economic trait of poultry other than fowl

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COLLEGE OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCE , NAVANIA, VALLABHNAGAR,UDAIPUR (RAJ.)

SUBMITTED TO :DR.SUNIL KUMAR(ASSTT.PROFESSOR)

SUBMITTED BY : ASHISH KUMAR ANNA RAM

ECONOMIC(PRODUCATION) TRAITS OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWL

ASSIGNMENT : LPM -211

(1+1)

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ECONOMIC TRAIT

Economic trait (production trait) :- Traits which are related with income or cost of production.

Economic traits of poultry :- •Age at sexual maturity •Egg weight•Egg production •Growth rate •Feed conversion efficiency •Percent fertility •Percent hatchability •Dressing percentage

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•Shell thickness •Yoke index•Mortality•Livability•Egg quality•Body weight at maturity•Body weight at market age •Hatch weight

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Age at sexual maturity •Sexual maturity is the age or stage when an organism can reproduce.•It also termed as puberty and adulthood.

Species

Age at sexual maturity

Japanese quail 6- weeks

Guinea fowl

28-32 Weeks

Turkey 28-30 Weeks

Duck 20-24 weeks

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Egg weight •Egg weight mainly depends on the body wt. of the birds.•Birds at later stage of production are comparatively older , heavier and lay larger sized eggs.The quality of feed, management factor, age , strain etc. , which influence body weight also have an influence on egg weight.

Species Egg weight

Japanese quail 10 gm

Guinea fowl 40-45 gm

Turkey 65 -70gm Duck 70-75 gm

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Egg production •Egg production depends upon : -•Strain of bird.•Age and body wt. at start of lay.•Feed quality ( protein , energy , vitamins , minerals , and trace mineral content and toxin free feed .Climate .Managemental factors like space allowances .System of feeding.Water quality.Vaccination and other disease control measures influences egg numbers.

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Species Egg production( per annum)

Japanese quail 280 Guinea fowl 55 -100

Turkey 80-100 Duck 180

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Feed conversion ratio FCR , is a ratio or rate measuring of the efficiency with which the bodies of livestock convert feed into desired output. FCR = Total amount of feed consumed Total body wt. gain Feed efficiency depends upon:- •Strain of the bird.•Average egg number.•Egg weight.•Quality of feed (energy , protein , and contents of other vital nutrients , presence of toxins )•Management practices.

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Feed conversion ratio

Percent fertility

Species FCR Japanese quail 1.75-1.80

Guinea fowl

Turkey 2.7 – 2.8

Duck 2.3-2.7

•Fertility :- is refers to capacity to reproduce.•Fertilization of eggs by union of sperm with ovum.• % Fertility = No. of fertile eggs × 100 Total no. eggs

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Factors affecting fertility •Age of the parent stock: There is an increase in fertility in a breeder flock between the ages of 25 to 40 weeks after which fertility gradually diminishes•Breed: Lighter breeds is more fertile than heavier breeds.•Genetic factors: Many genes influence fertility•Environmental factors: Excessive high and low temperature reduces fertility due to poor mating frequency because of the inactiveness of the birds.•Disease conditions: Many diseases like disease, Mycoplasmosis, Salmonella etc., affect fertility.•Sex ratio: Both higher and lower males to female ratio will reduce fertility. •The semen volume, sperm concentration and number of successful mating also alter

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Factors affecting fertility fertility. Inseminating the birds during the after noon can lower fertility.Nutritional factors: Some deficiencies like vitamin A, E , Biotin, Pantothenic acid and B2 and minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium, Magnesium, Manganese, Zinc and Iodine lower fertility.Photo period: A photo period of 16 hrs per day will give optimum fertility. By either lowering the length of period to 12 hrs or increasing it to 18 hours lowers the fertility.Male nutrition: Male breeders should be fed with lower protein levels of 12-14% for optimum fertility.

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Percent hatchability

•The percentage of chicks hatched out of total number of eggs set.•Measured in two forms – 1) Hatchability on total number of eggs set.2) Hatchability on number of fertile eggs.

• Highest hatching percent was obtained between 35.5 and 36.5 ˚ c

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Dressing percentage•The dressing % is the percent of the live animal that ends up as carcass.•Generally the carcass weight is taken immediately after skinning & evisceration and is commonly known as the hot hanging weight.Factors affecting dressing % are –Dressing % = (carcass weight / live weight )

× 100 Factors affecting dressing % -A. Muscles to bone ratio . More than dressing

% more.B. Degree of body fatness. Body fat increase

dressing % increase. C. Cleanliness.

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JAPANESE QUAIL EGG

GUINEA FOWL EGG

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DUCK EGG

TURKEY EGG

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Shell thickness •Fertile eggs with thick & strong shells are known to have a better chance of hatching rather than weak thin shell eggs.•We can measure the thickness by floating eggs in the salt solution of various concentrations.•Specific gravity of an egg is highly correlated with the thickness of the egg shell.•Eggshells are composed of 97% calcium so the should provided in the sufficient amount in the diet.

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Yolk index

• Yolk index , index of freshness of an egg ; ratio between height & diameter of yolk under definied conditions.Measuring yolk index : - 1. Break the egg to separate the egg yolk.2. Place the yolk on a support.3. Measure the diameter (d1) of the yolk.4. Turn the instrument to 90˚and measure the

diameter (d2)of the yolk.5. Measure the height of yolk.6. Measure the height of support.

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Step 7 = calculation

Yolk index = (H−h) × 2 D1 + D2 WHERE :- H :- height of yolk h :- height of support D1 :- diameter of yolk D2 :- diameter of yolk ( at 90˚of D1 )

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% Livability •The expression used to describe the number of survivors in a flock.

•The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area expressed per 1000 per year.

Mortality

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Body weight Species Body weight at birth Japanese quail 8 – 10 gm Guinea fowl 25 gm turkey 50 gm Duck 47-48

Species Age at starting egg production

Japanese quail 7-8 week Guinea fowl 28-30 weeks Turkey 30 week Duck 120 days

Age at starting egg production

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Body weight

Market age

Species Body wt. at market age Japanese quail male 125-150 , female 175-

200 gm Guinea fowl 1.25 – 1.50 kg Turkey male 5-5.5 female 6 –

7.5 kg

Duck 1.5 – 2 kg

species Market age Japanese quail 6 weeks Guinea fowl 12-15 weeks Turkey 15-18 weeks Duck 20 weeks