh rFkk ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk iz;ksx

4- oSKkfud iQly pØ

5- df"k esa e'khuksa dk iz;ksx


q gfjr Økafr dh miyfC/;ka %

1- mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa of¼

2- vk; esa of¼

3- O;olkf;d [ksrh esa of¼

4- lkekftd Økafr dk izHkko & ubZ rduhd dk iz;ksx] HYV cht rFkk moZjdksa dk iz;ksx

5- jkstxkj esa of¼

q gfjr Økafr dh vliQyrk,a %

1- lhfer iQlyksa rFkk ks=kksa rd izfrcaf/r& tsls nks iQlys xsgwa o pkoy rFkk buls lacaf/r jkT;&iatkc] gfj;k.kk] m-iz- vkSj vka/z izns'k rd

2- xjhch dk vkaf'kd mUewyu

3- Hkwfe lq/kjksa dh miskk

4- csjkstxkjh esa of¼

5- ikfjfLFkfrd voewY;u

m|ksx q Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd ks=k dh Hkwfedk

vkS|ksxhdj.k ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA fuEufyf[kr fcUnq vFkZO;oLFkk esa m|ksx ds egRo dks n'kkZrs gS %&

1- jkstxkj iznku djrk gSA

2- yksxksa dh vk; esa of¼

3- ks=kh; larqyu dks c<+kok

4- vk/qfudhdj.k dks izksRlkgu

5- df"k ds vk/qfudhdj.k esa lgk;d

6- vkRefuHkZj fodkl esa lgk;d

7- laof¼ ds fy, vf/d kerk

8- fu;kZr dh vf/d ek=kk dh dqath

9- lH;rk dk fodkl

vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dh igyh 'krZ gSA


^^Lora=krk ds i'pkr vkS|ksfxd fodkl** ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa m|ksxksa dk fgLlk nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa c<+dj 8-3» gks x;k gSA

X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa blds 10-5» gksus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA

fuEufyf[kr eq[; ifjorZu gq, %

1- vk/kj Hkwr <kaps dk fodkl & tSls fctyh] ifjogu lapkj] cSafdax o foÙk] f'kfkr ,oa dq'ky ekuoh; lalk/u vkfnA

2- 'kks/ ,oa fodkl ds ks=k esa izxfr

3- lkoZtfud ks=k dk foLrkj

4- iwatxr oLrqvksa fuekZ.k okys m|ksxksa dk fodkl

5- vuko';d miHkksDrk oLrq m|ksxksa esa laof¼A

Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh leL;k,a 1- ks=k esa vlarqyu & df"k rFkk vk/kjHkwr <kapk vkS|ksfxd ks=k dks vko';d leFkZu nsus esa

vliQy jgsA

2- ks=kh; vlarqyu & dqN gh jkT;ksa rd lhfer

3- vkS|ksfxd chefj;ka & ;s csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks c<+krh gSA

4- vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dh mQaph ykxr& LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk ds vHkko ds dkj.k

5- ljdkj ij fuHkZjrk % vk;kr dks ljy cukus ds fy, djks ;k uhfr esa ifjorZu

6- lkoZtfud ks=k dk [kjkc fu"iknu&

7- kerk dk vYi mi;ksx

8- c<+rk iwath & mRiknu vuqikr

vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa lkoZtfud ks=k dh Hkwfedk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls ljdkj dk izR;k gLrksi t:jh FkkA

1- futh m|fe;ksa ds ikl iwath dh deh

2- futh m|fe;ksa esa izsj.kk dk vHkko& D;ksafd cktkj dk vkdkj NksVk gksus ds dkj.k ekax Hkh de FkhA


3- lekt dk lektoknh <kapk & ljkdj dk eq[; mn~ns'; jkstxkj ltu djuk gS uk fd ykHk vftZr djukA

4- vk/kjHkwr <kaps dk fodkl

5- fiNM+s bykdksa dk fodkl

6- vkfFkZd 'kfDr ds dsUnzh;dj.k dks jksdus ds fy,A

7- vk;kr izfrLFkkiu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,

vkS|ksfxd uhfr&1956 vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,d egRoiw.kZ ;U=k gS ftlds kjk ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkS|ksfxd fØ;kvksa dk fu;eu djrh gSA

1956 dh uhfr esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; crk, x, Fks&

1- vkS|ksxhdj.k dh laof¼ nj dks yxkrkj c<+kukA

2- Hkkjh m|ksxksa dk fodkl djukA

3- lkoZtfud ks=k dks c<+kukA

4- vk; o laifÙk dh vlekurk esa deh ykukA

5- ,dkf/dkj ls lqjkk rFkk dqN gh yksxksa esa vk; o /u ds dsUnzh;dj.k dks jksduk

vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1956 dh fo'ks"krk,a

1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

1- m|ksxksa dk u;k oxhZdj.k % m|ksxksa dks ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ds vk/kj ij fuEu rhu vuqlwfp;ksa esa ckaV fn;k x;k&

d) vuqlwph ^v* & ,sls m|ksx ftuds Hkkoh fodkl dh ftEesnkjh ljkdj dh gksxhA bl vuqlwph esa 17 m|ksxksa dks j[kk x;kA

[k) vuqlwph ^c* & blesa 12 m|ksxksa dks j[kk x;kA ljdkj ubZ bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gS ysfdu futh ks=kksa dks igys ls dk;Zjr bdkb;ksa ds foLrkj rFkk ubZ bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh vuqefr nh xbZ

x) vuqlwph ^l* & vU; cps gq, m|ksx futh ks=k ds fy, NksM+ fn, x,A

2- y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dh Hkwfedk ij ncko


3- vkS|ksfxd ykblsflax % futh ks=k esa m|ksx [kksyus ds fy, ljdkj ls ykblsal ysuk vfuok;ZA

4- vkS|ksfxd fj;k;rsa & fiNM+s ks=kksa esa vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, futh ks=k dks fj;k;rs nsuk tSls fctyh dh nj esa deh] djksa esa fj;k;r vkfnA

y?kqLrjh; ;k NksVs iSekus ds m|ksx NksVs iSekus dk m|ksx og gksrk gS ftlesa 5 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/d iwath dk fuos'k ugha gksrk gS

y?kqLrjh; m|ksxksa dh Hkwfedk ;k fo'ks"krk,a

1- Je iz/ku & jkstxkj&ijd

2- Lo&jkstxkj esa of¼

3- de iawth iz/ku

4- fu;kZr dks c<+kok

5- cM+s Lrj ds m|ksxksa ds fy, vk/kj

6- LFkku fu/kAj.k laca/h yphykiu

y?kqLrjh; m|ksxksa dh leL;k,a@dfe;ka

1- foÙk dh leL;k

2- dPps eky dh deh

3- cktkj dh leL;k

4- vizpfyr e'khuksa dk iz;ksx

5- cM+s Lrjh; m|ksxksa ls izfr;ksfxrk

fons'k O;kikj Lora=krk ds le; Hkkjr ls fczVsu dks dPps eky dk fu;kZr cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa fd;k tkrk FkkA blds foijhr fczVsu ls rS;kj oLrq,a Hkkjr esa vk;kr dh tkrh FkhA

ml le; Hkkjr dk O;kikj larqyu vuqdwy Fkk vFkkZr~ fu;kZr > vk;kr ls vf/d FkkA Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr ds fons'k O;kikj esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq,A tSls%&

1- df"k fu;kZrksa ds izfr'kr Hkkx esa fxjkoV

2- fofufeZr oLrqvksa ds izfr'kr Hkkx esa of¼

3- fu;kZr O;kikj rFkk vk;kr O;kikj dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu


O;kikj uhfr igyh lkr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa rd O;kikj uhfr ^vareqZ[kh fodklkRed* Fkh ftls ^vk;kr izfrLFkkiu j.kuhfr* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ls rkRi;Z gS vk;kr dks ?kjsyw mRiknu ls izfrLFkkfir djukA

vk;kr dks de djus ds fy, vk;kr ij iz'kqYd rFkk dksVk fu/kZj.k ykxw fd;k tkrk gS blls ?kjsyw m|ksx fons'kh m|ksxksa dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cprs gSaA

vk;kr izfrLFkkiu j.kuhfr dk ?kjsyw m|ksx ij izHkko

1- vk;kr esa deh djds fons'kh fofue; dh cpr esa lgk;rk djrh FkhA

2- ?kjsyw mRikn ds fy, ,d lqjfkr cktkj rFkk vf/d ekax iznku djrh FkhA

3- ns'k ds vkS|ksfxd vk/kj dks etcwr cukus esa lgk;rk djrh Fkh tks izR;k :i ls vkfFkZd laof¼ djrk FkkA

vk;kr izfrLFkkiu j.kuhfr dh vkykspuk,a

1- blls laof¼ ugha gksrh FkhA

2- izfr;ksfxrk ds vHkko esa vk/qfudhdj.k dk vHkkoA

3- ljdkjh ks=k dk vdq'ky ,dkf/dkjA

4- blls dq'kyrk esa of¼ ugha gqbZA

vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax ykblsaflax ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds iwoZ fu/kZfjr ks=kksa esa nqyHkZ lalk/uksa ds fufnZ"V djus dk ;U=k gSA

vkS|ksfxd fodkl rFkk fu;eu dkuwu (IDRA) dks 1951 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA

bl fu;e ds eq[; mn~ns'; fuEu FksA

d) fu;ksftr izkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj vkS|ksfxd fodkl rFkk fuos'k dk fu;euA

[k) ,dkf/dkj ls cpko

x) vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu ks=kksa ds fodkl ds Lrj esa vlekurk dks de djukA

?k) cM+s Lrj ds m|ksxksa rFkk y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa ds chp vuqfpr izfr;ksfxrk dks jksdukA

Ä) nqyZHk fons'kh fofue; lalk/uksa dk b"Vre iz;ksxA


bl dkuwu ds varxZr fuEu fu;e ykxw gksrs gSaA

1- lHkh vuqlwfpr m|ksx ljkdj kjk iathdr djok, tkus pkfg,A

2- lHkh m|ksx ftUgsa foLrkj dh vko';drk gSA mUgsa ljdkj ls ykblsal ysuk pkfg,A

3- fdlh Hkh m|ksx dh dk;Z iz.kkyh ds fujhk.k dk vf/dkjA

4- ;fn m|e dk xyr izca/u gks rks ljdkj blds izca/u dks vius gkFkksa esa ysxhA

vkS|ksfxd ykblsal iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk

1- fdlh Hkh ykblsal laca/h vkosnu dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus dh dksbZ etcwr iz.kkyh ugha gSA

2- rduhdh foHkkx ds funsZ'kd ds kjk fd;s tkus okys ijhk.k dh xq.koÙkk [kjkc gksrh gSA

3- cgqr ls ykblsal izkIr m|ksxksa esa kerk dk vYi mi;ksx gksrk gSA

4- okLro esa bl uhfr us cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa dks vkfFkZd 'kfDr iznku djus esa enn dh gSA

^îjfeV ykblsal jkt** ;g og iz.kkyh gS ftlesa dbZ ckj ykblsal izkf/dj.k cM+s O;olkf;d ?kjkuksa dks fcuk iw.kZ tkap ds gh ykblsal iznku dj nsrs gSa


,d vad okys iz'u 1- vFkZO;oLFkk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

2- Hkkjr esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk vè;k dkSu gS\

3- eè;ofrZ;ksa ds mUewyu ds ihNs D;k mn~ns'; Fkk\

4- vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko 1956 ds vuqlkj m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k dhft,A

5- gfjr Økafr ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

6- y?kq Lrjh; m|ksx dk D;k vFkZ gS\

7- cktkj vkf/D; ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu dkSu djrk gS\

9- orZeku iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/ fyf[k,A

10- iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds dksbZ nks loZekU; mn~ns'; fyf[k,A

11- Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks Lohdkj fd;k gS\

12- fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh rhu lkekU; leL;k,a D;k gSa\

13- vk;kr&izfrLFkkiu fdls dgrs gSa\

3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- fdlh izdkj vk;kr izfrLFkkiu ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dk lajk.k djrh gS\

2- ;kstuk dky esa ljdkjh ks=k dks vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh ftEesnkjh D;ksa nh xbZ\

3- lfClMh fdl izdkj fdlkuksa dks ubZ rduhd iz;ksx djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrh gS\ o.kZu dhft,A

4- gfjr Økafr ds ykHk D;k Fks\ fyf[k,A

5- 1950&1990 ds eè; Hkkjr dh O;olkf;d lajpuk esa fdl izdkj ifjorZu gq, gS\

6- y?kq Lrjh; m|ksx xzkeh.k fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gSa\ O;k[;k dhft,A

7- gfjr Økafr dh dfe;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

8- Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds eq[; mn~ns'; D;k gSa\

9- fu;kstu mn~ns'; rFkk ;kstuk mn~ns'; esa varj fyf[k,A


6 vadksa okys iz'u 1- Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh leL;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- gekjs ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa y?kqLrjh; m|ksxksa dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- gfjr Økafr fdl izdkj fdlkuksa dk ykHkdkjh vkSj gkfudkjd jgh gS\

4- vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko&1956 ds mn~ns'; rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5- vk;kr izfrLFkkiu uhfr D;k Fkh\ vkjEHk esa bls Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy, D;ksa viuk;k x;k Fkk\

6- Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu dh miyfC/;ksa rFkk dfe;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

7- 1950&1990 ds eè; ljdkj dh vareqZ[kh O;kikj uhfr dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- vFkZO;oLFkk vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk ,d ,slk laxBu gS ftls varxZr yksx dk;Z djds viuh

vkthfodk dekrs gSaA

2- Hkkjr esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk vè;k iz/kuea=kh gksrk gSA

3- tehankjh izFkk dks lekIr djds okLrfod dk'rdkjksa rFkk ljdkj ds chp laca/ LFkkfir djuk FkkA

4- IPR1956 ds vuqlkj m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj Fkk&

d) vuqlwph ^v* esa 17 m|ksx dsoy ljdkjh ks=k ds fy,A

[k) vuqlwph ^c* esa 12 m|ksx ljdkjh o futh ks=kksa ds fy,A

x) vuqlwph ^l* esa cps gq, m|ksx futh ks=kksa ds fy,A

5- gfjr Økafr mRiknu ds mUur rjhdksa kjk izfr ,dM+ mRiknu c<+kus dh ,d tSo jlk;u rduhd gSA

6- os m|ksx ftuesa dsoy 5 djksM+ #i;s rd dk fuos'k fd;k x;k gksA

7- fdlkuksa ds ikl Lo&miHkksx ls vf/d mRiknu ftls os cktkj esa cspus ds fy, tkrs gSaA

8- ;kstuk vk;ksx Hkkjr esa ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA

9- vizSy 2007 ls 31 ekpZ 2012 rd

10- laof¼ rFkk lekurk

11- fefJr vFkZ O;oLFkk

12- D;k mRiknu fd;k tk;] dSls mRiknu fd;k tk; rFkk mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk;\

13- vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dk mRiknu vius ns'k esa djukA


;wfuV&6

vè;k;&10

vkfFkZd lq/kj 1991 ls

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q vkfFkZd lq/kj % vFkZO;oLFkk esa fodkl izfØ;k esa xfr mRiknu esa dq'kyrk rFkk izfr;ksxh okrkoj.k rS;kj djus gsrq 1991 esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds varxZr fd, x, vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k] rFkk futhdj.k tSls iz;kl vkfFkZd lq/kj ds uke ls tkus x,A

q vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh vko';drk dks tUe nsus okys dkjd 1- fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ esa deh 2- izfrdwy Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh c<+rh nj 3- c<+rk jktdks"kh; ?kkVk 4- dher of¼ 5- [kkM+h ladV 6- lkoZtfud m|eksa dh vliQyrk

q ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds mik; % d) LFkkf;Rodkjh mik; %& ;s mik; vYidkfyd ladVksa ds lek/ku gsrq tSls Hkqxrku

larqyu dh izfrdwyrk esa deh o c<+rh dherksa ij fu;a=k.k o fons'kh eqnzk Hk.Mkj esa of¼ gsrq fd, x,A

