Economics 2010 Economics 2010 Lecture 2 What’s Economics?
Jan 02, 2016
Economics 2010Economics 2010
Lecture 2
What’s Economics?
OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:What is Economics?What is Economics?Define EconomicsEconomic QuestionsExplain economists’ way of thinkingWhat Economists Do and HowThe Economy
““Economics”Economics”
“Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means that have alternative uses” (Lionel Robbins)
“Economy is the art of making the most of life” (George Bernard Shaw)
“Economics is what economists do” (Jacob Viner)
““Economics”Economics”
To start with, anybody who would like the world to be a better place should be able to think like an economist. (Diane Coyle)
Economic QuestionsEconomic Questions
What is the government’s role in economic life?
Can the government help us to protect our environment?
Can it be as effective as private enterprise at producing goods and services?
Economic QuestionsEconomic Questions
Other examples?
Economic QuestionsEconomic Questions
Economics is the study of choices… How do individual choices end up
determining what, how, and for whom goods and services get produced?
When do choices made in the pursuit of self-interest also promote the social interest?
How Economists ThinkHow Economists Think
Society’s wants exceed the resources available to satisfy them => scarcity, the source of all economic problems
Scarcity forces us to make choices
We make most choices at the margin
We make choices driven by incentives
ScarcityScarcity
Wants exceed the resources available to satisfy them
Scarcity results in economic activityEconomics is the study of how people
decide to use their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants
ChoiceChoice
People are different, otherwise there would be no Economics!!!
Scarcity implies choiceEconomics is the science of choice
Choice and Opportunity CostChoice and Opportunity Cost
You can think about every choice as a tradeoff—an exchange—giving up one thing to get something else.
The classic tradeoff is “guns versus butter”
Choice implies cost: opportunity costOpportunity cost: the benefit of the
best alternative forgone
TradeoffsTradeoffs
We all face tradeoffs between: enjoying current consumption and
leisure time more consumption and leisure time
now and more future production, consumption, and leisure time
TradeoffsTradeoffs
In general, society faces tradeoffs about:
What How And for Whom to produce goods and
services
Individual self-interestIndividual self-interest
Economists take human nature as given and view people as acting in their self-interest
“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest” (Adam Smith)
Choices “at the margin”Choices “at the margin”
We make choices in small steps, or at the margin
Choices are influenced by incentives
Choices “at the margin”Choices “at the margin”
The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit
The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost
Choices “at the margin”Choices “at the margin”
For any activity, if marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost, people have an incentive to do more of that activity
If marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit, people have an incentive to do less of that activity
What Economists DoWhat Economists Do
Economists try to understand how incentives affect individual choices so that the common good can be reconciled with individual self-interest
aqui
What Economists DoWhat Economists Do
Microeconomics and macroeconomicsEconomic scienceEconomic policy
aqui
Economic ScienceEconomic Science
Theory to direct and interpret observations (e.g.. Building models)
Observation and measurement (testing the theory)
Two approaches of science:
“Is” versus “Ought to be”: positive versus normative approaches
Economic PolicyEconomic Policy
Efficiency: are we wasting? can we make it for less? Could we do better for the same?
Equity: is it fair?Growth: can we grow faster?Stability: can we get an economy with
less sharp changes?
The EconomyThe Economy
The economy is a mechanism that solves five problems about goods and services:
What?How?Who?Where?When?
The EconomyThe Economy
Decision makers Households Firms Governments
The EconomyThe Economy
Co-ordination mechanisms Markets Command mechanisms
Questions?Questions?
Next, we will talk about making and using graphs