Economics 172 Issues in African Economic Development Professor Ted Miguel Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley
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Econ
omic
s 17
2Is
sues
in A
frica
n E
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
t
Pro
fess
or T
ed M
igue
lD
epar
tmen
t of E
cono
mic
sU
nive
rsity
of C
alifo
rnia
, Ber
kele
y
Econ
omic
s 17
2Is
sues
in A
frica
n E
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
t
Lect
ure
19 –
Apr
il 3,
200
7
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
3
•Th
e m
idte
rm e
xam
will
be
retu
rned
at t
he e
nd o
f cla
ss
toda
y. T
he m
ean
scor
e w
as 1
9.7
(med
ian
scor
e 20
.25)
ou
t of 2
9 po
ints
in to
tal.
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
4
The
Afri
can
slav
e tra
de(s
)
•Th
ere
wer
e th
ree
dist
inct
, lar
ge-s
cale
sla
ve tr
adin
g ro
utes
thro
ugh
the
end
of th
e 19
thce
ntur
y:
Atla
ntic
Oce
an tr
ade
11-1
3 m
illio
nS
ahar
a, R
ed S
ea tr
ade
5 m
illio
nIn
dian
Oce
an tr
ade
2 m
illio
nTO
TAL
18-2
0 m
illio
n pe
ople
ens
lave
d
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
5
Dat
a on
the
Atla
ntic
Sla
ve T
rade
•A
t the
pea
k of
the
trade
in th
e 18
thce
ntur
y, h
uge
num
bers
of A
frica
ns w
ere
bein
g ca
ptur
ed e
very
yea
r:#
peop
le /
year
(ran
ge)
1450
-160
02,
500-
7,44
116
01-1
700
13,3
24-1
8,68
017
01-1
800
61,3
00-9
7,46
9La
te 1
800s
33,3
00-5
0,23
0
•A
185
0 ce
nsus
of F
reet
own,
Sie
rra
Leon
e in
dica
tes
that
man
y sl
aves
wer
e ta
ken
in w
ar, k
idna
pped
, en
slav
ed a
fter c
omm
ittin
g a
crim
e, s
old
by re
lativ
es
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
6
The
Atla
ntic
Sla
ve T
rade
•M
ost s
lave
raid
ing
was
car
ried
out b
y A
frica
ns, w
ho
sold
cap
ture
d pe
ople
to E
urop
ean
trade
rs a
t coa
stal
po
rts(in
toda
y’s
Gha
na, N
iger
ia, C
ongo
, Lib
eria
, Sie
rra
Leon
e, B
enin
, Sen
egal
, Cam
eroo
n, A
ngol
a, …
)
•E
urop
eans
trad
ed s
lave
s fo
r hor
ses,
text
iles,
met
al
good
s an
d to
ols,
and
mos
t im
porta
ntly
gun
s. It
is
estim
ated
that
20
mill
ion
guns
wer
e tra
ded
in a
ll
•M
ilita
ry p
ower
bro
ught
them
mor
e sl
aves
and
mor
e po
litic
al p
ower
. Sla
ve tr
ader
s be
cam
e w
ealth
yan
d po
litic
ally
influ
entia
l in
muc
h of
coa
stal
Wes
t Afri
ca
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
7
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
8
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
9
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
•P
re-e
xist
ing
inte
rnal
sla
ve n
etw
orks
: in
the
late
180
0s,
18-4
4% o
f Afri
cans
wer
e sl
aves
of o
ther
Afri
cans
(b
ased
on
early
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al s
urve
ys) –
as
dom
estic
sla
ves,
and
in m
ines
and
pla
ntat
ions
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
10
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
•P
re-e
xist
ing
inte
rnal
sla
ve n
etw
orks
•Le
ss m
ilita
ry m
ight
(e.g
., co
mpa
red
to A
sia)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
11
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
•P
re-e
xist
ing
inte
rnal
sla
ve n
etw
orks
•Le
ss m
ilita
ry m
ight
(e.g
., co
mpa
red
to A
sia)
•O
ther
reas
ons?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
12
Wha
t im
pact
of t
he s
lave
trad
e on
soc
iety
?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
13
Wha
t im
pact
of t
he s
lave
trad
e on
soc
iety
?