[k) lajpukRed lq/kj % bu mik;ksa dk mn~ns'; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lajpukRed <kaps dks etcwr djds mRiknu dq'kyrk esa lq/kj ykuk rFkk varjk"Vªh; Lrj ij Li/kZ kerk dks fodflr djuk FkkA

q mnkjhdj.k % mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ gS ljdkj kjk yxk, x, izR;k ;k HkkSfrd fu;a=k.kksa ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh eqfDrA


q mnkjhdkj.k ds varxZr viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ka

d) vkS|ksfxd ks=k dk fofu;ehdj.k

[k) foÙkh; ks=kd lq/kj

x) dj O;oLFkk esa lq/kj

?k) fons'kh fofue; esa lq/kj

Ä) O;kikj o fuos'k uhfr esa lq/kj

q futhdj.k %& ;g ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds varxZr futh ks=k kjk lkoZtfud m|eksa ij iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd vf/dkj djds mudk izca/ fd;k tkr gSA

futhdj.kh gsrq viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ka@mik; %& d) lkoZtfud ks=k dk ladqpu

[k) lkoZtfud m|e ds izca/ esa ljdkjh LokfeRo dh lekfIr

x) lkoZtfud m|eksa ds 'ks;jksa dh fcØh

q oS'ohdj.k %& vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o ls tksM+us okys laidZ lw=kksa dks c<+kus okyh ,d izfØ;k gS rkfd fo'o dh vkfFkZd o lkekftd Lrj ij ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk esa of¼ gks lds vkSj lhekeqDr fo'o dh jpuk dh tk ldsA

oS'ohdj.k gsrq viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ka@mik; %& d) fons'kh iwath fuos'k esa of¼

[k) VSfjiQ njksa esa deh

x) nh?kZdkyhu O;kikj uhfr

?k) vkaf'kd ifjorZu'khyrk

vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds izHkkoksa dh lehkk

ldkjkRed izHkko udkjkRed izHkko 1- fons'kh fuos'k esa of¼ 1- df"k dh vogsyuk 2- fons'kh fofue; dks"kksa esa of¼ 2- ns'kh; m|ksxksa gsrq dM+h izfr;ksfxrk 3- eqnzkLiQhfr ij jksd 3- 'kgjhdj.k esa of¼ 4- ?kjsyw mRikn esa of¼ 4- miHkksDrkokn dks c<+kok 5- fu;kZrksa esa of¼ 5- fofuos'k uhfr ds nq"izHkko


,d vad okys iz'u 1- vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

2- jktdks"kh; ?kkVs esa fujarj of¼ us fdl izdkj vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh vko';drk dks tUe fn;kA

3- ljdkj kjk yxk, x, izR;k ;k HkkSfrd fu;a=k.kksa ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh eqfDr dks fdl vkfFkZd lq/kj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS

4- fons'kh eqnzk fjtoZ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

5- mnkjhdj.k ds varxZr jktdks"kh; lq/kjksa dh vko';drk D;ksa eglwl dh xbZ\

6- izR;k dj ls D;k vfHkizk; gSA

7- vizR;k dj dks mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

8- voewY;u ls D;k vfHkizk; gSA

9- futhdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

10- oS'ohdj.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

11- iz'kqYdksa (VSfjiQ) esa deh dk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks D;k ykHk gksrk gS\

3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds varxZr fdu mik;ksa dks viuk;k x;k\

2- Hkqxrku 'ks"k dh izfrdwyrk ls D;k vk'k; gS\ izfrdwy Hkqxrku 'ks"k us fdl izdkj vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh vko';drk dks tUe fn;kA

3- lkoZtfud ks=k ds m|eksa dk vlarks"ktud mRiknu vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dks viukus dk izeq[k dkj.k fdl izdkj cuk\

4- mnkjhdj.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ mnkjhdj.k ds varxZr viuk, x, vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

5- futhdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, futhdj.k gsrq fd, x, iz;klksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

6- oS'ohdj.k dh uhfr dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, bl uhfr ds izeq[k ifj.kke ckg~; izki.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A

7- vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds ik esa dksbZ pkj rdZ nhft,A

8- vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds pkj udkjkRed izHkko fyf[k,A


5@6 vad okys iz'u 1- 1991 esa viuk, x, vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh vko';drkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- vFkZO;oLFkk ds oS'ohdj.k gsrq fd, x, mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, mnkjhdj.k gsrq fd, x, mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+us okys ldkjkRed izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

5- vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds udkjkRed izHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- lu~ 1991 esa vkfFkZd fodkl] mRiknu dq'kyrk esa of¼ rFkk izfr;ksxh vkS|ksfxd okrkoj.k

rS;kj djus gsrq fd, x, iz;kl vkfFkZd lq/kj dgyrs gSaA

2- c<+rs jktdks"kh; ?kkVs ds dkj.k ljdkj kjk fy, tkus okys ½.k ij fn;k tkus okyk C;kt dqy ljdkjh O;; dk 36-4 izfr'kr gks x;k Fkk vr% vkfFkZd lq/kj vko';d gks x,A

3- mnkjhdj.k

4- ljkdj ds ikl ,d fuf'pr le; ij fons'kh eqnzk ds Hk.Mkj dks fons'kh fofue; fjtoZ dgk tkrk gSA

5- mnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ Hkkjrh; dj <kapk csgn vO;ofLFkr Fkk ftlds dkj.k turk ij dj dk Hkkj cgqr vf/d iM+ jgk Fkk vkSj ;g vfrfjDr dj Hkkj dj pksjh dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA

6- izR;k dj os dj gSa ftuds Hkkj dks vkxs foofrZr (Vkyuk) djuk laHko ugha gksrk budk djk?kkr o djkikr ,d gh O;fDr ij gksrk gS tSls %& vk; dj

7- vizR;k dj os dj gSa ftuds Hkkj dks vkxs foofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls budk djk?kkr o djkikr vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa ij gksrk gSA

8- fo'o dh vU; eqnzkvksa dh rqyuk fdlh ns'k kjk viuh eqnzk dk ewY; ?kVkuk voewY;u dgykrk gSA

9- ;g ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds varxZr futh ks=k kjk lkoZtfud m|eksa ij iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd vf/dkj djds mudk izca/ fd;k tkrk gSA

10- oS'ohdj.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o ls tksM+us okys laidZ lw=kksa dks c<+kus okyh ,d izfØ;k gS rkfd fo'o dh vkfFkZd o lkekftd Lrj ij ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk c<+ ldsA

11- iz'kqYdksa esa gksus okyh deh ds iQyLo:i ?kjsyw m|ksxksa ds fy, lacaf/r oLrqvksa dk vk;kr lLrk o fu;kZr ls gksus oky ykHk ekftZu c<+ tkrk gSA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&11

fu/Zurk

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q fu/Zurk ls vfHkizk; thou ds fy, U;wure miHkksx vko';drkvksa dh izkfIr dk u gksukA

q lkisk fu/Zurk %& fu/Zurk dk rqyukRed eki lkisk fu/Zurk dgykrk gS vFkkZr fofHkUu oxks±] izns'kksa] lewg] jk"Vªh; o varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ikbZ tkus okyh rqyukRed fu/Zurk lkisk fu/Zurk dgykrk gSA

q fujisk fu/Zurk %& fujisk fu/Zurk dks ekius gsrq ns'k dh vkfFkZd voLFkk dks vk/kj cuk;k tkrk gSA

q fu/Zurk js[kk %& fu/Zurk js[kk izfr O;fDr vkSlr ekfld O;; dks izdV djrh gS tks fd U;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vfuok;Z gksrk gSA

q ,sls O;fDr tks lnSo fu/Zu cus jgrs gSa vkSj lkekU;r% fu/Zu O;fDr fpjdkfyd fu/Zu dgykrs gSa tSls& vfu;fer etnwj

q os lHkh O;fDr tks fujarj fu/Zu rFkk xSj fu/Zu oxZ ds chp vkrs tkrs jgrs gSa mUgsa vYidkfyd fu/Zu dgk tkrk gS tSls ekSleh etnwj o NksVs d"kdA

q xSj fu/Zu Js.kh esa os O;fDr vkrs gSa tks dHkh fu/Zu ugha gksrs budk ekfld miHkksx O;; fu/Zuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d gksrk gSA

q Hkkjr esa lu~ 2000 ds ckn ls 'kgjh o xzkeh.k Lrj ij fu/Zurk js[kk ls uhps jgus okyh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa deh vkbZ gS fdUrq vkt Hkh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 27» Hkkx fu/Zu gS vkSj fu/Zu tula[;k dk yxHkx 70» mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj] eè; izns'k] if'pe caxky rFkk mM+hlk vkfn ikap jkT;ksa esa gSaA


q fu/Zurk ds dkj.k %&

1- rhoz xfr ls c<+rh tula[;k

2- jk"Vªh; mRiknu dh /heh of¼@vi;kZIrrk

3- dherksa esa of¼

4- csjkstxkjh

5- fodkl dh /heh xfr

6- iawth dh vi;kZIrk

q fu/Zurk fuokj.k gsrq mik; ,oa uhfr;ka

1- dke ds cnys vukt ;kstuk

2- xzkeh.k jkstxkj ltu dk;ZØe

3- Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk

4- iz/kuea=kh jkstxkj ;kstuk

5- Lo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk

6- eujsxk (egkRek xk¡/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e)&eujsxk


,d vad okys iz'u 1- fu/Zurk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\

2- fujisk fu/Zurk dks Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj ekik tkrk gS\

3- lkisk fu/Zurk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

4- fpjdkfyd fu/Zu fdUgsa dgk tkrk gSA

5- os O;fDr tks fujarj fu/Zu rFkk xSj fu/Zu oxZ ds chp vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSa] mUgsa fdl Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gS\

6- dherksa esa of¼ fdl izdkj fu/Zurk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS\

7- fu/Zurk js[kk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- fu/Zurk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ lkisk o fujisk fu/Zurk ds chp varj dhft,A

2- fpjdkfyd csjkstxkjh fdl izdkj fu/Zurk dks c<+kok nsrh gS\

3- Hkkjr ljdkj kjk fu/Zurk ij f=kvk;keh izgkj dh laksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A

4- fu/Zurk o vk; dh vlekurk ds chp laca/ dh O;k[;k dhft,a

5- Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

5@6 vad okys iz'u 1- fu/Zurk ds izeq[k dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2- ljdkj kjk fu/Zurk mUewyu ds fy, mBk;s x, fofHkUu dneksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- fu/Zurk mUewyu dk;ZØe dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A


,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- fu/Zurk ls vfHkizk; thou ds fy, U;wure miHkksx vko';drkvksa dh izkfIr uk gksukA

2- fujisk fu/Zurk ds ekiu gsrq ns'k dh vkfFkZd voLFkk dks vk/kj cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd mu O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k Kkr dh tk lds tks fu/Zurk js[kk ds uhps fuokl djrs gSaA

3- fu/Zurk dk rqyukRed eki lkisk fu/Zurk dgykrk gS vFkkZr fofHkUu oxks±] lewgksa] jk"Vªh; o varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ik;h tkus okyh rqyukRed fu/Zurk lkisk fu/Zurk dgykrh gSa

4- ,sls O;fDr tks lnSo fu/Zu cus jgrs gSa vkSj lkekU;r% fu/Zu O;fDr fpjdkfyd fu/Zu dgykrs gSaA

5- vYidkfyd fu/Zu

6- dherksa esa of¼ ds dkj.k okLrfod vk; ;k Ø; 'kfDr de gks tkrh gS ftlls fuEu vk; oxhZ; miHkksDrk U;wure miHkksx vko';drkvksa dks iwjk ugha dj ikrsA

7- fu/Zurk js[kk izfr O;fDr vkSlr ekfld O;; dks izdV djrh gS tks fd U;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vfuok;Z gksrk gSA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&12

Hkkjr esa ekuo iwath fuekZ.k

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q ekuo iwath ls vfHkizk; ,d ns'k esa ,d fuf'pr le; ij dq'kyrk] kerk] lqfoKrk] f'kkk rFkk Kku ds LVkd vFkok HkaMkj ls gSA

q ekuo iwath ds LVkd esa le; ds lkFk of¼ djus dh izfØ;k dks ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dgk tkrk gSA

q ekuo iwath fuekZ.k ds Jksr&

1) f'kkk ij O;;

2) LokLF; ij O;;

3) ukSdjh ds lkFk izf'kk.k

4) o;Ldksa ds fy, vè;;u dk dk;ZØe

5) LFkkukUrj.k ,oa lwpuk ij O;;

q vkfFkZd laof¼ esa ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dh Hkwfedk&

1) mRiknu dks c<+krk gSA

2) dq'kyrk rFkk mRikndrk esa of¼

3) n`f"Vdks.k rFkk O;ogkj esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu ykrk gSA

4) laof¼ ds HkkokRed rFkk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu

5) thou izR;k'kk esa of¼

6) lekurk rFkk lkekftd U;k; esa of¼


q Hkkjr esa ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dh leL;k,a%&

1) tula[;k of¼

2) mPp ks=kh; rFkk fyax vlekurk

3) izfrHkk iyk;u

4) vi;kZIr ekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu

5) df"k esa dke ds nkSjku izf'kk.k dh deh

6) mPp fu/Zurk Lrj

7) fuEu 'kSfkd ekud

q f'kkk dk mn~ns'; rFkk egRo %&

1) f'kkk ls vPNs ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k

2) ns'k ds lalk/uksa ds iz;ksx esa lgk;d

3) foKku rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl

4) yksxksa ds ekufld fkfrt dk fodkl

5) ukxfjdksa ds lkaLdfrd Lrj dks mPp cukus esa lgk;d

6) ekuo O;fDrRo dk fodkl

q Hkkjr esa f'kkk ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr leL;k,%&

1) vui<+ksa dh cgqr cM+h la[;k

2) vi;kZIr O;kolk;h;dj.k

3) fyax Hksn dh leL;k

4) xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa igqap dk fuEu Lrj

5) f'kkk ij ljdkj kjk de O;;

q Hkkjr esa ekuo iawth fuekZ.k %&

1) lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ekuo iwath dh egÙkk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

2) Hkkjr esa dsUnz ,oa jkT; Lrjksa ij f'kkk eU=kky;] NCERT (jk"Vªh; 'kSfkd vuqlU/ku vkSj izf'kk.k ifj"kn) UGC (fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx) AICTE (vf[ky Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh; izf'kk.k ifj"kn) f'kkk ks=k dk fu;eu djrs gSaA


3) Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; ,oa jkT; Lrjksa ij LokLF; ea=kky; rFkk ICMR (Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/ku ifj"kn) LokLF; ks=k dk fu;eu djrs gSaA

4) fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj Hkkjr vius vki dks ,d Kkuoku vFkZO;oLFkk ds :i esa fodflr dj ldrk gSA ;fn ,slk gqvk rks Hkkjr esa lu~ 2020 esa izfr O;fDr vk; c<+dj 3000 vesfjdh Mkyj gks tk;sxhA

q ekuo iwath fuekZ.k fodkl dh izfØ;k dks c<+krk gS rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl] ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dks rst djrk gS& 1) ekuo iwath esa of¼

vk/qfud n`f"Vdks.k rFkk fopkj] thou dh vPNh xq.koÙkk] mQaph thou izR;k'kk

vf/d dq'kyrk

vf/d vkfFkZd laof¼

2) vkfFZkd laof¼ esa of¼

izfr O;fDr vk; esa of¼

f'kkk ,oa LokLF; esa vf/d fuos'k

ekuo iwath esa of¼

q Hkkjr esa f'kkk ks=k%&

1) izkFkfed f'kkk

d) 2005&06 esa izkFkfed Ldwyksa dh la[;k 12-83 yk[k Ldwy Fks rFkk ldy izos'k vuqikr 89 izfr'kr ls mQij FkkA

[k) fofHkUu uhfr;ka fuEu izdkj gSa&

feM Ms ehYl ;kstuk (1995)] ftyk izkFkfed f'kkk dk;ZØe (1999) loZ f'kkk vfHk;ku (2000)] f'kkk xkjaVh rFkk oSdfYd vkfo"dkjksa f'kkk] vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ vkfnA

