Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers. 1 Government Polytechnic, Arvi. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable. Theft is one of the most common and oldest criminal behaviors. Where the ownership of a physical possession can be altered without the rightful owner's consent, theft prevention has been introduced to assert the ownership whenever the rightful owner is physically absent. Anti-theft systems have been around since individuals began stealing other people's property and have evolved accordingly to thwart increasingly complex methods of theft. From the invention of the first lock and key to the introduction of RFID tags and biometric identification, anti-theft systems have evolved to match the introduction of new inventions to society and the resulting theft of them by others. In the case of vehicle theft, the best deterrent to theft is in the installation of an approved vehicle anti theft immobilizer. Many vehicles have OEM (factory installed) units and afford protection through the ignition system. OEM immobilizers function through the ECM/PCM (computer) under the hood of the vehicle. In general terms, the RFID tag attached to the key must be read by the ECM in order to allow ignition to occur. Unfortunately, organized crime is able to bypass these systems and steal any vehicle at will. An approved immobilizer uses a 3 circuit isolation system which thwarts even the most experienced thief.
An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable.
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Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
1 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the
unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable. Theft is one of the most
common and oldest criminal behaviors. Where the ownership of a physical possession
can be altered without the rightful owner's consent, theft prevention has been
introduced to assert the ownership whenever the rightful owner is physically absent.
Anti-theft systems have been around since individuals began stealing other people's
property and have evolved accordingly to thwart increasingly complex methods of
theft.
From the invention of the first lock and key to the introduction of RFID tags and
biometric identification, anti-theft systems have evolved to match the introduction of
new inventions to society and the resulting theft of them by others. In the case of
vehicle theft, the best deterrent to theft is in the installation of an approved vehicle anti
theft immobilizer.
Many vehicles have OEM (factory installed) units and afford protection through
the ignition system. OEM immobilizers function through the ECM/PCM (computer)
under the hood of the vehicle. In general terms, the RFID tag attached to the key must
be read by the ECM in order to allow ignition to occur. Unfortunately, organized crime
is able to bypass these systems and steal any vehicle at will. An approved immobilizer
uses a 3 circuit isolation system which thwarts even the most experienced thief.
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CHAPTER 2
FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM
If anybody tries to steal your bike, this circuit turns on the buzzer to alert you of
the impending theft. Usually, a handle lock is used on the handle bar for the safety of
bikes, with the front mudguard in a slanted position.
When the handle lock is freed, the front mudguard can be aligned with the body
of the bike. This circuit consists of LED and LDR sections. The LED is fitted on the
back end of front mudguard and the LDR is fitted on the central portion of the crash
guard of the bike such that LED rays directly fall on the LDR when the front mudguard
comes in line with the body of the bike, there by activating the IC 555 to sound the
buzzer and alerting the nearby people for the action.
Also, when somebody try to steal the battery of the bike, a circuit connected to
the battery will activated and sounds buzzer if the leads of the battery is removed.
There by preventing the stealing of the battery.
If somebody tries to rest on the seat of the bike or try to disturb the position of
the seat, the circuit hidden inside the seat arrangement will activate the IC 555, there by
sounding the buzzer.
There is a separate arrangement built here that, when there is a daytime and if
we accidently left the head lamp turned on, the sensor in this circuit detects the sunlight
and immediately turn off the head lamp to help prevent the consumption of the battery.
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CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT
In its simple construction, irrespective of the system available in the
market, this project has three different types of sensor namely, Rider sensor, Vibration /
motion sensor and Battery removal sensor. There is a timer circuit based on NE555 IC
that has connected to a buzzer and an electro-magnetic relay. The whole system gets its
power from a separate battery of 9V DC. Thus this system works without vehicle‟s own
battery.
Fig.3.1 – Block diagram of the system
The rider sensor senses any person trying to sit on the seat of the two wheeler,
the vibration / motion sensor senses any vibration or any movement occurs in the
vehicle‟s body and the battery removal sensor, as the name suggest, senses the removal
of the battery.
