Economic Quantification of Chlamydophilia...

7/28/2019 Economic Quantification of Chlamydophilia...

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Economic quantification of Chlamydophilaand Toxoplasmosis in Domestic cats

(Felis catus)

Bhadesiya C. M.; Raval S. K.;Shah A. S. and Joshi R. S.

Department of Veterinary Medicine

College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry

A.A.U., Anand-388001


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Disease in domesticated and sometimes non-domesticated livestock

population reduces the quantity and/or quality of livestock products

available for human consumption (i.e., benefit) and sometimes,human health is also affected directly.

The cat (Felis catus), also known as domestic cat or house cat, is a

small furry domesticated carnivorous mammal and is valued by

humans for its companionship as household pets.

Originally domesticated because they hunted mice that would eat

stored grains which was a beneficial situation for both species and

mutually beneficial arrangement began the relationship between catsand humans which continues to this day.

Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years, and

are currently the most popular pet in the world.


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Many superstitions associated with cats lead many people avoid keeping cat as

pet in India.

The domestic cat was first classified asFelis catus by Carlous Linnaeus in thetenth edition of his Systema naturae of 1758.

Wildcats have also been referred to as subspecies ofFelis catus, but in 2003

the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) various

fixed the name for wildcats asFelis silvestris.

Feral, stray and pet cats were studied; they are all domestic cats, but stray cats

and feral cats are different from each other in a very important way in their

relationship and interactions with people.

Pets and stray cats are socialized to people. Feral cats are not socialized to

people, they are socialized to their colony members and bonded to each other;

they do not have that same relationship with people. So, a stray cat is not a

feral cat.


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Because of their small size, domesticated house cats pose little physical dangerto adult humans. Many cat-bites will become infected, sometimes with seriousconsequences such as Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) or more rarely rabies.

Cats may also pose a danger to pregnant women and immuno-suppressed individuals, since their stool can transmit toxoplasmosis.

A large percentage of cats are infected with this parasite, with infection ratesranging from around 40 to 60% in both domestic and stray cats worldwide.

Most common infectious diseases of cats are feline panleukopenia (FPV), Feline

Rhinotrachitis, feline immunodeficiency (FIV), feline leukaemia (FeLV), rabies,

Cryptococosis, chlamydophilia, parasitic infestation withAscaris spp., Toxocara

spp.,Isospora felis, Toxoplasma gondi iand etc.

Thus, domestication of cat has some problems. The information regarding thedisease feline medicine for large cat is available but the information on

prevalence and techno-economics of some important diseases and their treatment

for domesticated cat is less available.


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Toxoplasma gondii : An obligate intracellular protozoan

parasite with worldwide distribution in the genus Toxoplasma.

The definitive host is the cat, but the parasite can be carried

by many warm-blooded animals (birds or mammals,

including humans).

Rodents are the typical intermediate host.

Cats continuously shed oocysts in faeces following infection

and becomes the major source of contamination.


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Toxoplasmagondii mostly affects cats asymptomatically and has

zoonotic importance to pregnant woman and immunocompromised

people.

In many regions of the world, abortion in pregnant woman have

been reported because of toxoplasmosis mostly acquired through

contact with cats and eating or raw or uncooked contaminatedmeat.

Considering the zoonotic aspects, Rahman et al. (2008) recorded

seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis as 9.54% (23/241) using

commercial ELISA kits in 241 human sera from human population

in Assam.

Higher prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats is recorded from many

countries using various diagnostic tests.


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Toxoplasmas resistance to antibiotics varies, but the cysts are

very difficult to eradicate entirely.

Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis can be performed by using various

techniques.

Saben-Feldman dye test,

Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT),

Latex Agglutination Test (LAT),

Complement Fixation Test (CFT),

Serological Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM testing and bioassay in

mice,

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).


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Suggested treatment for the disease is

Clindamycin (12.5 mg/kg, PO q12h for 28 days),

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide (15 mg/kg, PO q12h for 28 days) or

Azithromycin (10 mg/kg, PO q12h for 7 days).

Prevention of the spread of the disease is of importance and

candidate strains for vaccines have been generated by several

different means.


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To study the techno-economic aspects of the disease.


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Sample Collection

Faecal samples

Blood samples


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Fecal Sample of suspected cats were collected and examined as

per standard parasitological examination.

Diagnosis of both the diseases using rapid diagnostic kits.

Techno economic aspect of disease: The economic loss occurs

due to important disease was calculated.

Blood samples were collected for evaluation of hematological

and serological parameters.


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Rapid Diagnostic Kit


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Interpretation of Rapid Diagnostic Kit


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Chlamydophilia

affected cat


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Name of Disease Total no. of animals screened and disease prevalence rate

Parasitic disease (n=64)

a. Toxocara spp. 13 (20.31 %)

a. Ascaris spp. 12 (18.75 %)

a. Isospora spp. 04 (6.25 %)

Total 29 (45.31%)

Viral Disease (n=60)

a. Feline Panleukopenia (FPV) 04 (6.67%)

Total 04 (6.67%)

Viral Disease(n=34)

a. Feline Leukaemia (FeLV) 0 (0%)

a. Feline immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) 0 (0%)

Total 0 (0%)

Toxoplasam gondii 11 (45.83 %)

Chlamydophilia felis 10 (41.67%)

Other non infectious condition (n=116)

a. Dog/Cat Bite 16 (13.79%)

a. Fracture/Spinal Cord Injury 12 (10.35%)

Total 28 (24.14%)

=


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BREED


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BREED

Persian

Stray/ND


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T f Di t


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Type of Diet

Commercial

Home-made


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H lth t t


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Health-status

Healthy (Good)

Weak (Poor)


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Hygienic


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Hygienic

Condition

Poor hygiene

Good hygienic practice


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Housing


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Housing

Outdoor access type

Confined


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Total cost Number (No.) of Cost of

of = treatments X treatment

Treatment required (`.)(`.)

Total number of domesticated cats affected by disease, number of treatments

required and average of approximate cost of one standard treatment was calculated.

Above information was collected by inquiry and considering the present market priceof drugs supported with veterinarian charges.

The total cost of treatment in domesticated cat disease was calculated by using

following formula


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Sr.

No.Name of disease

Total No.

of animal

affected

Average

treatment

cost/case/day

(`)

Average

days per

event

Total cost of

treatment/

(`)

Average

treatment

cost/animal

(`)

1Chlamydophila

felis infected cat10 200 3 6000 600

2

Toxoplasma

gondii infected

cat

11 150 4 6600 660

Total 21 350 7 12600 600


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Toxoplasmosis and chlamydophilia have zoonotic

importance, so they require further studies forprevention.

Further epidemiological and biological surveillance are

needed to control the disease in stray and domestic cats.

Economic Quantification of Chlamydophilia...

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