2) ekè;fed f'kkk %&

d) 2004&05 esa ekè;fed Ldwyksa dh la[;k 140 gtkj rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ks dh la[;k 33-2 fefy;u FkhA


[k) fofHkUu uhfr;ksa esa uoksn; fo|ky;] dsUnzh; fo|ky;] jk"Vªh; 'kSfkd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'kk.k ifj"kn vkfn gSaA

3- mPp f'kkk %&

d) 2005&06 esa 304 fo'o fo|ky; rFkk 12178 dkWyst FksA izos'k ikus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 104-8 yk[k FkhA

[k) bfUnjk xk¡/h jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'o fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk flrEcj 1985 esa dh xbZA ;g nwjLFk f'kkk iz.kkyh dks izksRlkgu nsrk gSA

x) fo'o fo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (UGC) mPp f'kkk dks fu;fU=kr djrk gSA

4- rduhdh] fpfdRlk rFkk df"k laca/h f'kkk&1265 bathfu;fjax dkWyst] 1-86 yk[k fo|kFkhZ] 1215 ikWyhVSfDud laLFkk,a& fo|kFkhZ 2-12 yk[k] 268 esfMdy dkyst& fo|kFkhZ 17 gtkj izfr o"kZA (o"kZ 2005&06 ds fy, vk¡dM+s)

q lu~ 1988 esa jk"Vªh; lkkjrk fe'ku* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA blds vUrxZr loZ f'kkk vfHk;ku& ^f'kkk lcds fy,* pyk;k tk jgk gSA


,d vad okys iz'u 1- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k ls D;k vk'k; gS\

2- ekuo iwath dks ifjHkkf"kr djksA

3- f'kkk esa fuos'k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

4- fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ekuo iwath ds egRo dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k\

5- ekuo iwath esa fuos'k dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\

6- ukSdjh esa izf'kk.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

7- lkkjrk ,oa f'kkk esa D;k vUrj gS\

8- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k ds Ïksr ls D;k vk'k; gS\

9- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k thou dh xq.koÙkk esa fdl izdkj lq/kj djrk gS\

10- jk"Vªh; lkkjrk fe'ku kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s vkUnksyu dk uke D;k gS\

11- izf'kk.k D;k gS\

3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k ds rhu eq[; Ïksr D;k gSa\

2- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dh /kj.kk dks Li"V djksA

3- fdl izdkj ekuo iwath fuekZ.k lkekftd U;k; esa of¼ djrk gSA

4- f'kkk ij ljdkj ds O;; esa of¼ dh foospuk djksA ;g D;k n'kkZrk gS\

5- vki lkkj fdls dgsaxs\ lkkjrk] f'kkk ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\

6- izolu fdl izdkj ekuo iwath fuekZ.k esa of¼ djrk gS\

7- ekuo iawth fuekZ.k esa f'kkk ds fu;kstu dh vko';drk dh O;k[;k djksA

8- vkfFkZd fodkl esa ekuo iwath dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k djksA

6 vad okys iz'u 1- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k ds Ïksrksa dh O;k[;k djksA

2- fdlh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa f'kkk fdl izdkj ,d egRoiw.kZ vkxr gS\ O;k[;k djksA

3- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa vkus okyh izeq[k dfBukb;ksa dk o.kZu djksA

4- Hkkjr esa o;Ld ,oa L=kh f'kkk dh fLFkfr Li"V djksA

5- Hkkjr ds df"k ks=k esa dk;Z LFky ij izf'kk.k dh vko';drk Li"V djksA


,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- ekuo iwath ds LVkWd esa le; ds lkFk of¼ djus dh izfØ;k dks ekuo iwath fuekZ.k dgk

tkrk gSA

2- ekuo iwath ,d jk"Vª ds fdlh le; fo'ks"k ij ik;s tkus okys dkS'ky rFkk lqfoKrk dk Hk.Mkj gSA

3- f'kkk ij ljdkj kjk fd;s x;s O;; dks f'kkk esa fuos'k dgrs gSaA

4- lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vkfFkZd fodkl esa ekuo iwath ds egRo dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;kA

5- ekuo iwath esa fuos'k djuk blfy, vko';d gS rkfd HkkSfrd iwath dks vkSj vf/d dq'kyrk ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk lds rFkk ekuo esa e'khu] izkS|ksfxdh o Kku dks iz;ksx djus dh ml kerk dks fodflr fd;k tk lds tks ns'k dh mRiknu kerk esa of¼ djrh gSA

6- dk;Z ks=k ij izf'kk.k ls vk'k; ml izf'kk.k ls gS tks deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdjh ds nkSjku fn;k tkrk gS rFkk blds iQyLo:i os vf/d dk;Z dq'ky ,oa mRiknd curs gSaA

7- lkkjrk dh rqyuk esa f'kkk ,d vf/d foLrr vo/kj.kk gSA lkkjrk ls vfHkizk; i<+us vkSj fy[kus dh ;ksX;rk ls gS tcfd f'kkk ds rhu Lrj izkFkfed] ekè;fed rFkk mPprj f'kkk gSA lHkh f'kfkr O;fDr lkkj gksrs gSa fdUrq t:jh ugha fd lHkh lkkj O;fDr f'kfkr Hkh gksA

8- ekuo iawth fuekZ.k ds Ïksrksa ls vk'k; mu rjhdksa ls gS tks orZeku esa fLFkr ekuo iwath esa of¼ djrs gSaA

9- lkkj] LoLFk] xq.kh rFkk izf'kfkr yksx fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dh tek iwath gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ;g tula[;k dk ,d xq.k gS ftldk rkRi;Z vf/d vkfFkZd laof¼ ls gSA

10- jk"Vªh; lkkjrk fe'ku kjk izkjEHk fd;k x;k vkUnksyu loZ f'kkk vfHk;ku gSA

11- izf'kk.k dk vFkZ gS fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z dks djus ds fy, dq'kyrk vkSj Kku nsukA blls dke dh dq'kyrk c<+rh gSA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&13

xzkeh.k fodkl

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q xzkeh.k fodkl ls vfHkizk; xzkeh.k ks=kksa ds vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd mRFkku ds fy, ,d Øec¼ ;kstuk ls gSA

q xzkeh.k fodkl ds eq[; rRo&

1) xzkeh.k lk[k dh ,d etcwr iz.kkyhA

2) fdlkuksa dks vius mRiknu dh mfpr dher fnykus okyh foi.ku iz.kkyhA

3) iQlyksa dk fofo/hdj.k tks mRiknu ds tksf[ke dks de djs vkSj df"k ds O;kikjhdj.k dks c<+kok nsA

4) mRiknu dh xfrfof/;ksa dk fofo/hdj.k rkfd iQly& [ksrh ds vykok thou ds oSdfYid lk/uksa dks <wa<+k tk ldsA

5) tSfod df"k dks izksRlkgu nsuk ftlls fd iQly [ksrh i;kZoj.k eSf=kd gks rFkk /kj.kh; izfØ;k yEch vof/ rd pysA

q df"k ifjokjksa ds fy, lk[k dh miyC/rk dks xzkeh.k lk[k dgrs gSaA d"kdksa dks lk[k dh vko';drk vusd dkj.kksa ls gksrh gS& tSls df"k midj.k ,oa e'khus [kjhnus gsrq] dqvka [kksnus ;k V~;wcoSy yxkus ds fy,] cht] midj.k] moZjd [kkn vkfn [kjhnus ds fy,A

q Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k lk[k ds Ïksr nks izdkj ds gSa&

1) xSj laLFkkxr vFkok vukSipkfjd Ïksr& buds vUrxZr lkgwdkj] O;kikjh] deh'ku ,tsaV] tehankj] laca/h rFkk fe=k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA


2) laLFkkxr vFkok vkSipkfjd Ïksr&

d) lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ka

[k) O;kikfjd cSad

x) ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad

?k) df"k rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad (NABARD)

q xzkeh.k cSafdax dh lhek,a&

1) vi;kZIr foÙk

2) ks=kh; vlekurk,a

3) cdk;k jkf'k

4) NksVs rFkk lhekUr fdlkuksa dks de ykHk

q df"k foi.ku ds vUrxZr iQly dkVus ds ckn mit dk laxzg] mRikn dk izlaLdj.k] xq.koÙkk ds vuqlkj mRikn dk oxhZdj.k] Øsrkvksa dh ilan ds vuqlkj mRikn dh iSfdax] Hkkoh fcØh ds fy, mRikn dk HkaMkj.k rFkk mRikn dks rc cspuk tc dher ykHkizn gks] vkrk gSA

q df"k foi.ku ds nks"k fuEu izdkj gSA&

1) vi;kZIr HkaMkj x`g

2) fcpkSfy;ksa dh cgqyrk

3) vfu;fer cktkjksa esa xM+cfM+;ka

4) rkSy] Js.khdj.k rFkk ekin.M ds fy, vuqfpr eki

5) i;kZIr foÙk dk vHkko

6) ifjogu o lapkj ds de lk/u

7) vi;kZIr cktkj lwpuk,a

q foi.ku O;oLFkk dks lq/kjus ds fy, ljdkj kjk fd;s x;s mik;&

1) fu;fer eafM;ksa dh LFkkiuk

2) HkaMkj x`g lqfo/kvksa dk izko/ku

3) fj;k;rh ;krk;kr dh O;oLFkk

4) foi.ku lwpuk dk izlkj

5) U;wure leFkZu dher uhfr

6) lqjfkr HkaMkj rFkk lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh


q df"k ks=k esa c<+rh gqbZ Je 'kfDr ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks vU; xSj df"k ks=kksa esa oSdfYid jkstxkj esa volj <wa<+us dh izfØ;k dks fofo/hdj.k dgrs gSaA blds nks igyw gSa&

1) iQly mRiknu dk fofo/hdj.k& blds vUrxZr ,d iQly dh ctk, cgqiQly dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA blds nks ykHk gSa&

d) ekulwu ds vliQy gksus ls ;g [ksrh ds tksf[ke dks de djrh gSA

[k) ;g [ksrh ds O;kikjhdj.k ds ks=k dks c<+krh gSA

2) mRiknu fØ;kvksa dk fofo/hdj.k& iQly&[ksrh ds vfrfjDr xSj df"k ks=k esa jkstxkjksa dk ltu djukA jkstxkj ds xSj df"k ks=k ds vUrxZr&

d) i'kqikyu

[k) eRL; ikyu

x) ckxokuh

?k) dqVhj vkSj ?kjsyw m|ksx rFkk

Ä) lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkrs gSa

q tSfod df"k [ksrh dh og i¼fr gS tks i;kZoj.k larqyu dks iqu% LFkkfir djds mldk lajk.k vkSj lao/Zu djrh gSA ;g [ksrh tSfod vkxrksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkk jklk;fud vkxrksa ds iz;ksx dk fu"ks/ djrh gSA

q tSfod df"k ds ykHk&

1) NksVs vkSj lhekUr fdlkuksa ds fy, lLrh izfØ;k

2) vk; dk ltu

3) ikSf"Vd vkSj LokLF; o/Zd Hkkstu

4) csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks gy djrh gS

5) i;kZoj.k fe=k

q tSfod df"k dh mRiknu izfØ;k esa Je xgu i¼fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Hkkjr esa Je dh cgqyrk gS blfy, tSfod df"k esa Hkkjr dks rqyukRed ykHk izkIr gSA


,d vad okys iz'u 1- xzkeh.k fodkl D;k gS\

2- df"k fofo/hdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

3- ruok (TANWA) D;k gS\

4- Lof.kZe Økafr (Golden Revolution D;k gS\

5- fdlkuksa ds fgrksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj ljdkj kjk fd;s x;s nks mik; crkvksA

6- lgdkfjrk foi.ku O;oLFkk D;k gS\

7- ^vkWijs'ku ÝyM* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

8- vfr y?kq lk[k dk;ZØe ls D;k vk'k; gS\

9- df"k lk[k ds xSj laLFkkxr Ïksrksa dh ifjHkk"kk fy[kksA

10- df"k foi.ku D;k gS\

11- xzkeh.k cSafdx dh nks lhek,a (dfe;ka) crkb;sA

12- df"k lk[k ds nks Ïksr D;k gSa\

13- fdl jkT; esa nqX/ lgdkfjrk,a liQyrkiwoZd ykxw gks pqdh gSa\

14- ukckMZ (NABARD) dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ\

15- /kkj.kh; fodkl D;k gS\

3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ksa ds nks vk/kjHkwr mn~ns'; crkb,A

2- xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewg (Self Help Groups) dk egRo Li"V dhft,A

3- xzkeh.k df"k ks=k esa futh O;kikfj;ksa dh fØ;kvksa ds fu;eu ds fy, ljdkj dk gLrksi D;ksa vko';d gS\

4- ckxokuh Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k fodkl dks dSls izksRlkfgr djrh gS\

5- D;k ,d oSdfYid vkthfodk fodYi ds :i esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl laHko gS\ dkj.k crkb;sA

6- Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dks lk[k dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\

7- oSdfYid foi.ku ekè;eksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gqbZ\

8- tSfod df"k ds D;k ykHk gSa\


9- xzkeh.k cSafdx fdlkuksa dks vko';d lk[k miyC/ djkus esa leFkZ D;ksa ugha gS\

10- fuEu ls D;k vk'k; gS&

d) U;wure dher fu/kZj.k (MSP)

[k) lqjfkr Hk.Mkj (Buffer Stock)

x) lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh (PDS)

?k) Lo;a lgk;rk lewg (SHG)

6 vad okys iz'u 1- df"k fofo/hdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh vko';drk D;ksa gS\

2- tSfod df"k ds ykHk ,oa lhek,a crkb;sA

3- Hkkjr esa df"k foi.ku iz.kkyh dks lq/kjus ds fy, ljdkj us dkSu ls dne mBk, gSa\

4- lgdkjh lk[k lfefr ds dk;Z rFkk dfe;ka D;k gSa\

5- xzkeh.k fodkl 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ xzkeh.k fodkl ds eq[; eqn~ns D;k gSa\

6- xzkeh.k ks=k esa i'kqikyu] eRL; ikyu rFkk ckxokuh fdl izdkj /kj.kh; vkthfodk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Ïksr gS\

7- fdlkuksa kjk fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa ds fy, yh tkus okyh lk[k dh fdLeksa dh O;k[;k djsaA xSj laLFkkxr lk[k ds egRo ,oa fufgrkFkZ dk fooj.k nhft,A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- xzkeh.k fodkl ls vfHkizk; xzkeh.k ks=kksa ds vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd mRFkku ds fy, ,d Øec¼

;kstuk ls gSA

2- df"k ks=k esa c<+rh gqbZ Je 'kfDr ds ,d cM+s fgLls ds fy, vU; xSj&df"k ks=kksa esa oSdfYid jkstxkj c<+kus dh izfØ;k dks df"k fofo/hdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

3- ruok (TANAWA) ,d ifj;kstuk gS tks rfeyukMq esa efgykvksa dks uohure~ df"k rduhdksa dk izf'kk.k nsus gsrq 'kq: dh xbZ gSA blds vUrxZr efgyk,a vusd izdkj ds vk; c<+kus okys dk;ks± dks izksRlkfgr dj jgh gSA

4- o"kZ 1991&2003 dh vof/ dks Lof.kZe Økafr dky dgk tkrk gSA bl le; vUrjky esa ckxokuh esa lqfu;ksftr fuos'k cgqr gh mRiknd fl¼ gqvk vkSj bl ks=k us ,d /kj.kh; oSdfYid jkstxkj dk :i ys fy;kA

5- nks mik;& df"k mRiknksa dk U;wure ewY; fu/kZj.k ,oa [kk|kUuksa ds lqjfkr HkaMkjksa dk fuekZ.kA