•Lo
wer
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity
less
urb
aniz
atio
n
•S
trate
gies
to a
void
cap
ture
lo
wer
out
put
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
14
Wha
t im
pact
of t
he s
lave
trad
e on
soc
iety
?
•Lo
wer
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity
less
urb
aniz
atio
n
•S
trate
gies
to a
void
cap
ture
lo
wer
out
put
•S
horte
r tim
e ho
rizon
s le
ss in
vest
men
t
•E
fforts
div
erte
d in
to s
lavi
ng, a
way
from
pro
duct
ion
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
15
Wha
t im
pact
of t
he s
lave
trad
e on
soc
iety
?
•Lo
wer
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity
less
urb
aniz
atio
n
•S
trate
gies
to a
void
cap
ture
lo
wer
out
put
•S
horte
r tim
e ho
rizon
s le
ss in
vest
men
t
•E
fforts
div
erte
d in
to s
lavi
ng, a
way
from
pro
duct
ion
•C
hang
es in
the
natu
re o
f pol
itica
l pow
er
•B
reak
dow
n of
soc
ial c
oope
ratio
n, c
ultu
ral c
hang
es
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
16
Long
-run
impa
cts
of s
lave
ry in
Afri
ca
•N
unn
(200
5) c
ompi
led
a ne
w d
atas
et o
n th
e co
untry
of
orig
in o
f ind
ivid
uals
sen
t to
the
New
Wor
ld in
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an a
nd In
dian
Oce
an s
lave
trad
es, u
sing
sh
ippi
ng re
cord
s, s
lave
eth
nici
ty d
ata
•H
e as
sign
s pe
ople
shi
pped
from
a p
artic
ular
por
t as
orig
inal
ly c
omin
g fro
m th
at c
ount
ry o
r its
nei
ghbo
rs
(e.g
., pe
ople
shi
pped
from
por
ts to
day
in G
hana
are
as
sign
ed to
eith
er G
hana
or B
urki
na F
aso)
--In
form
atio
n fro
m 4
6 di
ffere
nt s
ourc
es o
n 88
,616
pe
ople
from
480
diff
eren
t eth
nic
grou
ps fo
r the
Atla
ntic
tra
de, o
nly
3 so
urce
sfo
r the
Indi
an O
cean
trad
e
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
17
Map
of A
frica
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
18
Long
-run
impa
cts
of s
lave
ry in
Afri
ca
•N
unn
(200
5) c
ompi
led
a ne
w d
atas
et o
n th
e co
untry
of
orig
in o
f ind
ivid
uals
sen
t to
the
New
Wor
ld in
the
Atla
ntic
Oce
an a
nd In
dian
Oce
an s
lave
trad
es, u
sing
sh
ippi
ng re
cord
s, s
lave
eth
nici
ty d
ata
•H
e as
sign
s pe
ople
shi
pped
from
a p
artic
ular
por
t as
orig
inal
ly c
omin
g fro
m th
at c
ount
ry o
r its
nei
ghbo
rs
(e.g
., pe
ople
shi
pped
from
por
ts to
day
in G
hana
are
as
sign
ed to
eith
er G
hana
or B
urki
na F
aso)
•A
lthou
gh a
n im
prov
emen
t, th
ere
are
man
y w
ays
this
co
uld
gene
rate
impe
rfect
dat
a
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
19
Num
bers
of s
lave
s ta
ken,
by
coun
try
•N
unn
cons
truct
s a
mea
sure
of s
lave
ry e
xpos
ure
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
20
Long
-run
impa
cts
•Th
e m
ain
regr
essi
on e
quat
ion
is:
•Th
e Y
var
iabl
es h
ere
incl
ude
long
-run
inco
me
leve
ls
(per
cap
ita),
econ
omic
gro
wth
rate
s, p
oliti
cal
outc
omes
. Nun
n fin
ds c
onsi
sten
tly n
egat
ive
impa
cts
of
slav
ery
expo
sure
on
late
r eco
nom
ic a
nd p
oliti
cal
deve
lopm
ent o
utco
mes
in A
frica
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
21
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
22
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
23
Long
-run
impa
cts
•Th
e m
agni
tude
of t
hese
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
s is
qui
te la
rge:
a
1 s.
