- 1.A/Prof Jeffrey Funk Division of Engineering and Technology
Management National University of Singapore For information on
other technologies, see
http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
2. Early Applications: cardiac pacemaker and cochlear implant 3.
http://www.siliconsemiconductor.net/article/69596-Efficient-mixing-in-milliseconds-with-lab-on-a-Chip.php
More Recent Type of Bio-Electronics: Simple form of MEMS with
Micro-Fluidic Channels 4. Another view of a bio- electronic IC
Using Micro-Fluidic Channels to Analyze Polymer Additives and
Synthesize Co-Polymer Surfactants 5. core technology deployed to
allow conformal coupling to the human body all on an ultrathin
patch that mounts onto the skin like a temporary tattoo modular
system with onboard sensing, processing, power and communication
Source: MT5016 group presentation in 2012 6. Can More Flexibility
Enable Artificial Skin? Science Vol 340, 7 June 2013, pp. 1162-1165
7. The Future of Humans? 8. Rapid Improvements are Occurring in
Bio-Electronics Better materials (and their associated processes)
enable better products Flexible electronics, skin patches,
exoskeletons Smaller feature sizes in micro-fluidic channels enable
better bio-electronic ICs Improvements in materials and reductions
in scale are enabling new forms of products and systems Wearable
health care Better and cheaper diagnostic equipment no more
doctors? More synthetic tissue, limbs, and organs How many of the
previous slides will become a reality in the next 10 years? 9.
Session Technology 1 Objectives and overview of course 2 When do
new technologies become economically feasible? 3 Two types of
improvements: 1) Creating materials that better exploit physical
phenomena; 2) Geometrical scaling 4 Semiconductors, ICs, electronic
systems 5 Internet of Things, MEMS and Bio-electronics 6 Chinese
New Year 7 Lighting, Lasers, and Displays 8 Roll-to Roll Printing,
Human-Computer Interfaces 9 Information Technology and Land
Transportation 10 DNA Sequencing and Solar Cells This is Fifth
Session of MT5009 10. Outline Geometric scaling in bio-electronic
ICs Similarities between ICs and bio-electronic ICs Applications
for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care diagnostics
Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton Food and other
sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center of this health care?
Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those for MEMS 11.
Source: AStar 12. Another Way to Look at More Than Moore
http://www2.imec.be/content/user/File/MtM%20WG%20report.pdf 13.
Figure 2. Declining Feature Size 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1960 1965
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Micrometers(Microns) Gate
Oxide Thickness Junction Depth Feature length Source: (O'Neil,
2003) 14. How might bio-electronic ICs benefit from reductions in
scale? 15. Many Bio-Electronic ICs have Micro-Fluidic Channels 16.
Blood Analysis MEMS compared to a Newer Technology, Nanopores,
which is another form of Bio-Electronics 17.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvDZh8hmR84 DNA Sequencers also
involve micro-fluidic channels and are one type of bio-electronics
But the next session will focus more on the improvements in DNA
sequencers that have occurred over the last 30 years 18. Many
Bio-Electronic ICs Benefit from Reductions in Feature Sizes, much
more than for MEMS Higher Resolution 19. Higher Resolution:
Reductions in Feature Size Enable Bio-Electronic ICs to Analyze
Smaller Biological Materials Viruses are infectious agents that
replicate inside the living cells of organisms Bacteria are
multi-cell micro-organisms Proteins carry out duties in cell
according to DNA 20. The Goal is to Analyze Even Smaller things
such as Proteins and Molecules 21. Smaller sizes (mM milli moles)
are needed for smaller detection limits and to analyze more data
intensive applications (millimole) 22. http://www2.imec.be/content/
user/File/MtM%20WG%20report.pdf 23. Smaller Sizes Requires Better
Tools Scanning tunneling microscope 24.
http://inhabitat.com/silicon-chips-embedded-in-human-cells-could-detect-diseases-earlier/
How Smaller ICs Might Impact on the Biological World 25. February
2013, http://www.i-micronews.com/reports/BIOMEMS/4/345/ 26. Outline
Geometric scaling in bio-electronic ICs Similarities between ICs
and bio-electronic ICs Applications for bio-electronics Control of
implants Point-of-care diagnostics Skin patches Drug delivery
Bionic eyes Exoskeleton Food and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be
the center of this health care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS 27. Control of Implants and Artificially
Implanted Tissues Examples: Cochlear implants, retinal implants,
implantable neural electrodes, muscle implants Chips directly
interact with organs to elicit the sensation of sound, sight,
neurological functions, and muscle contractions, respectively.