6- fdlkuksa dks mfpr ewY; fnykus ds fy, lgdkfjrk foi.ku O;oLFkk dk izkjaHk gqvkA blds vUrxZr lnL; fdlku vius vfrfjDr mRikn dks lgdkjh lfefr dks csp nsrs gSa bl izdkj O;fDrxr eksy Hkko ds LFkku ij la;qDr :i ls eksy Hkko djds mRikn dks cspk tkrk gS bl izdkj bl izfØ;k ls fdlkuksa dks loksZÙke ykHk feyrk gSA

7- 1966 esa vkjaHk fd;s x;s ^vkWijs'ku ÝyM* dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr fdlku viuk foØ; ;ksX; nw/ ,d txg ,d=k djrs gSa] mldh xq.koÙkk ds vk/kj ij izlaLdj.k djrs gSa vkSj fiQj 'kgjh dsUæksa ij lgdkfjrk ds ekè;e ls csp nsrs gSaA bl izfØ;k ls nqX/ mRiknu c<+k rFkk fdlkuksa dks mfpr ewY; feykA

8- Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa kjk lk[k dh miyC/rk dks y?kq lk[k dk;ZØe dgk tkrk gSA

9- xSj laLFkkxr Ïksrksa esa lkgwdkj O;kikjh] deh'ku ,tsUV] tehankj] laca/h rFkk fe=k vkrs gSaA

10- df"k foi.ku ls vfHkizk; mu lHkh xfrfof/;ksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa ls gS tks fdlku dks vius mRikn ds cnys esa vf/dre dher izkIr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA vU; xfrfof/;ksa ds lkFk bu izfØ;kvksa esa oxhZdj.k] iSdsftax rFkk HkaMkj.k 'kkfey gSaA

11- xzkeh.k cSafdax dh dfe;ksa esa laof¼ esa ks=kh; vlekurk,a ,oa c<+rh cdk;k jkf'k dh leL;k dks ys ldrs gSaA

12- lgdkjh lk[k lfefr rFkk ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad df"k lk[k ds nks Ïksrksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA

13- xqtjkr jkT; esa nqX/ lgdkfjrk,a liQyrkiwoZd ykxw gks pqdh gSA

14- ukckMZ (NABARD) dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1982 esa gqbZA

15- /kj.kh; fodkl og izfØ;k gS tks Hkkoh ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh ;ksX;rk dks gkfu igqapk, fcuk orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrh gSA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&14

jkstxkj&laof¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oe~ vU; eqn~ns

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q dk;Z gekjs thou esa O;fDrxr rFkk lekt ds lnL; ds :i esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

q Jfed og O;fDr gS] tks viuh thfodk vftZr djus ds fy, fdlh mRiknd jkstxkj esa yxk gSA

q os lHkh fØ;k,a] tks oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds mRiknu kjk ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu esa ;ksxnku djrh gSa] vkfFkZd fØ;k,a dgykrh gSaA rhu rjg dh vkfFkZd fØ;k,a gS& mRiknu] miHkksx o forj.kA

q mRiknd fØ;k,a os fØ;k,a gSa ftUgsa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ftlls vk; dk ltu gksrk gSA

q Je cy& Je cy ls vfHkizk; Jfedksa dh ml la[;k ls gS tks okLro esa dk;Z jgs gSa ;k dk;Z djus ds bPNqd gSaA

vr% Jecy = dk;Zcy + tks djus ds bPNqd gSa ijUrq csjkstxkj gSaA

q lgHkkfxrk dh nj& bldk vFkZ gS mRiknu fØ;k esa okLro esa Hkkx ysus okyh tula[;k dk izfr'krA

q dk;Zcy ls vfHkizk;& izpfyr nj ij dk;Z djus ds bPNqd ,oe~ lke O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k ls gSA dk;Zcy okLro esa dk;Z'khy O;fDr;ksa dh dqy la[;k gSA

q Je vkiwfrZ& Je vkiwfrZ ls vfHkizk;% Je dh og ek=kk gS ftls etnwj ,d fo'ks"k etnwjh nj ij LosPNkiwoZd vfiZr djrs gSaA


q ns'k dh tula[;k ds ikap esa ls nks O;fDr fofHkUu vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa esa yxs gSaA

q eq[;r% xzkeh.k iq#"k] ns'k ds Jecy dk lcls cM+k oxZ gSA

q Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k Jfed Lofu;kstd gSA vfu;r fngkM+h etnwj rFkk fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkjh feydj Hkh Hkkjr dh leLr Je'kfDr ds vuqikr ds vk/s ls Hkh de gh jg tkrs gSaA

q Hkkjr ds dqy Je cy dk yxHkx ikap esa ls rhu Jfed df"k vkSj lac¼ dk;ks± ls gh viuh vkthfodk izkIr djrk gSA

q ukSdjh jfgr laof¼ % blls vfHkizk;% ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh laof¼ nj esa rks lexz of¼ gksrh gS] ijarq jksxtkj voljksa esa mlh vuqikr esa of¼ ugha gksrhA

Jecy dk vfu;rhdj.k vukSipkjhdj.k q vfu;rhdj.k& vuf;rhdj.k dk vfHkizk; ml fLFkfr ls gS] ftlesa le; ds lkFk dqy Jecy

esa HkkM+s ij fy, x, vkdfLed Jfedksa ds izfr'kr esa c<+us dh izofÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA

q vukSipkjhdj.k & bldk vfHkizk;% ml fLFkfr ls gS tc yksxksa esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd ks=k ds LFkku ij vukSipkfjd ks=k esa jkstxkj ds volj vf/d ikus dh izofÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA


csjkstxkjh ds dkj.k q /heh laof¼ izfØ;k q tula[;k of¼ q vYi fodflr df"k ks=k q nks"kiw.kZ f'kkk iz.kkyh q /hek vkS|ksfxd fodkl q y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dk vHkko q nks"kiw.kZ jkstxkj fu;kstu q /heh&iwath fuekZ.k nj

csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks gy djus ds mik; q ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa of¼ q tula[;k of¼ esa fu;a=k.k q df"k ks=k dk fodkl q y?kq o dqVhj m|ksxksa dk fodkl q vk/kfjd lajpuk esa lq/kj q fo'ks"k jkstxkj dk;ZØe q rhoz vkS|ksxhdj.k

xjhch o csjkstxkjh mUewyu fo'ks"k dk;ZØe q egkRek xk¡/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e (eujsxk)


,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- Jfed dkSu gSa\

2- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

3- vkfFkZd fØ;k D;k gS\

4- Lofu;ksftr Jfedksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

5- lgHkkfxrk nj D;k gS\

6- csjkstxkjh ij vk¡dM+s ,df=kr djus okys rhu Ïksr crkb,A

7- ukSdjh jfgr laof¼ fdls dgrs gSa\

8- vfu;ferhdj.k D;k gS\

9- D;k ;s Jfed gSa& ,d fHk[kkjh] ,d pksj] ,d Lexyj] ,d tqvkjh D;ksa\

10- dk;Zcy ds vukSipkjhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

11- xzkeh.k ks=k esa Lofu;ksftr Jecy ds T;knk gksus dk D;k dkj.k gS\

12- nks izdkj dh 'kgjh csjkstxkjh D;k&D;k gS\

13- izPNUu csjkstxkjh D;k gksrh gS\

14- Jecy esa fdUgsa lfEefyr djrs gSa\

15- dk;Zcy D;k gS\

16- Jfed&tula[;k vuqikr dks ifjHkkf"kr djksA

17- vfu;fer etnwjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

18- vki dSls irk djsaxs fd Jfed ,d vukSipkfjd ks=kd esa dk;Z dj jgk gS\

19- fu;fer osruHkksxh etnwjksa dh la[;k xzkeh.k ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa 'kgjh ks=kksa esa vf/d gksus dk D;k dkj.k gS\

20- vkfFkZd fØ;k o mRiknd fØ;k ds eè; varj D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\

3@4 vad okys y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u 1- Jecy vkSj dk;Zcy ds eè; D;k varj gS\

2- nks izdkj ds izeq[k HkkM+s ds etnwjksa ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- Hkkjr esa dk;Zcy ds fofHkUu ks=kdksa esa forj.k ds izk:i dk vUos"k.k dhft,A

4- nks izdkj ds xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A


5- ljdkj jkstxkj ltu dSls djrh gS\

6- dk;Z'kfDr ds oxhZdj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A

7- egkRek xk¡/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e 2005 ij lafkIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA

8- csjkstxkjh dks fu;af=kr djus ds dqN lkekU; mik; crkb;sA

9- csjkstxkjh ds D;k nks"kiw.kZ izHkko gksrs gSa\

10- vukSipkfjd ks=kd ij ,d lafkIr uksV fy[ksaA vukSipkfjd ks=kd ds etnwj fdl rjg dh leL;kvksa ls tw> jgs gSa\

11- jk"Vªh; lSEiy losZ laLFkk kjk mi;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys rhu izdkj dh csjkstxkjh ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

6 vad okys nh?kZ mÙkjkRed iz'u 1- csjkstxkjh ds fofHkUu izdkj D;k gS\

2- jkstxkj ltu djus esa ljdkj dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

3- csjkstxkjh ds eq[; dkj.k D;k gSa\

4- dk;Z'kfDr ds vukSipkfjdrk dh O;k[;k dhft,A

5- Jecy ds is'ksoj <kaps dh O;k[;k dhft,A

6- laxfBr ks=kd D;k gSa\ laxfBr ks=kd esa jkstxkj ds de gksus dkj.k fyf[k,A

7- Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus ds fofHkUu lq/kjkRed mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

8- Jecy ds vfu;rhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ mi;qDr rF; nsdj le>kb;sA

9- vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu ks=kdksa esa jkstxkj ds forj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A

10- la?k"kkZRed ,oe~ lajpukRed csjkstxkjh ds izdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A


,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- Jfed og O;fDr gS] tks viuh thfodk vftZr djus ds fy, fdlh mRiknd jkstxkj esa

yxk gSA

2- ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d o"kZ ds vUrZxr mRikfnr oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds dqy tksM+ dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dgk tkrk gSA

3- og lHkh fØ;k,a] tks oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds mRiknu kjk ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu esa ;ksxnku djrh gS_ vkfFkZd fØ;k,a dgykrh gSaA

4- Lofu;ksftr Jfed og O;fDr gS tks vius gh O;kikj vFkok /a/s esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk Lofu;kstu ds iqjLdkj ds :i esa mUgsa ykHk izkIr gksrk gSA

5- lgHkkfxrk dh nj dks mRiknu fØ;k esa okLro esa Hkkx ysus okyh tula[;k ds izfr'kr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS bls Jecy tula[;k vuqikr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

6- v) Hkkjr dh tux.kuk fjiksVZ c) jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZk.k laxBu dh jkstxkj vkSj csjkstxkjh dh voLFkk laca/h fjiksVZ l) jkstxkj vkSj izf'kk.k egkfuns'kky; ds jkstxkj dk;kZy; esa iathdr vk¡dM+s

7- ukSdjh jfgr laof¼ ls vfHkizk;% ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh laof¼ nj esa rks lexz of¼ gksrh gS] ijarq jkstxkj voljksa esa mlh vuqikl esa of¼ ugha gksrhA

8- vuf;rhdj.k dk vfHkizk; ml fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa le; ds lkFk dqy Jecy esa HkkM+s ij fy, x, vkdfLed Jfedksa ds izfr'kr esa c<+us dh izofÙk ik;h tkrh gSA

9- ugha] ;s Jfed ugha gSa] D;ksafd os fdlh mRiknd fØ;k esa ;ksxnku ugha nsrsA

10- vukSipkjhdj.k dk vfHkizk;% ml fLFkfr ls gS tc yksxksa esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd ks=k ds LFkku ij vukSipkfjd ks=k esa jkstxkj ds volj vf/d ikus izofÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA

11- xzkeh.k ks=k esa Lofu;ksftr Je ds vf/d gksus dk dkj.k mudk viuh gh Hkw[k.M esa df"k djuk gSA

12- d) vkS|ksfxd csjkstxkjh

[k) 'kSfkd csjkstxkjh

13- izPNUu csjkstxkjh og fLFkfr gS tgka Jfed dke djrs gq, utj vkrs gSa] ijarq mudh lhekar mRikndrk thjks vFkok ½.kkRed gksrh gSA

14- Jecy ls vfHkizk;% Jfedksa dh ml la[;k ls gS] tks okLro esa dk;Z dj jgs gSa ;k dk;Z djus ds bPNqd gS ijarq dk;Z ugha ik ldrs vFkkZr~ tks csjkstxkj gSA


15- vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ls tqM+s O;fDr Jfed dgykrs gSaA dk;Z cy okLro esa dk;Z'khy O;fDr;ksa dh dqy la[;k gSA

16- Jfed tula[;k vuqikr ls rkRi;Z tula[;k ds ml izfr'kr ls gS tks fdlh dk;Z esa yxh gqbZ gSA

17- os O;fDr ftUgsa muds ekfyd vFkok fu;kstd fu;fer vFkok LFkkbZ :i ls dk;Z esa ugha yxkrs rFkk mUgsa lkekftd lqjkk ds ykHk Hkh izkIr ugha gksrs] vfu;fer etnwj dgykrs gSaA

18- ;g ,d vlaxfBr ks=k gS] blesa oks lHkh futh m|e lfEefyr gSa] ftuesa 10 ls de Jfed dk;Z djrs gSaA

19- os O;fDr tks muds fu;kstdksa kjk LFkkbZ vFkok fu;fer :i ls yxk, tkrs gSa rFkk mUgsa lkeftd lqjkk ykHk Hkh izkIr gksrs gSa fu;fer etnwj dgykrs gSaA

20- vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa o mRiknd fØ;kvksa ds eè; varj blfy, fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd mUgha O;fDr;ksa dks Jfed ekuk tkrk gS tks& mRiknu fØ;kvksa esa fyIr gSaA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&15

eqækLiQhfr & leL;k o uhfr;ka

Lej.kh; fcanq % lkekU; vFkks± esa eqnzkLiQhfr dk vFk dherksa dk c<+uk gSA eqnzkLiQhfr oLrq dh dher esa gksus okyh yxkrkj of¼ gS] ftlds iQyLo:i eqnzk dh Ø; 'kfDr ?kV tkrh gSA eqnzk LiQhfr dks ukius dh izeq[k eki LiQhfr nj gSA LiQhfr nj fdlh le; lhek esa lkekU; dher Lrj esa ifjorZu ls gSA

eqnzkLiQhfr ds izdkj 1- eqnzkLiQhfr dh nj ds vk/kj ij

mQaph nkSM+rh dwnrh gYdh (Hyper) (Runnurs) (Galloping) (Moderate)

2- mRifÙk ds dkj.k ds vk/kj ij

ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr ykxrtU; eqnzkLiQhfr

ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr & ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc oLrqvksa dh ekax mudh iwfrZ ls vf/d gksrh gSA tc ekax yxkrkj c<+rh jgrh gS vkSj iwfrZ vuqikfrd :i ls ugha c<+rh] rc dhersa c<+us yxrh gSaA ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr ds eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[k gSa%&

q lkoZtfud O;; esa of¼

q fuos'k esa of¼

q eqnzk iwfrZ esa of¼


q dkys /u esa of¼

q tula[;k esa of¼

ykxrtU; eqnzkLiQhfr &

ykxrtU; eqnzkLiQhfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc dherksa esa of¼ mRiknu ykxr esa of¼ ds dkj.k gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh LiQhfr esa ekax dkjd fLFkj jgrs gSa rFkk iwfrZ dkjd dh eq[; Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;fn bl izdkj dh LiQhfr fdlh ,d m|ksx esa gksrh gS rks ;g /hjs&/hjs ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh m|ksxksa esa iSQy tkrh gSA

ykxrtU; eqnzkLiQhfr ds eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&

q mQaph etnwjh njsa

q mQapk ykHk ekftZu

q mQaps dj

q vk/kjHkwr lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk esa deh

q iz'kklu kjk lalk/uksa dh dher of¼

eqnzkLiQhfr ds dkj.k

ekax dkjd iwfrZ dkjd 1- tula[;k of¼ 1- vfu;fer [kk| iwfrZ 2- jkstxkj o vk; esa of¼ 2- vko';d oLrqvksa dh tke[kksjh 3- 'kgjhdj.k esa of¼ 3- iz'kklfud dherksa esa of¼