Any theft event thus captured is passed on to the NE 555 IC where it gets
processed as a theft event and the same IC makes the buzzer and the relay ON. The
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buzzer is ON till it will be turned OFF manually and then the entire system will work in
its normal mode.
Thus whenever a theft tries to indulge in the activity of theft in concern with the
same vehicle in repeated manner, the system will stand as it retriggers itself.
The figure below shows the basic and heart circuit for this system. The IC 555
used here is works in bi-stable mode, which means this circuit requires manual input to
trigger and to reset the IC. In this system, we used the sensor as the manual input to the
IC 555 to trigger the IC at trigger input terminal (pin no. 2), so as to show the activity
of the bike being stolen or trying to steal.
Fig.3.2 – IC 555 as bi-stable multi-vibrator
The system can be turned off by giving another pulse to the IC 555 to
make the system reset and works as normal. The reset signal or pulse is given to the
reset terminal (pin no. 4). The output terminal (pin no. 3) is used to trigger the relay via
the transistor (BC547) so as to activate the buzzer to inform the activity to nearby
people. The IC 555 is powered by a regulated power supply from IC 7805 and relay is
powered by regulated power supply from IC 7812.
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The figure below shows the circuit for the prevention of turning the head lamp
ON accidently. The sensor used to detect the sunlight is general purpose LDR, which
will sense the sunlight and ultimately switched OFF the head lamp to help prevent the
consumption of the battery.
Fig.3.3 – Dark sensor to switch off head lamp during daytime.
In this circuit, when the daylight falls on the LDR, the resistance of the LDR
dramatically decreased. This will make the base terminal of T1 ground and OFF and
ultimately T2 will also be OFF. So no light or LED will turned ON.
When there is no sunlight available, which means during the night-time, no light
will fall on the LDR, making its resistance significantly larger and hence it is as good as
open circuit. So the base of T1 transistor will activate by the supply through 10K
resistor. So the base of transistor T2 triggered, making it active and current will flow
through it. So the light or LED will glow during the night time.
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CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION
Methodology adopted for the project consists of the following activities:
ACTIVITY 1: SURVEY
SURVEY is also called as feasibility analysis or the initial business study. It
begins with a request from the user for a new system. It involves the following:
Identify the responsible user for the system.
Identify deficiencies in the current system.
Establish goals and objective for the new system.
Determine feasibility for the new system.
Prepare a project charter that will be used to guide the remainder of the project.
ACTIVITY 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The objective of system analysis activity is to develop structured system
specification for the proposed system. The structured system specification should
describe what the proposed system will do, independent of the technology which will
be used to implement these requirements.
This activity includes making list of the components needed in the project.
Thus, this step also includes the designing of circuits according to need.
For example, for an op-amp in inverting mode with a required gain of 100,
values of resistances should be chosen accordingly.
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ACTIVIYT 3: COMPONENT SEARCH
The objective of this activity is to search the components present in the
component list and other apparatus, which will be required during the project.
Once the components are arranged the apparatus required for PCB
manufacturing is arranged.
ACTIVITY 4: PRELIMIRY DESIGN
The primary objective of this step is to transform the functional specification of
the user requirement into the physical specification. The physical specification of the
system defines the appearance of the system for the user.
This step also includes the testing of the given i.e. designed circuit on
breadboard.
ACTIVITY 5: IMPLEMENTATION
This activity involves PCB manufacturing and component mounting on that
PCB. Thus this involves soldering; integration of various components.
The output of this activity is the complete integrated system.
ACTIVITY 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE
The objective of this activity is to check whether the desirable output is
produced for given set of inputs. Thus this test aims at ensuring that the functional
requirements of the user are being met.
Thus the output of this system is the accepted system. The new system will be
acceptable only if it produces satisfactory result on test data.