d. in
crea
se in
sla
ve e
xpor
ts d
ecre
ases
ann
ual
per c
apita
eco
nom
ic g
row
th in
196
0-20
00 b
y 1.
25%
•Th
ere
are
also
adv
erse
impa
cts
on m
any
othe
r pol
itica
l an
d in
stitu
tiona
l out
com
es (T
able
12)
. How
sho
uld
we
inte
rpre
t the
true
cha
nnel
s le
adin
g to
the
poor
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t out
com
es?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
24
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
25
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
26
Inte
rpre
tatio
n of
Nun
n’s
resu
lts
•C
ount
ries
mos
t exp
osed
to E
urop
ean
slav
e tra
ding
to
day
look
muc
h w
orse
off
than
oth
er A
frica
n co
untri
es. S
ever
al o
f Afri
ca’s
suc
cess
sto
ries
(e.g
., B
otsw
ana)
wer
e la
rgel
y un
touc
hed
by th
e tra
de
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
27
Inte
rpre
tatio
n of
Nun
n’s
resu
lts
•C
ount
ries
mos
t exp
osed
to E
urop
ean
slav
e tra
ding
to
day
look
muc
h w
orse
off
than
oth
er A
frica
n co
untri
es. S
ever
al o
f Afri
ca’s
suc
cess
sto
ries
(e.g
., B
otsw
ana)
wer
e la
rgel
y un
touc
hed
by th
e tra
de
•B
ut it
is u
ncle
ar e
xact
ly w
hat t
he c
ause
of t
his
is. T
here
ar
e m
any
theo
retic
ally
pla
usib
le m
echa
nism
s (e
cono
mic
, pol
itica
l, cu
ltura
l) th
roug
h w
hich
sla
very
co
uld
affe
ct c
urre
nt o
utco
mes
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
28
Inte
rpre
tatio
n of
Nun
n’s
resu
lts
•C
ount
ries
mos
t exp
osed
to E
urop
ean
slav
e tra
ding
to
day
look
muc
h w
orse
off
than
oth
er A
frica
n co
untri
es. S
ever
al o
f Afri
ca’s
suc
cess
sto
ries
(e.g
., B
otsw
ana)
wer
e la
rgel
y un
touc
hed
by th
e tra
de
•B
ut it
is u
ncle
ar e
xact
ly w
hat t
he c
ause
of t
his
is. T
here
ar
e m
any
theo
retic
ally
pla
usib
le m
echa
nism
s (e
cono
mic
, pol
itica
l, cu
ltura
l) th
roug
h w
hich
sla
very
co
uld
affe
ct c
urre
nt o
utco
mes
•O
mitt
ed v
aria
bles
: wer
e th
e ar
eas
with
the
wea
kest
po
litic
al in
stitu
tions
his
toric
ally
mos
t pre
yed
upon
?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
29
•Fo
r nex
t tim
e: c
ontin
ue re
adin
gs o
n th
e hi
stor
ical
le
gaci
es o
f sla
very
and
col
onia
lism
(wee
ks 1
0-11
)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
30
Whi
tebo
ard
#1
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
31
Whi
tebo
ard
#2
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
32
Whi
tebo
ard
#3
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
33
Whi
tebo
ard
#4
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
34
Whi
tebo
ard
#5
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
35
Map
of A
frica
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
19
36
Map
of A
frica
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