4- vkS|ksfxd mRikn dk vi;kZIr fodkl 5- vk;kr dh c<+rh dhersa 6- [kk| dher uhfr

ekSfnzd rFkk jktdks"kh; dkjd 1- ljdkjh O;; dk c<+rk Lrj

2- ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk


eqnzkLiQhfr ds izHkko&

lwe&O;fDr ij

q okLrfod vk; esa deh

q lEifÙk dh dher esa deh

q vk; ds iquZforj.k ls lkekftd ruko

o`gr & vFkZO;oLFkk ij

q tek[kksjh o dkykcktkjh

q lV~Vkcktkjh dks izksRlkgu

q ekSfnzd vk; esa of¼

q ?kfV;k xq.koÙkk

q iwath fuekZ.k esa deh

eqnzkLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds mik;

ekSfnzd mik; jktdks"kh; mik; 1- cSad nj c<+kdj 1- jktLo uhfr 2- [kqys cktkj dh izfØ;k,a 2- O;; uhfr 3- ifjorhZ dks"k vuqikr c<+kdj

ekSfnzd rFkk xSj ekSfnzd uhfr;ka 1- mRiknu ;k vk;kr c<+kdj 2- ekSfnzd etnwjh ij fu;a=k.k 3- dher fu;a=k.k ,oe~ jk'kfuax


,d vad okys iz'u 1- eqnzkLiQhfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

2- voLiQhfr dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,

3- fLFkj LiQhfr dk vFkZ crkb;s

4- dkSu ls ekax dkjd LiQhfr mRiUu djrs gSa\

5- dkSu ls iwfrZ dkjd LiQhfr mRiUu djrs gSa\

6- ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr D;k gS\

7- iwfrZ izsfjr eqnzk LiQhfr D;k gS\

8- eqnzkLiQhfr dk nj ls D;k le>rs gSa\

9- Hkkjr esa ekSfnzd uhfr dks fu;af=kr dkSu djrk gS\

10- jktdks"kh; uhfr D;k gS\

y?kqÙkjkRed 3@4 vad okys iz'u 1- ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr dh O;k[;k djsaA

2- eqnzkLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds ekSfnzd mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- eqnzkLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus esa jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- eqnzkLiQhfr ds fofHkUu izdkj dkSu ls gSa\

5- eqnzkLiQhfr dks tUe nsus okys iwfrZdkjd dkSu ls gSa\

6- vFkZO;oLFkk ij eqnzkLiQhfr ds eq[; izHkko D;k iM+rs gSa\

nh?kZ mÙkjkRed iz'u 1- ekax izsfjr eqnzkLiQhfr D;k gS\ blds eq[; dkj.k D;k gSa\

2- ykxr tU; eqnzkLiQhfr D;k gS\ blds eq[; dkj.k D;k gSa\

3- Hkkjr esa eqnzkLiQhfr ds lkekaU; dkj.k D;k jgs gSa\

4- eqnzkLiQhfr dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, ljdkj us dkSu ls dne mBk;s gSa\

5- eqnzkLiQhfr dk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\


,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- eqnzkLiQhfr oLrq dh dher esa gksus okyh yxkrkj of¼ gS] ftlds iQyLo:i eqnzk dh Ø;'kfDr

?kV tkrh gSA

2- voLiQhfr og fLFkfr gS ftlesa dhersa ?kVrh gSa rFkk eqnzk dk ewY; c<+rk gSA

3- fLFkj LiQhfr dk vFkZ gS vFkZ O;oLFkk esa fLFkjrk rFkk LiQhfr nksuksa dk ,d lkFk gksukA

4- tula[;k esa of¼] jkstxkj o vk; esa of¼ o c<+rs 'kgjhdj.k ls eqnzkLiQhfr esa of¼ gksrh gSA

5- vko';d oLrqvksa dh tek[kksjh] vfu;fer [kk|iwfrZ] iz'kklfud dherksa esa of¼] viz;kZIr vkS|ksfxd mRiknu vkfnA

eqnzkLiQhfr ds iwfrZdkjd gSaA

6- ekax iszfjr eqnzkLiQhfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc oLrqvksa dh ekax mudh iwfrZ ls vf/d gksrh gSA

7- ykxr tU; eqnzkLiQhfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc dherksa esa of¼ mRiknu ykxr esa of¼ ds dkj.k gksrh gSA

8- eqnzkLiQhfr nj] dher eqnzkLiQhfr dks ekius dk izeq[k lk/u gSA ;g o"kZ esa lkekU; dher Lrj ds lwpdkad esa izfr'kr ifjorZu gSa

9- Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad Hkkjr dh ekSfnzd uhfr dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA

10- ljdkj dh jktLo rFkk lkoZtfud O;; laca/h uhfr;ksa dks jktdks"kh; uhfr dgrs gSaA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&16

vk/kfjd lajpuk

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q vk/kfjd lajpuk dk vfHkizk; ewyHkwr lgk;d <kaps ls gS] tks ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa fofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,a iznku djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gSaA

q vk/kfjd lajpuk ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku] mRiknu ds lk/uksa dh mRikndrk c<+kdj rFkk yksxksa ds thou dh xq.koÙkk dks lq/kj dj djrh gSA

q vk/kfjd lajpuk df"k vkSj m|ksx ds eq[; ks=kksa] okf.kT; o ?kjsyw o fons'kh O;kikj dks lgk;d lsok,a iznku djrh gSA

vk/kfjd lajpuk ds izdkj

vkfFkZd vk/kfjd lajpuk lkekftd vk/kfjd lajpuk

;krk;kr

mQtkZ

nwjlapkj foKku o izkS|ksfxdh

flapkbZ o ty izcU/u

foÙkh; laLFkk,a

f'kkk LokLF; vkokl ukxfjd dkuwu lqfo/k,a O;oLFkk bR;kfn


vk/kfjd lajpuk dk egRo q mRikndrk esa of¼ q jkstxkj dk ltu q fons'kh fofue; dks izksRlkgu q dk;Zkerk esa of¼ q ckg~; izki.k dh lqxerk q vkfFkZd fodkl esa of¼ q cktkj ds vkdkj esa of¼

Hkkjr esa vk/kfjd lajpuk dh voLFkk q Hkkjr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk dsoy 5 izfr'kr gh vk/kfjd lajpuk ij fuos'k djrk gS tks

phu o baMksusf'k; ls cgqr de gSA q ljdkj ds lkFk&lkFk vkt futh daifu;ka Hkh Lo;a vFkok lkoZtfud ks=k ds lkFk lk>snkjh

esa vk/kfjd lajpuk ds fodkl esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA q Hkkjr dks vHkh vk/kfjd lajpuk dks fo'ks"krj xzkeh.k mQtkZ vko';drk] is;ty] ewyHkwr

ukxfjd lqfo/kvksa vkSj LokLF; o liQkbZ ds ks=kksa esa fodflr djuk gSA

mQtkZ (Energy) mQtkZ lHkh izdkj dh mRiknu izfØ;kvksa vkSj miHkksx xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, vko';d gSA mQtkZ ns'k dh fodkl izfØ;k dk ,d tfVy igyw gSA

mQtkZ ds Ïksr q mQtkZ ds okf.kfT;d Ïksrksa esa dks;yk] isVªksfy;e o fo|qr vkrs gSaA q mQtkZ ds xSj&okf.kfT;d Ïksrksa esa ydM+h] df"k vo'ks"k rFkk lw[ks xkscj ds xksys gSaA q mQtkZ ds ijaijkxr Ïksrksa esa mQtkZ ds okf.kfT;d rFkk xSj&okf.kfT;d nksuksa izdkj ds Ïksr 'kkfey

gS& tSls& izkdfrd xSl] dks;yk] isVªksy vkfnA q mQtkZ ds xSj&ijaijkxr Ïksrksa esa mQtkZ ds iquuZohuh&dj.kh; Ïksr 'kkfey gksrs gSa] tSls& ck;ksxSl]

lkSj mQtkZ] iou mQtkZ] Tokj mQtkZ vkfnA

okf.kfT;d mQtkZ dh miHkksx izofÙk q Hkkjr esa orZeku le; esa dqy mQtkZ dk 65 izfr'kr okf.kfT;d miHkksx gSA q dks;ys dk lcls vf/d Hkkx 55 izfr'kr] rsy dk 33 izfr'kr rFkk izkdfrd xSl 11 izfr'kr

rFkk gkbMªks mQtkZ 3 izfr'kr gSA q dqy mQtkZ miHkksx ds 30 izfr'kr ls vf/d xSj&okf.kfT;d Ïksrksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA


mQtkZ@fo|qr 'kfDr ftls lkekU;r% fo|qr dgk tkrk gS_ mQtkZ dk lcls izeq[k :i gS] ;g vk/qfud lH;rk ds lkFk&lkFk fodflr gks jgk gSA

fo|qr ds eq[; Ïksr

FkeZy mQtkZ gkbMªks o iou mQtkZ ijek.kq mQtkZ 70» 28» 2»

fo|qr ks=k esa mHkjrh pqukSfr;ka q vi;kZIr LFkkukiUu kerk q kerk dk de mi;ksx q jkT; fo|qr cksMZ dks gksus okyh gkfu;ka q futh ks=k dh vfuf'pr Hkwfedk q lkoZtfud O;xzrk q dPps eky dh deh q lapj.k ,oe~ forj.k dh kfr;ka q fØ;kRed vdq'kyrk

fo|qr ks=kd ds lek pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds mik; q lapj.k ,oe~ forj.k dh gkfu;ksa esa deh q iykaV yksM iSQDVj esa lq/kj q mQtkZ lajk.k ds fy, ds CFL mi;ksx dks izksRlkgu q futh ks=kksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks izksRlkgu q ty o iou mQtkZ dks izksRlkgu q jk"Vªh; fxzM q ck;ksxSl ltu dk;ZØe q vk.kfod mQtkZ dk ltu

LokLF; (Health) LokLF; jk"Vª dh lexz laof¼ vkSj fodkl ls tqM+h ,d iw.kZ izfØ;k gSA


Hkkjr esa LokLF; vk/kfjd lajpuk dh voLFkk q Lora=krk ds ckn LokLF; lsokvksa dh HkkSfrd O;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ foLrkj vkSj LokLF; lwpdksa

esa lq/kj gqvk gSSA q vf/dka'k tula[;k ds fy, lkoZtfud LokLF; iz.kkyh vkSj lqfo/k,a iz;kZIr ugha gSaA q xzkeh.k& 'kgjh bykdksa vkSj vehj o xjhc ds chp LokLF; ns[kHkky lqfo/kvksa ds miHkksx

esa cM+k varj gSA q ns'k esa Hkzw.k gR;k dh c<+rh ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k ns'k esa fL=k;ksa dk LokLF; xaHkhj fpUrk dk

fo"k; cu x;k gSA q futh ks=k dh fofu;fer LokLF; lsokvksa ls fLFkfr esa lq/kj gks ldrk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk

LokLF; ns[kHkky lqfo/k,a iznku djus vkSj LokLF; ds izfr tkx#drk c<+kus esa xSj&ljdkjh laxBu vkSj lkeqnkf;d lgHkkfxrk t:jh gSA

q fpfdRlk dh Hkkjrh; iz.kkyh& vk;qosZn] ;ksx] ;wukuh] fl¼] izkdfrd fpfdRlk vkSj gksE;ksiSFkh dks vkSj vf/d izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA


,d vad okys iz'u 1- mQtkZ ds xSj&okf.kfT;d Ïksrksa dk D;k vFkZ gS\

2- lapj.k ,oe~ forj.k dh gkfu;ksa ls D;k le>rs gSa\

3- ,d ns'k dh LokLF; n'kk ds D;k ladsrd gksrs gSa\

4- vk/kfjd lajpuk dk dksbZ ,d izeq[k ykHk fy[ksa\

5- fo'o jksx Hkkj (Global Disease Burden) D;k gS

6- Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk iz.kkyh dh 6 O;oLFkk,a D;k gSa\

7- #X.krk (Morbidity) ls D;k le>rs gSa\

8- IykaV yksM iSQDVj (PLF) D;k ekirk gS\

9- jkT; fo|qr cksMZ dks dSls gkfu;ka gksrh gSa\

10- f'k'kq eR;qnj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

11- fo|qr ds mRiknu ds rhu cqfu;knh Ïksr dkSu ls gSa\

12- vkfFkZd vk/kfjd lajpuk ls D;k le>rs gSa\

13- mu jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k;s tgka LokLF; ns[kHkky lqfo/kvksa dk vHkko gSA

14- fuos'kd Tokj mQtkZ ifj;kstuk esa fuos'k D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\

15- Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa efgykvksa kjk izeq[kr% dkSu lk b±/u iz;qDr gksrk gS\

3@4 vad okys y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u 1- #X.krk (Mordibidy) nj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldks izHkkfor djus okys rRo dkSu

ls gSa\

2- mQtkZ ds okf.kfT;d vkSj xSj&okf.kfT;d Ïksrksa esa varj crkb;sA

3- vk/kfjd lajpuk dks fdu nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS\ budks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd D;k gS\

4- vk/kfjd lajpuk dh lqfo/k,a dSls mRiknu dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS\

5- fo|qr ds mRiknu ds rhu cqfu;knh Ïksr dkSu ls gS\ O;k[;k djksA

6- Hkkjr dh oSdfYid LokLF; iz.kkyh ds ckjs esa lafkIr esa crkb;sA

7- mQtkZ ds izkFkfed o frh;d Ïksr D;k gSa\


8- ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdl rjg vk/kfjd lajpuk lgk;d gksrh gS\

9- fiNys o"kks± esa fdl rjg mQtkZ ds miHkksx dk izk:i cnyk gS\

10- LokLF; lqfo/k dk;ZØeksa dh izHkko'khyrk esa dSls of¼ gks ldrh gS\

6 vad okys nh?kZ mÙkjkRed iz'u 1- vk/kfjd lajpuk fdl rjg ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh lkekftd o vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d

gS\

2- Hkkjr esa mQtkZ ks=kd fdl rjg dh leL;kvksa ls tw> jgk gS\

3- Hkkjr esa vk/kfjd lajpuk dh rhu Lrjh; O;oLFkk D;k gS\

4- gekjh LokLF; ns[kHkky iz.kkyh dh izeq[k dfe;ka D;k gSa\

5- lkSj mQtkZ] iou 'kfDr rFkk Tokj ls mRiUu djus okyh 'kfDr mQtkZ ds Hkkoh Ïksr gSaA buds ykHk rFkk gkfu;ka crkb;sA

6- ge LokLF; lqfo/k dk;ZØeksa dh izHkko'khyrk dSls c<+k ldrs gSa\

7- mQtkZ ks=k dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, gky esa mBk;s tkus okys dneksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

8- gekjs ns'k ds yksxksa ds LokLF; dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\

9- vk/kfjd lajpuk fdl rjg ls ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns ldrh gS\ O;k[;k djsaA

10- Hkkjr esa LokLF; ns[kHkky esa Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa dk D;k ;ksxnku gS\

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- mQtkZ ds xSj&okf.kfT;d Ïksr ydM+h] df"k vo'ks"k rFkk lw[ks xkscj ds xksys gSaA ;s xSj

okf.kfT;d gSa] D;ksafd os izdfr esa feyrs gSaA

2- lapj.k vkSj forj.k gkfu;ksa dk vfHkizk;% fo|qr dh pksjh ls gSA

3- yksxksa ds LokLF; dk fu/kZj.k f'k'kq eR;qnj vkSj ekrRo eR;q nj] thou izR;k'kk vkSj iks"k.k Lrj ds lkFk&lkFk laØe.k vkSj vlaØked jksxksa dh ?kVukvksa tSls lwpdksa kjk djrs gSaA