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ACTIVITY 7: PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION
The objective of this activity is to produce a manual, which may be used as a
guide for using or operating the system. In fact, there may be several manuals catering
to the needs of different types of person.
A manual should describe the manual procedures as well as the interface with
the automated portion of the system.
ACTIVITY 8: INSTALLATION
It means installing the new system in place of old system. Thus there is a
switching from an old system to a new one. Different change over techniques like direct
change over, phased change over, pilot run or parallel run may be used for switching
from the existing system to the new one.
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CHEPTER 5
SEMI-CONDUCTOR SPECIFICATION
NE 555 - GENERAL PURPOSE SINGLE BIPOLAR TIMERS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The NE555 monolithic timing circuit is a highly stable controller capable of
producing accurate time delays or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, the
time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For a stable
operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both
accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up
to 200mA. The NE555 is available in plastic and ceramic mini-dip package and in an 8-
lead micro-package and in metal can package version.
FEATURES
Low turn OFF time.
Maximum operating frequency greater than 500kHz.
Timing from micro-seconds to hours.
Operates in both Astable and Monostable modes.
High output current can source or sink 200mA.
Adjustable duty cycle.
TTL compatible.
Temperature stability of 0.005% per oC
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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 5.1
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
Vcc Supply Voltage 18 V
Toper
Operating Free Air Temperature Range for NE555
for SA555
for SE555
0 to 70
–40 to 105
–55 to 125
oC
oC
oC
Tj Junction Temperature 150 oC
Tstg Storage Temperature Range –65 to 150 oC
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Table 5.2
Symbol Parameter SE555 NE555 - SA555 Unit
Vcc Supply Voltage 4.5 to 18 4.5 to 18 V
Vth, Vtrig, Vcl, Vreset Maximum Input Voltage Vcc Vcc V
PIN CONNECTIONS (TOP VIEW)
Fig.5.1 – Pin diagram of NE 555 IC.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.5.2 – Block diagram of NE 555 IC.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Fig.5.3 – Schematic diagram of NE 555 IC.
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PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA
Fig.5.4 – Mechanical data of NE 555 IC.
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PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA
Table 5.3
Dimensions
Millimeters Inches
Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max.
A 3.32 0.131
a1 0.51 0.020
B 1.15 1.65 0.045 0.065
b 0.356 0.55 0.014 0.022
b1 0.204 0.304 0.008 0.012
D 10.92 0.430
E 7.95 9.75 0.313 0.384
e 2.54 0.100
e3 7.62 0.300
e4 7.62 0.300
F 6.6 0.260
i 5.08 0.200
L 3.18 3.81 0.125 0.150
Z 1.52 0.060
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LM78XX Series 3-Terminal Positive Regulators
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive
voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area
compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage
regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for
elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation.
In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents.
Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to
use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the
output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if
the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.
The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power
package. The LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC series is available in the TO-220 plastic
power package, and the LM340-5.0 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the
LM340-5.0 and LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 package.
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FEATURES
Complete specifications at 1A load
Output voltage tolerances of ±2% at Tj = 25°C and ±4% over the temperature
range (LM340A)
Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of ΔVIN at 1A load (LM340A)
Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A)
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short-circuit current limit
Output transistor safe area protection
P+ Product Enhancement tested
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
DC Input Voltage 35V
Internal Power Dissipation Internally Limited
Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)
TO-3 Package (K) 300°C
TO-220 Package (T),
TO-263 Package (S) 230°C
ESD Susceptibility 2 kV
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OPERATING CONDITIONS
Temperature Range (TA)
LM140 −55°C to +125°C
LM340A, LM340 0°C to +125°C
LM7808C 0°C to +125°C
CONNECTION DIAGRAMS
Fig.5.5 – Connection diagram of IC 78XX series.
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EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC
Fig.5.6 – Equivalent schematic diagram of IC 78XX series.