4- vk/kfjd lajpuk mRiknu ds lk/uksa dh mRikndrk dks c<+k nsrs gSaA

5- oSf'od jksx Hkkj fo'ks"kKksa kjk fufnZ"V jksx ds dkj.k vifjiDo eR;q dh la[;k ,oe~ mlh jksx ds dkj.k ,d O;fDr fdrus le; varjky rd vleFkZ jgrk gS] dk vkdyu djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA


6- Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk dh N% iz.kkyh gSa% vk;qosn] ;ksx rFkk izkdfrd fpfdRlk] ;wukuh] fl¼k rFkk gksE;ksiSFkhA

7- #X.krk dk vFkZ chekj iM+us dh izofÙk gSA

8- IykaV yksM iSQDVj FkeZy IykaV dh fØ;kRed dq'kyrk dks ekirk gSA

9- jkT; fo|qr cksMZ] fo|qr laizs"k.k vkSj forj.k ds uqdlku] fctyh dh vuqfpr dherksa vkSj vdk;Zdq'kyrk dh otg ls gkfu;ka >syrs gSaA

10- ,d o"kZ dh vk;q ls iwoZ gh er f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k rFkk ml o"kZ esa tUesa f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k dk vuqikr xq.kk 1000 f'k'kq eR;q nj gSA

11- dks;yk] isVªksy o ty fo|qr mRiknu ds rhu cqfu;knh Ïksr gSaA

12- vkfFkZd vk/kfjd lajpuk izR;k :i ls vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dks leFkZu nsrh gS] ;g vkarfjd :i ls vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dh lgk;rk djrh gSA

13- LokLF; ns[kHkky iz.kkyh esa ihNs jg x;s jkT;ksa ds uke& fcgkj] eè; izns'k] jktLFkku vkSj mÙkj izns'kA

14- Tpkj mQtkZ dh iwathxr ykxr vf/d rFkk mls pykus dh ykxr fuEu gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i Tokj mQtkZ ls o"kks± rd izfriQy ugha feyrk gS] ftlds dkj.k fuos'kd ,slh ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k ugha djrs gSaA

15- xzkeh.k efgyk,a vkt Hkh viuh mQtkZ vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, df"k dk dwM+k&dpjk] tykmQ ydM+h vkSj xkscj dk iz;ksx djrh gSA


;wfuV&7

vè;k;&17

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku pqukSfr;k¡

^^/kj.kh; vkfFkZd fodkl**

Lej.kh; fcanq %

q i;kZoj.k dks leLr HkweaMyh; fojklr vkSj lHkh lalk/uksa dh lexzrk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa os lHkh tSfod vkSj vtSfod rRo vkrs gSa tks ,d nwljs dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

q lHkh thfor rRo& tSls] ikh] i'kq] ikS/s] ou] eRL; vkfn tSfod rRo gSaA

q vtSfod rRoksa ds varxZr gok] ikuh] Hkwfe] pV~Vku vkSj lw;Z fdj.k vkfn vthfor rRo vkrs gSaA

q i;kZoj.k ds dk;Z gSa&

1) ;g mRiknu ds fy, lalk/uksa (uohdj.kh; vkSj xSj uohdj.kh; nksuksa) dh iwfrZ djrk gSA

2) ;g vif"k"Vksa (;k vo'ks"k) dks lekfgr djrk gSA

3) ;g thou /kj.k esa lgk;d gSA

4) ;g thou dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+krk gSA

q i;kZoj.k bu dk;ks± dks fcuk fdlh O;o/ku ds rHkh dj ldrk gS tc rd fd ;s dk;Z mldh /kj.k kerk dh lhek esa gSaA

q i;kZoj.k dh /kj.k kerk dh lhek ls rkRi;Z gS fd]

1) lalk/uksa dk fu"d"kZ.k buds iqutZuu dh nj ls de gks rFkk]

2) mRiUu vif'k"V i;kZoj.k dh lekfgr djus dh kerk ls T;knk u gksA ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk rks i;kZoj.k ladV iSnk gks tkrk gSA


q i;kZoj.k dh vo'kks"kh kerk (vFkok vif'k"Vksa dks lekfgr djus dh kerk) dk vFkZ i;kZoj.k dh vik; dks lks[kus dh ;ksX;rk ls gSA

q i;kZoj.k ladV ds fofHkUu dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gS%

1) tula[;k foLiQksV vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr dk vkxeu

2) uohdj.kh; vkSj xSj&uohdj.kh; nksuksa lalk/uksa dk xgu rFkk O;kid fu"d"kZ.k

3) fodflr ns'kksa ds le¼ miHkksx rFkk mRiknu ekud

q uohdj.kh; lalk/u os gS ftudh lekfIr vkSj vok; iz;ksx djus ls ugha gksrk vFkkZr~ lalk/u dh iwfrZ fujarj cuh jgrh gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ] ouksa esa isM+] lkeqfnzd tho tUrqA

q xSj uohdj.kh; lalk/u os gSa tksfd mi;ksx vkSj fu"d"kZ.k ls lekIr gks tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] thok'e b±/u] dks;yk vkfnA

q i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r nks ekSfyd leL;k,a gSa%

1) iznw"k.k dh leL;k

2) izkdfrd lalk/uksa ds vR;f/d 'kks"k.k dh leL;k ;k izkdfrd lalk/uksa dk vok;

q iznw"k.k ls vk'k; gS ykHknk;d oLrqvksa tSls& gok] ikuh] Hkwfe vkfn esa gkfudkjd inkFkks± tSls& /qavk] tgjhys jlk;u] gkfudkjd xSlksa vkfn dk feyukA

q iznw"k.k ds izeq[k izdkj gSa %

1) ok;q iznw"k.k

2) ty iznw"k.k

3) èofu iznw"k.k

4) enk iznw"k.k

q oSf'od m".krk (Global Warming) ls rkRi;Z gS i`Foh vkSj leqnz ds vkSlr rkieku esa of¼A

q oSf'od m".krk dk izeq[k dkj.k gS& ekuo kjk ou fouk'k vkSj tho'e b±/u ds tyus ls dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM (Co 2 ) vkSj vU; xzhu gkml xSlksa esa of¼A

q oSf'od m".krk ds dqN nh?kZdkyhu ifj.kke fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1) /zqoh; ciZQ dk fi?kyuk ftlds iQyLo:i leqnz Lrj esa of¼ vkSj ck<+ dk izdksiA


2) vusd iztkfr;ksa dh foyqfIr

3) m".kdfVca/h; rwiQkuksa dh ckjackjrk

4) m".kdfVca/h; jksxksa ds izHkko esa c<+ksÙkjhA

q vkstksu vik; ls vk'k; lerkieaMy esa vkstksu dh ek=kk esa deh ls gSA

q vkstksu vik; dh leL;k dk dkj.k gS& DyksjksÝyksjksdkcZUl (CFC) dk mQapk Lrj tks fd jsÚhtjsVj vkSj ,;jdaMh'ku esa BaMk j[kus okys inkFkZ ds :i esa iz;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gSA

q vkstksu vik; ds dkj.k ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa i`Foh dh vksj vkrh gS vkSj thoksa dks gkfu igqapkrh gSaA

q Hkkjr ds i;kZoj.k dks nks rjiQ ls [krjk gS& ,d rks xjhch ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k dk vok; vkSj nwljk [krjk lk/u laiUurk vkSj rsth ls c<+rs gq, vkS|ksfxd ks=kd ds iznw"k.k ls gSA

q Hkkjr esa izeq[k i;kZoj.kh; eqn~ns gSa %

1) Hkwfe vik;

2) tSo fofo/rk dh gkfu

3) 'kgjh ks=kksa esa okgu iznw"k.k ls mRiUu ok;q iznw"k.k

4) rkts ikuh dk izca/u

5) Bksl vif'k"V izca/u

q Hkwfe vik; ls vk'k; gS& eq[;r% ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa ds dkj.k feV~Vh] ikuh vkSj ouLifr n'kkvksa dh lEiw.kZ xq.koÙkk esa fxjkoVA

q Hkwfe vik; ds fy, mÙkjnk;h izeq[k dkj.k gSa%

1) ou fouk'k ds iQyLo:i ouLifr dh gkfu

2) ouksa esa vkx vkSj vR;f/d pjkbZ

3) vuqfpr iQly pØ

4) ou Hkwfe dk vfrØe.k

5) >we [ksrh

6) df"k jlk;u dk vuqfpr iz;ksx tSls& jlk;fud [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kd

7) flapkbZ O;oLFkk dk vuqfpr fu;kstu vkSj vfoosdiw.kZ izca/u


8) Hkw&ty dk iqu% iw.kZ kerk ls vf/d fu"d"kZ.k

9) enk lajk.k ds i;kZIr mik; u viukuk

q fpidks vkSj vfIidks vkanksyu isM+ksa dh dVkbZ jksdus ls lacaf/r gSA

q Hkkjr dh rhoz vkfFkZd laof¼ us gesa nks okLrfodrkvksa ls ifjfpr djk;k gS%

1) vkfFkZd fodkl us yk[kksa yksxksa dks xjhch js[kk ls mQij mBk;k gSA

2) izkdfrd lalk/uksa dk vR;f/d 'kks"k.k fd;k gS vkSj i;kZoj.k xq.koÙkk esa rhoz fxjkoV dh gSA

q /kj.kh; fodkl ls vfHkizk; fodkl dh ml izfØ;k ls gS tks Hkkoh ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh ;ksX;rk dks fcuk dksbZ gkfu igqapk;s orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrh gSA

q /kj.kh; fodkl dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a gSa%

1) okLrfod izfr O;fDr vk; rFkk vkfFkZd dY;k.k esa nh?kZdkyhu of¼

2) izkdfrd lalk/uksa dk fopkjiwoZd iz;ksx

3) Hkkoh ih<+h dh viuh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh ;ksX;rk esa deh u gks

4) iznw"k.k esa of¼ u gks

q /kj.kh; fodkl dh j.kuhfr;k¡ gSa%

1) mQtkZ ds i;kZoj.k fe=k Ïksrksa dk iz;ksx % xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa LPG xkscj xSl rFkk 'kgjh ks=kksa esa CNG dk iz;ksx

2) mQtkZ ds xSj&ijaijkxr Ïksrksa dk iz;ksx % ok;q 'kfDr vkSj lkSj mQtkZ vkfn

3) vif'k"Vksa dk iqu% pØ.k

4) ;krk;kr ds lkoZtfud lk/u

5) tSfod df"k dh vksj LFkkukarj.k % tSfod dhV fu;a=k.k] tSfod daiksLV [kkn

6) ikjaifjd Kku o O;ogkj

7) y?kq tyh; IykaVksa dh LFkkiuk


vfr y?kq mÙkj :ih iz'u 1- i;kZoj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

2- i;kZoj.k ds tSfod rRoksa ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

3- i;kZoj.k dh /kj.k kerk dh lhek ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4- uohdj.kh; lalk/uksa dk vFkZ crkb,A

5- xSj&uohdj.kh; lalk/uksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

6- tc lalk/ku fu"d"kZ.k dh nj muds iqutZuu dh nj ls c<+ tkrh gS] rks D;k gksrk gS\

7- i;kZoj.k dh vo'kks"kh kerk dk vFkZ crkb,A

8- dqN lalk/u foyqIr D;ksa gks x;s gSa\

9- oSf'od m".krk D;k gS\

10- lalk/uksa ds vR;f/d mi;ksx ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

11- /kj.kh; fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

12- lalk/kuksa ds nq#i;ksx ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

13- vktdy fo'o ds lek dkSu ls nks i;kZoj.kh; eqn~ns izeq[k gSa\

14- ok;q iznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus ds fdlh ,d mik; dk mYys[k djsaA

15- isM+ksa dh dVkbZ jksdus okys nks vkanksyuksa ds uke crkb,A

16- i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r nks izeq[k leL;kvksa dks crkb,A

3@4 y?kq mÙkj :ih iz'u 1- i;kZoj.k ds D;k dk;Z gSa\

2- Hkkjr esa Hkwfe vik; ds mÙkjnk;h fdUgha N% dkjdksa dk mYys[k djksA

3- crkb;s fd udkjkRed i;kZoj.kh; izHkkoksa dh volj ykxr mPp D;ksa gksrh gS\

4- Hkkjr esa /kj.kh; fodkl dh izkfIr ds fy, mi;qDr mik;ksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djsaA

5- D;k i;kZoj.k ladV ,d uohu ifj?kVuk gS\ ;fn gka] rks D;ksa\

6- vius vkl&ikl ds ks=k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, /kj.kh; fodkl dh pkj j.kuhfr;ka lq>kb,A

7- /kj.kh; fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa ,oa bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k djsaA


6 vad okys nh?kZ mÙkj :ih iz'u 1- /kj.kh; fodkl dh j.kuhfr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- O;k[;k dhft, fd dSls Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.kh; leL;k xjhch ds lkFk&lkFk le¼ miHkksx ekudksa kjk izsfjr gS\

3- /kj.kh; vkfFkZd fodkl ls D;k vk'k; gS\ bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djsaA

4- vkfFkZd fodkl dSls i;kZoj.k vok; dk dkj.k gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A

5- i;kZoj.kh; lalk/uksa dh ekax&iwfrZ izfrykse vo/kj.kk dk o.kZu dhft,A

,d vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj 1- i;kZoj.k dks leLr HkweaMyh; fojklr vkSj lHkh lalk/uksa dh lexzrk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr

fd;k tkrk gSA

2- tho tUrq vkSj ikS/s

3- blls vk'k; gS fd lalk/uksa dk fu"d"k.kZ buds iqutZuu dh nj ls de gks rFkk mRiUu vo'ks"k i;kZoj.k dh vo'ks"kh kerk ls T;knk u gksaA

4- uohdj.kh; lalk/u os gSa ftudk mi;ksx djus ls mudh lekfIr ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] isM+] eNfy;ka vkfnA

5- xSj uohdj.kh; lalk/u os gSa tks fd mi;ksx vkSj fu"d"kZ.k ls lekIr gks tkrs gSaA tSls& thok'e b±/uA

6- i;kZoj.k thou /kj.k dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djus esa vliQy gks tkrk gS vkSj blls i;kZoj.k ladV iSnk gks tkrk gSA

7- blls vk'k; i;kZoj.k dh vik; dks lks[kus dh ;ksX;rk ls gSA

8- D;ksafd] muds fu"d"kZ.k dh nj muds iqutZuu dh nj ls vf/d gks x;h gSA

9- oSf'od m".krk ls rkRi;Z gS i`Foh vkSj leqnz ds vkSlr rkieku esa of¼A

10- 1) tho'e b±/u dk vR;f/d 'kks"k.k

2) vR;f/d okksa dh dVkbZ

11- /kj.kh; fodkl ls vfHkizk; fodkl dh ml izfØ;k ls gS tks Hkkoh ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds ;ksX;rk dks fcuk dksbZ gkfu igqapk, orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrh gSA


12- 1) ydM+h dk ?kjsyw b±/u ds :i esa mi;ksx

2) ufn;ksa dk vkS|ksfxd vo'ks"kksa dk vo'kks"k.k djus ds fy, iz;ksx

13- 1) izkdfrd lalk/uksa dk vR;f/d 'kks"k.k

2) i;kZoj.k vok;

14- LoPN b±/u tSls CNG, LPG vkfn ds iz;ksx dks c<+kok

15- 1) fpidks vkanksyu

2) vfIidks vkanksyu

16- 1) iznw"k.k dh leL;k

2) izkdfrd lalk/uksa ds vR;f/d 'kks"k.k dh leL;k


;wfuV&8

vè;k;&18

Hkkjr dk fodkl vuqHko iM+kSlh ns'kksa ds lkFk rqyukRed vè;;u

Lej.kh; fcanq %

Hkkjr ikfdLrku vkSj phu dk fodkl iFk %

q rhuksa ns'kks us yxHkx ,d gh le; esa fodkl iFk dh vkSj c<+uk 'kq: fd;kA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLRkku lu~ 1947 esa Lora=k gq, tcfd phu x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1949 esa gqbZA

q rhuksa ns'kksa us ,d gh izdkj ls viuh fodkl uhfr;k¡ rS;kj djuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA Hkkjr us lu~ 1951 esa viuh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ikfdLrku us lu~ 1956 esa rFkk phu us 1953 esa viuh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

q Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us leku uhfr;k¡ viukbZ tSls & ogr~ lkoZtfud ks=kd dk ltu vkSj lkekftd fodkl ij lkoZtfud O;;A

q Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ds izk:i dks viuk;k tcfd phu us vkfFkZd laof¼ ds ^funsZf'kr vFkZO;oLFkk* izk:i dks viuk;kA

q 1980 rd lHkh rhuksa ns'kksa esa laof¼ nj vkSj izfr O;fDr vk; yxHkx leku FkhA

q vkfFkZd lq/kj phu esa 1978 esa ikfdLrku esa 1988 esa vkSj Hkkjr esa 1991 esa 'kq: fd;s x;sA

fodkl j.kuhfr;k¡ %

v- phu esa q ,d nyh; 'kklu ds varxZr phuh x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk ds ckn vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh egRoiw.kZ

ks=kdksa] m|eksa rFkk Hkwfe] ftudk LokfeRo rFkk lapkyu O;fDr;ksa kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] dks ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa yk;k x;kA


q lu~ 1958 esa n xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ uked vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k x;k ftldk mn~ns'; cM+s iSekus ij ns'k dk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k djuk FkkA bl vfHk;ku ds varxZr yksxksa dks vius ?kjksa ds fiNokM+s esa m|ksx yxkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k x;kA

q lu~ 1965 esa] ekvksRls rqax us egku loZgkjk lkaLÑfrd Økafr* dk vkjaHk fd;kA blds vUrxZr Nk=kks vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dks xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa dke djus vkSj vè;;u djus ds fy, Hkstk x;kA

q xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa dE;wu izkjaHk fd, x,A blds varxZr yksx lkewfgd :i ls [ksrh djrs Fks\

q phu esa lq/kj pj.kksa esa vkjaHk fd, x,A izkjafHkd pj.k esa Ñf"k] fons'kh O;kikj rFkk fuos'k ks=kdksa esa lq/kj fd, x,A ckn esa pj.k eas vkS|ksfxd ks=k esa lq/kj vkjaHk fd, x,\

q lq/kj izfØ;k esa ^nksgjh dher fu/kZj.k i¼fr* ykxw FkhA bldk vFkZ gS fd dher dk fu/kZj.k nks rjhds ls fd;k tkrk FkkA fdlkuksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ls ;g viskk dh tkrh Fkh fd os ljdkj kjk fu/kZfjr dh xbZ dherksa ds vk/kj ij dPps eky vkSj mRiknu dh fu/kZfjr ek=kk,a [kjhnsxsa vkSj cspsxsa vkSj 'ks"k oLrq,a cktkj dherksa ij [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh FkhA

q fons'kh fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, ^fo'ks"k vkfFkZd ks=k* (,lbZtsM) LFkkfir fd, x;sA

c- ikfdLrku esa

q ikfdLrku us lkoZtfud rFkk futh ks=k ds lg&vfLrRo okyh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk iz.kkyh dks viuk;kA

q ikfdLrku us miHkksDrk oLrqvkas ds fofuekZ.k ds fy, iz'kqYd lajk.k rFkk izfrLi/hZ vk;krksa ij izR;k vk;kr fu;a=k.k dh uhfr;ka viukbZA

q gfjrØkafr ds vkxeu vkSj pqfuank ks=kksa dh vk/kfjd lajpuk esa lkoZtfud fuos'k esa of¼ us [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu esa of¼ dhA

q lu~ 1970 ds n'kd esa iwathxr oLrqvksa ds m|ksxks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA

q 1988 esa lajpukRed lq/kj vkjaHk fd;s x,A eq[; tksj v&jk"Vªh;dj.k vkSj futh ks=kd dks izksRlkgu nsuk FkkA

q ikfdLrku us if'peh jk"Vªksa ls foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr dh vkSj eè;iwoZ ds ns'kksa dks tkus okys izokfl;ksa ls izs"k.k izkIr fd;kA

rqyukRed vè;;u & Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu


1- tukafddh; ladsrd %&

q ikfdLrku dh tula[;k cgqr de gS vkSj og Hkkjr ;k phu dh tula[;k dk yxHkx nlok¡ Hkkx gSSA

q ;|fi bu rhuksa ns'kksa esa phu lcls cM+k jk"Vª gS rFkkfi bldk tula[;k ?kuRo lcls de gSA

q ikfdLrku esa tula[;k of¼ lcls vf/d gS] blds ckn Hkkjr vkSj phu dk LFkku gSA phu es tula[;k dh fuEu of¼ nj dk dkj.k 1970 ds n'kd ds var esa ykxw dh xbZ dsoy ,d larku uhfr gSA ijarq blds dkj.k fyaxkuqikr (vFkkZr~ izfr 1000 iq:"kksa ij efgykvksa dk vuqikr) eas fxjkoV vkbZA

q rhuksa ns'kksa esa fyaxkuqikr efgykvksa ds ik esa de gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k rhuksa ns'kksa esa iq=k izkfIr dh izcy bPNk gSA

q phu esa iztuu nj cgqr de gS tcfd ikfdLrku esa cgqr vf/d gSA

q uxjhdj.k phu vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa eas vf/d gS tcfd Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k (vFkkZr~ 'kgjh ks=kksa esa tula[;k dk izfr'kr) 28 izfr'kr gSA

2- ldy ns'kh; mRikn (GDP) vkSj ks=kd %&

q phu dk ldy ns'kh; mRiknu 7-2 fVªfy;u MkWyj gS tks fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr dk ldy ns'kh; mRikn 3-3 fVªfy;u MkWyj gS rFkk ikfdLrku dk ldy ns'kh; mRikn Hkkjr ds ldy ns'kh; mRikn dk yxHkx 10 izfr'kr gSA

q 1980 ds n'kd esa ikfdLrku dh laof¼ nj Hkkjr ls vf/d FkhA phu dh laof¼ nj nksgjs vadks esa Fkh vkSj Hkkjr dh laof¼ nj lcls de FkhA

q 1990 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr dh laof¼ nj esa ekewyh of¼ gqbZ vkSj phu dh laof¼ nj esa ekewyh fxjkoV vkbZ ijUrq ikfdLrku dh laof¼ nj esa rhoz fxjkoV vkbZA dqN fokuksa dk er gS fd ikfdLRku esa 1988 esa vkjaHk dh xbZ lq/kj izfØ;k vkSj jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk bl izofÙk dk eq[; dkj.k FkkA

q o"kZ 2000 esa phu esa 54 izfr'kr dk;Zcy Ñf"k esa yxk gqvk Fkk ftldk ldy ns'kh; mRikn esa ;ksxnku 15 izfr'kr FkkA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa esa thMhih esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku cjkcj vFkkZr~ 23 izfr'kr FkkA ijUrq ikfdLrku eas bl ks=kd ea 49 izfr'kr yksx dk;Zjr gS tcfd Hkkjr esa 60 izfr'kr yksx bl ks=kd (vFkkZr~ Ñf"k) esa layXu gSA

q phu esa ldy ns'kh; mRikn esa lokZf/d ;ksxnku fofuekZ.k ks=k dk gSA ;g 53 izfr'kr gSA tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa ldy ns'kh; mRikn eas lokZf/d ;ksxnku (50 izfr'kr ls vf/d) lsok ks=kd dk gSA


q ;|fi phu us ijEijkxr fodkl uhfr dks viuk;k ftlesa Øe'k% Ñf"k ls fofuekZ.k rFkk mlds ckn lsok ks=k dh vkSj vxzlj gksus dh izofr FkhA ijUrq Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku lh/s Ñf"k ks=kd ls lsok ks=kd dh vkSj pys x,A

q 1980 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku esa lsok ks=kd esa Øe'k% 17] 12 vkSj 27 izfr'kr dk;Zcy yxk gqvk FkkA o"kZ 2000 esa ;g c<+dj Øe'k% 24] 19 vkSj 37 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA

q phu dh vkfFkZd laof¼ dk eq[; vk/kj fofuekZ.k ks=kd gS tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh laof¼ dk eq[; vk/kj lsok ks=kd gSA

3- ekuo fodkl ladsrd %&

q ekuo fodkl ds vf/dka'k ks=kksa esa phu us Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh rqyuk esa vPNk izn'kZu fd;k gSA ;g ckr vusd ladsrdks ds fo"k; esa lgh gS] tSls & izfr O;fDr th-Mh-ih] fu/Zurk js[kk ls uhps dh tula[;k dk izfr'kr ;k LokLFk; ladsrd tSls eR;qnj] LoPNrk] lkkjrk rd igqap] thou izR;k'kk vFkok dqiks"k.kA

q ikfdLrku xjhch js[kk ls uhps ds yksxksa dk vuqikr de djus esa Hkkjr ls vkxs gSA LoPNrk vkSj mÙke ty Ïksrksa rd igqap ds ekeyksa esa bldk fu"iknu Hkkjr ls csgrj gSA ijUrq ;s nksuksa gh ns'k efgykvksa dks ekr eR;q ls cpk ikus eas vliQy jgs gSA

q Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku mÙke ty Ïksr miyC/ djkus esa phu ls vkxs gSA


fu"d"kZ

(v) Hkkjr %& yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa lfgr Hkkjr dk fu"iknu lk/kj.k jgk gSA ;g ckr vxzfyf[kr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS %

(1) vf/dka'k tula[;k vkt Hkh Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA

(2) vusd Hkkxksa eas vk/kfjd lajpuk dk vHkko gSA

(3) vkt Hkh yxHkx ,d pkSFkkbZ ls vf/d tula[;k fu/Zurk js[kk ls uhps gS ftls Åij mBkus dh vko';drk gSA

(c) ikfdLrku %& ikfdLrku dk fu"iknu cgqr [kjkc jgk gSA ikfdLrku dh laof¼ nj esa deh vkSj fu/Zurk eas iqu% of¼ ds dkj.k vxzfyf[kr gS %

1- jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk

2- Ñf"k ks=kd dk vfLFkj fu"iknu

3- izs"k.kksa vkSj fons'kh vuqnkuksa ij vR;kf/d fuHkZjrk

4- ,d rjiQ fons'kh ½.kksa ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk rks nwljh vkSj iqjkus ½.kksa dks pqdkus esa c<+rh dfBukbZA

(l) phu & phu dk fu"iknu loksZÙke jgk gSA ;g ckr vxzfyf[kr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS %&

q fu/Zurk fuokj.k ds lkFk&lkFk laof¼ nj dks c<+kus esa liQyrkA

q viuh jktuSfrd izfrc¼rk dks [kks;s fcuk] cktkj O;oLFkk dk iz;ksx vfrfjDr lkekftd & vkfFkZd lqvoljksa ds fy, fd;k gSA

q lkeqnkf;d Hkw&LokfeRo dks dk;e j[krs gq, vkSj yksxks dks Hkwfe ij Ñf"k dh vuqefr nsdj phu us xzkeh.k ks=kksa esa lkekftd lqjkk lqfuf'pr dj nh gSA

q lkekftd vk/kfjd lajpuk miyC/ djkus esa ljdkjh gLrksi kjk ekuo fodkl ladsrdksa esa ldkjkRed ifj.kke izkIr gq, gSA


,d vad okys iz'u

1- phu us fdl izdkj dh vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk vuqlj.k fd;k\

2- dqN ks=kh; vkSj vkfFkZd lewgksa ds mnkgj.k nhft,\

3- rhuksa ns'kks esa vkfFkZd lq/kj dc izkjEHk gq,\

4- f'k'kq eR;q nj dk vFkZ crkb,A

5- fdl ns'k esa egku~ loZgkjk lakLÑfrd Økafr izkjEHk dh x;h\

6- Hkkjr vkSj phu eas fdl ns'k ds ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (,pMhvkbZ) dk mPp ewY; gS\

7- phu esa fuEu tula[;k of¼ nj ds eq[; dkj.k dk mYys[k dhft,\

8- phu esa 'kq: fd, x;s ml dk;ZØe dk uke crkb, ftldk mn~ns'; vkS|ksfxdhdj.k djuk FkkA

9- Hkkjr] phu ;k ikfdLrku eas fdl ns'k esa mPp thou izR;k'kk gS\

10- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu rhuksa esa fdl ns'k ds thMhih esa lsok ks=kd dk ;ksxnku lokZf/d gS\

11- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu rhuksa esa fdl ns'k eas Ñf"k ks=k esa lokZf/d dk;Zcy yxk gqvk gS\

12- ekuo fodkl ds fdUgh nks ladsrdksa ds uke crkb,\

13- rqyukRed fodkl ds dksbZ nks ladsrdksa ds uke crkb,\

14- fodkl ds mu nks ks=kksa ds uke crkb, tgka ikfdLRkku Hkkjr ls vkxs gS\

15- ,sls nks ks=kksa ds uke crkb,A tgka Hkkjr ikfdLRkku ls Åij gSA

3@4 vad okys y?kqmÙkjh; :ih iz'u

1- lu~ 1958 eas phu esa 'kq: fd, n xzsV yhi iQkjoMZ dk;ZØe dh O;k[;k dhft,\

2- ekuo fodkl ds fofHkUu ladsrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,\

3- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu kjk viukbZ xbZ fodkl j.kuhfr;ksa dh lekurkvksa dk laksi esa o.kZu dhft,\

4- ikfdLrku esa /heh laof¼ vkSj xjhch ds iqu% mHkjus ds dkj.k nhft,\

5- Hkkjr] ikfdLRkku vkSj phu dh laof¼ njksa dh rqyuk dhft,\


6- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu ds izeq[k tukafddh; ladsrdksa dk mYys[k djsaA

7- phu esa ,d larku uhfr% dk egRoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ D;k gS\

8- phu kjk viuk;h x;h fodkl j.kuhfr dh ,d :ijs[kk nhft,\

9- Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku dh rqyuk eas phu dk lajpukRed ifjorZu dSls vyx gS\

10- Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku kjk viukbZ xbZ fodkl j.kuhfr dh ,d :ijs[kk izLrqr dhft,\

6 vadksa okys nh?kZ mÙkj :ih iz'u

1- ekuo fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ ladsrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,\

2- Hkkjr ds tukafddh; ladsrdksa dh phu vkSj ikfdLrku ds lkFk rqyuk dhft,\

3- mu fofHkUu dkjdksa dh O;k[;k dhft, ftuds vk/kj ij phu esa rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl gqvk\

4- os dkSu ls ks=k gS ftueas Hkkjr ikfdLrku ls vkxs gS\ O;k[;k djksA

5- Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku dh ,d leku foiQyrkvksa ij fVIi.kh dhft,\

6- os dkSu ls ks=k gS tgk¡ ikfdLrku dk fu"iknu Hkkjr ls csgrj gS\

7- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku ,oa phu esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (thMhih) ,oa jkstxkj esa ks=kh; ;ksxnku dh rqyuk djsa\

8- phu Hkkjr ls dSls vkxs gS\ O;k[;k dhft,\


,d vad okys iz'uks ds mÙkj

1- funsZf'kr vFkZO;oLFkk ekWMy viuk;kA blds varxZr mRiknu ds LkHkh egRoiw.kZ ks=kdksa dks ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa yk;k x;kA

2- SAARC, ASEAN, Evropean Union (EU), G8, G20 vkfnA

3- phu us vkfFkZd lq/kj 1978 eas] ikfdLrku us 1988 eas vkSj Hkkjr us 1991 esa izkjEHk fd,A

4- f'k'kq eR;q nj ls vk'k; ,d o"kZ esa izfr gtkj thfor tUe ij ,d o"kZ ls de vk;q ds ejus okys f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k ls gS\

5- phu eas

6 phu

7- ,d larku uhfr

8- n xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ dk;ZØe

9- phu esa (71-6 o"kZ)

10- ikfdLrku

11- Hkkjr esa (60 izfr'kr)

12- (v) thou izR;k'kk

(c) izfr O;fDr ldy ns'kh; mRiknu (PPP) (vesfjdh MkWyj esa)

13- (v) laof¼

(c) ekuo fodkl

14- (v) xjhch js[kk ls uhps tula[;k dk de vuqikr

(c) mÙke ty Ïksrksa rd /kj.kh; igqap okyh tula[;k dk izfr'kr

15- (v) dq'ky Je 'kfDr

(c) izfr O;fDr ldy ns'kh; mRikn (PPP) (vesfjdh MkWyj esa)


Blu

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of

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aper

Set

I

S.N

o.

Nam

e of

Uni

t N

o. o

f Mar

ks

Que

stio

ns w

ith

wei

ghta

ge

Tota

l of

Uni

t 1

3 4

6 Q

. (M

arks

)

1.

Intr

oduc

tion

– 1

(3)

– –

1 (3

)

2

Colle

ctio

n, or

gani

satio

n an

d pr

esen

tatio

n of

dat

a 2

(2)

2 (6

) 1

(4)

– 5

(12)

3.

Stat

istic

al to

ols a

nd E

nter

pre

datio

n 3

(3)

1 (3

) 3

(12)

2

(12)

9

(30)

4.

Dev

elop

men

t Pol

icies

and

Exp

erie

nce (

1947

199

0)

1 (1

) 1

(3)

– 1

(6)

3 (1

0)

5.

Econ

omic

refe

renc

es si

nce 1

991

1 (1

) 1

(3)

1 (4

) –

3 (8

)

6.

Curr

ent c

halle

nges

faci

ng In

dian

2

(2)

3 (9

) 2

(8)

1 (6

) 8

(25)

7.

Dev

elop

men

t Exp

erie

nce o

f Ind

ia

1 (1

) –

– 1

(6)

2 (7

) A

com

paris

on w

ith n

eigh

bour

s

TOTA

L 10

(10)

9

(27)

7

(28)

5

(30)

31

(95)


ECONOMICS SAMPLE PAPER

SETI

le; % 3 ?k.Vs vf/dre vad % 95

lkekU; funsZ'k % 1- nksuksa [kaMksa ds lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSa 2- izR;sd iz'u ds fu/kZfjr vad mlds lkeus fn, x, gSaA 3- iz'u la[;k 1 ls 5 vkSj 16&20 vfr y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSa] ftudk izR;sd iz'u ,d&,d

vad dk gSA budk mÙkj dsoy ,d okD; esa gh visfkr gSA 4- iz'u la[;k 6 ls 9 vkSj 21&25 y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSa ftuesa izR;sd ds fy, rhu&rhu vad

fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd dk mÙkj lkekU;r^ 60 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 5- iz'u la[;k 10 ls 13 vkSj 26 ls 28 Hkh y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSa] ftuesa izR;sd ds fy, pkj&pkj

vad fu/kZfjr gSa] izR;sd dk mÙkj lkekU;r% 70 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 6- iz'u la[;k 14 ls 15 vkSj 29 ls 31 O;k[;kRed iz'u gSa] ftuesa izR;sd ds fy, 6&6 vad

fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd dk mÙkj lkekU;r% 100 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 7- mÙkj lafkIr rFkk rF;kRed gksus pkfg, vkSj mQij nh xbZ lhek ds varxZr gh fn, tkus pkfg,A

[k.M ^v*

1- vifj"dr vk¡dM+s (Row data) fdUgsa dgrs gSa\

2- ml Js.kh dk uke fyf[k, ftlesa oxZ varjky dh mQijh lhek okyh en Hkh lfEefyr gksrh gSA

3- ;fn ekè; o efè;dk ds ewY; Øe'k% 40 o 48 gSa rks cgqyd dk laHkkfor ewY; Kkr dhft,A

4- ekè; fopyu dk ,d izeq[k nks"k fyf[k,A

5- /ukRed lg&laca/ ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

6- izkFkfed rFkk frh;d vk¡dM+ksa esa varj Li"V dhft,A

7- oÙk vkjs[k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A oÙk vkjs[k cukus ds fy, fofHkUu pj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

;k

,d fo|ky; ds Hkou ds fuekZ.k ls lacaf/r fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa dks oÙk vkjs[k kjk izLrqr dhft,A

ensa etnwjh b±Vsa ydM+h lhesaV bLikr vU;

O;; (#-) 20 15 25 10 18 12


8- mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls [kafMr pj rFkk v[kafMr pjksa dks le>kb,A

9- lwpdkad dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A lwpdkad ds mi;ksx Hkh crkb,A

10- efè;dk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ efè;dk ds rhu xq.k Hkh fyf[k,A

;k

fuEufyf[kr Js.kh esa vKkr vkofÙk Kkr dhft, tcfd lekUrj eè; 44-8 gSA X % 20 30 40 50 60 70 vkofÙk % 5 \ 15 10 8 5

Ans : 7 11- vifdj.k ds ekius dh xzkiQh; fof/ dk uke fyf[k,A blds rhu nks"k Hkh fyf[k,A

12- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls varj&prqFkZd foLrkj rFkk blds xq.kkad dh x.kuk dhft,A

vad % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 60&70 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k % 4 8 11 15 12 6 3

Ans : 11.55, 0.34 13- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls ysLih;j fof/ kjk dher lwpdkad dh x.kuk dhft,%


A 8 100 10 120 B 4 60 5 80 C 10 20 12 25 D 12 25 15 30 E 3 5 4 6

Ans : 124-44

14- in&fopyu fof/ dk iz;ksx djds izeki fopyu dh x.kuk dhft,A

oxZ varjky % 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 vkofÙk % 2 3 4 1

Ans : 9.17 ;k

fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ls cgqyd dh x.kuk dhft,

etnwjh (#-) etnwjksa dh la[;k 10 ls de 5 20 ls de 17 30 ls de 35 40 ls de 57


50 ls de 63 60 ls de 67 70 ls de 70

Ans : 30.14 15- 12 fo|kfFkZ;ksa kjk xf.kr rFkk lkaf[;dh esa izkIr vadksa ds eè; dkyZ fi;jlu lglaca/ xq.kkad

Kkr dhft,A

xf.kr esa izkIrkad % 50 54 56 59 60 62 61 65 67 71 71 74 lkaf[;dh esa izkIrkad % 22 25 34 28 26 30 32 30 28 34 71 40

Ans : r = +0.78 [k.M ^[k*

16- f'k'kq eR;q nj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

17- eqnzk ds voewY;u ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

18- jk"Vªh; lkkjrk fe'ku kjk izkjaHk fd, x, vkanksyu dk uke crkb,A

19- ukSdjh jfgr laof¼ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

20- Hkkjr vkSj phu esa vkfFkZd lq/kj dc 'kq: fd, x, Fks\

21- Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh rhu eq[; fo'ks"krk,a crkb,A

22- Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kj ykxw djus ds ik esa dksbZ rhu rdZ fyf[k,A

;k

c<+rs gq, jktdks"kh; ?kkVs us fdl izdkj Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh vko';drk dks c<+k;k\

23- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k fdl izdkj mRiknu esa of¼ djrk gS\

24- egaxkbZ (eqnzk LiQhfr) dks fu;af=kr djus ds ekSfnzd mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

25- fuEu dkjd fdl izdkj Hkwfe&vik; ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS\ o.kZu dhft,

v) taxyksa dh dVkbZ

c) moZjdksa dk vR;f/d iz;ksx

26- oS'ohdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A oS'ohdj.k ds fy, viukbZ xbZ rhu uhfr;ksa dks crkb,

27- tSfod df"k ds D;k ykHk gSa\ o.kZu dhft,A

;k

lgdkjh foi.ku fdl izdkj O;fDrxr fdlkuksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh gSa

28- vlaxfBr ks=k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A vlaxfBr ks=k esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dks fdl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\


29- lkezkT;okn dky esa Hkkjrh; df"k dh xfrghurk ds eq[; dkj.k D;k Fks\ o.kZu dhft,A

30- vk/kjh;&lajpuk fdl izdkj ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkekftd o vkfFkZd fodkl esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS\

;k

Hkkjr esa xjhch ds fy, mÙkjnk;h fdUgha pkj dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

31- Hkkjr ds lkFk phu o ikfdLrku ds tukafddh; ladsrdksa dh rqyuk dhft,A


Blu

e P

rint

of

Que

stio

n P

aper

Set

II

S.N

o.

Nam

e of

Uni

t N

o. o

f Mar

ks

Que

stio

ns w

ith

wei

ghta

ge

Tota

l of

Uni

t 1

3 4

6 Q

. (M

arks

)

1.

Intr

oduc

tion

– 1

(3)

– –

1 (3

)

2

Colle

ctio

n, or

gani

satio

n an

d pr

esen

tatio

n of

dat

a 2

(2)

2 (6

) 1

(4)

– 5

(12)

3.

Stat

istic

al to

ols a

nd E

nter

pre

datio

n 3

(3)

1 (3

) 3

(12)

2

(12)

9

(30)

4.

Dev

elop

men

t Pol

icies

and

Exp

erie

nce (

1947

199

0)

1 (1

) 1

(3)

– 1

(6)

3 (1

0)

5.

Econ

omic

refe

renc

es si

nce 1

991

1 (1

) 1

(3)

1 (4

) –

3 (8

)

6.

Curr

ent c

halle

nges

faci

ng In

dian

2

(2)

3 (9

) 2

(8)

1 (6

) 8

(25)

7.

Dev

elop

men

t Exp

erie

nce o

f Ind

ia

1 (1

) –

– 1

(6)

2 (7

) A

com

paris

on w

ith n

eigh

bour

s

TOTA

L 10

(10)

9

(27)

7

(28)

5

(30)

31

(95)


ECONOMICS SAMPLE PAPER

SETII le; % 3 ?k.Vs vf/dre vad % 95

lkekU; funsZ'k % 1- nksuksa [kaMksa ds lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSa 2- izR;sd iz'u ds fu/kZfjr vad mlds lkeus fn, x, gSaA 3- iz'u la[;k 1 ls 5 vkSj 16&20 vfr y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSa] ftudk izR;sd iz'u ,d&,d

vad dk gSA budk mÙkj dsoy ,d okD; esa gh visfkr gSA 4- iz'u la[;k 6 ls 9 vkSj 21&25 y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSa ftuesa izR;sd ds fy, rhu&rhu vad

fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd dk mÙkj lkekU;r^ 60 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 5- iz'u la[;k 10 ls 13 vkSj 26 ls 28 Hkh y?kqÙkjkRed iz'u gSa] ftuesa izR;sd ds fy, pkj&pkj

vad fu/kZfjr gSa] izR;sd dk mÙkj lkekU;r% 70 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 6- iz'u la[;k 14 ls 15 vkSj 29 ls 31 O;k[;kRed iz'u gSa] ftuesa izR;sd ds fy, 6&6 vad

fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd dk mÙkj lkekU;r% 100 'kCnksa ls vf/d ugha gksuk pkfg,A 7- mÙkj lafkIr rFkk rF;kRed gksus pkfg, vkSj mQij nh xbZ lhek ds varxZr gh fn, tkus pkfg,A

[k.M ^v*

1- igyh ikap la[;kvksa dh efè;dk fyf[k,A

2- lSEiy@izfrn'kZ dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

3- Hkkfjr lekarj ekè; dk lw=k fyf[k,A

4- ijkl fdls dgrs gSa\

5- LiQhfr nj dh x.kuk djus dk lw=k fyf[k,A

6- vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh ds egRo dk o.kZu dhft,A

7- fuEufyf[kr lkfj.kh esa uhps ds 50» (vk/s) deZpkfj;ksa ds vf/dre osru dh x.kuk dhft,A

nSfud vk; (#-) 10&14 15&19 20&24 25&29 30&34 35&39

deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k 5 10 15 20 10 5

(mÙkj % 25-12) #i;s

8- ykjsat oØ ds xq.k o nks"kksa dks fyf[k,A

;k

/ukRed rFkk ½.kkRed lglaca/ D;k gksrk gS\ izdh.kZ vkjs[k kjk le>kb,A

9- lwpdkad ls vki D;k le>rs gks\ lwpdkad dh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A


10- fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kj ij izkFkfed rFkk frh;d vk¡dM+ksa esa varj Li"V dhft,%

v) ekSfydrk c) 'kq¼rk

l) fo'oluh;rk n) Je

11- fuEu vk¡dM+ksa (leadks) ls ekè; dh x.kuk dhft,A

vad (ls de) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 25 40 60 75 95 125 190 240

Ans : 49.58 ;k

fuEu esa cgqyd (Hkwf;"Bd) dh x.kuk dhft,&

oxZ ds eè; ewY; 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 vkofÙk 7 12 17 29 21 5 3

Ans : 80.71 12- fuEu vk¡dM+ksa ls varj&prqFkZd ijkl dh x.kuk dhft, %

oxZ ds varjky 1&5 6&10 11&15 16&20 21&25 vkofÙk 5 10 15 6 4

Ans : 7.5 (Q 3 – Q 1 )

13- nh xbZ Js.kh esa izeki fopyu dh x.kuk izR;k fof/ kjk dhft,A

lkbt 0-5&1-5 1-5&4-5 4-5&5-5 5-5&8-5 8-5-13-5 vkofÙk 1 2 3 4 5

Ans : 3.27

14- fuEufyf[kr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kj ij ^ls de rksj.k* rFkk ^ls vf/d rksj.k* cukb,%

vad 0&10 10&20 20&30 30&40 40&50 50&60 vkofÙk 7 10 14 20 6 3

(;k)

iz'ukoyh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ,d vPNh iz'ukoyh ds vko';d ^xq.k* fyf[k,A

15- X rFkk Y ds eè; lglaca/ xq.kkad dh x.kuk dhft, rFkk buds laca/ ds ckjs esa crkb;s% X 65 66 57 67 68 69 70 72 Y 67 56 65 68 72 72 69 71

Ans : +0.44


[k.M ^[k*

16- orZeku iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh le;&vof/ fyf[k,A

17- fofuos'k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

18- vkstksu ijr dk D;k ykHk gS\

19- vLoLFkrk nj dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

20- vkfFkZd o ks=kh; vk/kj ij ns'kksa ds laxBu ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

21- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjrh; laifÙk ds fu"dklu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;k

D;k vaxzstks us Hkkjr esa dqN ldkjkRed ;ksxnku Hkh fn;k Fkk\ foospuk dhft,A

22- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa futhdj.k ds fy, D;k mik; fd, x, gS\ o.kZu dhft,A

23- Hkkjr ls xjhch nwj djus ds fy, D;k mik; djus pkfg,\

24- ekuo iwath fuekZ.k esa lgk;d Ïksrksa (dkjdksa) dk o.kZu dhft,A

25- mQtkZ ds okf.kfT;d rFkk xSj okf.kfT;d Ïksrksa esa varj fyf[k,A

26- Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh miyfC/;ksa dks fyf[k,A

27- df"k foi.ku esa lq/kj ds fy, ljdkj kjk fd;s x, nks mik;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A ;k

csjkstxkjh ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ csjkstxkjh ds dqizHkkoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

28- fjtoZ cSad bafM;k (RBI) kjk fd, x, fuEu mik; fdl izdkj eqnzk LiQhfr ds fu;a=k.k esa lgk;d gS\

v) [kqys cktkj dh fØ;k,¡

c) udn tek nj esa ifjorZu

29- gfjr Økafr D;k gS\ bldh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h rFkk fdl izdkj ;g fdlkuksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh jgha\ laksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

30- fuEufyf[kr dne ;k uhfr;ka fdl izdkj Hkkjr esa /kj.kh; fodkl esa lgk;d gS\

v) tSo & [kkn c) lw;Z & mQtkZ

l) LPG rFkk CNG dk iz;ksx n) y?kq ty fo|qr ?kj

31- phu ds fodkl esa fuEufyf[kr uhfr;ksa dk D;k ;ksxnku jgk gSA o.kZu dhft,A

v) xzsV yhi iQkjoMZ dk;ZØe c) fof'k"V vkfFkZd ks=k l) nksgjh dher fu/kZj.k i¼fr

;k ikfdLrku esa /heh laof¼ rFkk iqu% fu/Zurk ds dkj.k crkb,A

Economics Hindi XI 2011

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