Artificially generated electrical pulses must be engineered within
context of physiological system and biological characteristics This
often requires new materials 28. The cardiac pacemaker and the
cochlear implant. 29. Outline Geometric scaling in bio-electronic
ICs Similarities between ICs and bio-electronic ICs Applications
for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care diagnostics
Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton Food and other
sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center of this health care?
Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those for MEMS 30.
Applications in Laboratories and in Homes are Emerging as
Improvements are Made to Bio-Electronics Labs: 31. End-users might
be doctors, technicians, nurses or consumers Very useful in rural
areas where there are few doctors Share devices just like mobile
phones are shared in some rural areas This might occur
automatically; place bio-electronic ICs in toilet, bathroom mirror,
and clothes mirror may detect a disease such as cancer through the
presence of a mutated protein called P53 (exists in 50% of cancer
treatments) Or place them in your body Or a skin patch on your body
It depends on how cheap these systems become.. Michio Kaku, Physics
of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily
Lives by the Year 2100 (2011) 32. Can Equipment Provide Better
Advice than Doctors? A conversation with Vinod Khosla, co-founder
of Sun Microsystems and member of Kleiner Perkins Caufiled and
Byers (biggest VC firm) Researchers gave the same info to 40
cardiologists and asked the same question Should this person have
cardiac surgery or not? Half said yes and half said no Whether you
get surgery depends on which doctor you happen to pick? That is
pretty bad. And thats not the worst part. Two years later they took
the same data to the same cardiologists, and 40 percent changed
their mind. I could give you ten examples like that. Source:
Technology Review, A Closer Look at Data-Driven Health Care, July
21, 2014. 33. Can Better Diagnostics Provide a Faster Way for
Detecting Cancer? Cancer is usually detected too late, is there
faster way? Blood tests can be used to test for cancer Could test
for hundreds or thousands of biomarkers in one blood test with a
single chip Then look for the location of the cancer With a
radioactive or fluorescent probe (see next session) and a scanner
(Computer tomography or positron emission tomography) Then kill the
tumor with heat, radiation, or other things (see next session)
Source: The End of Medicine, Andy Kessler 34. Even Faster with
Smart Contact Lens Google and Novartis are working to develop
contact lens that monitor glucose levels for diabetics Can also
monitor Lacryglobin levels that are biomarker for cancer
Intraocular pressure that results from liquid buildup in eyes of
glaucoma patients Drug delivery is also a possibility Other
possible features Autofocusing lens Infrared sensitive for night
vision
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/529196/what-else-could-smart-contact-lenses-do/
35. Outline Geometric scaling in bio-electronic ICs Similarities
between ICs and bio-electronic ICs Applications for bio-electronics
Control of implants Point-of-care diagnostics Flexible
Electronics/Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton Food
and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center of this health
care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those for MEMS
36. Flexible Electronics/Skin Patches Many kinds of skin patches
But emergence of flexible displays (Next Session) is changing the
field of skin patches Organic materials are revolutionizing
displays (See Session 7) and ICs (organic ICs) for the displays
(Session 4) Thinner materials are more flexible than thicker
materials Adding a stretchy electronic mesh of islands that is
connected by springy bridges (i.e., conformal electronics)
Conformal electronics can monitor bodily functions of athletes and
others deliver drugs facilitate control of prosthetic devices
Enable electronic skin 37.
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/cs/b909902f#!divAbstract
Organic ICs are Experiencing Rapid Improvements in Mobility 38.
Improvements in Mobility may Lead to Greater Use of Flexible
Materials Mobilitycm2/Vs Single Crystal Si Ribbon Oxide
Semiconductors Amorphous Silicon Organic Semiconductor 1995 2000
2005 2010 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 100 10 1000 Si Mono- Crystal Si Poly-
Crystal 2013 Year 39. Improvements in Flexibility Improvements in
flexibility, which includes both bendabiilty and stretchability,
have come from thinner materials and a so-called island-bridge
design. Extreme Thinness Leads to Flexibility of Semiconductor
Materials Island-bridge design enables much higher levels of
flexibility 40. build a stretchy mesh with electronics on thin
islands connected by springy bridges print mesh onto thin plastic
which holds the entire mesh together Source: MT5016 group
presentation in 2012 41. build body-worn stickers which seamlessly
measure our body activity breathablewaterproof yet Source: MT5016
group presentation in 2012 42. core technology deployed to allow
conformal coupling to the human body all on an ultrathin patch that
mounts onto the skin like a temporary tattoo digital health -
moderate development cycle - high growth potential - white space
opportunity modular system with onboard sensing, processing, power
and communication Source: MT5016 group presentation in 2012 43.
wireless connectivity informed user continuous data analysis
seamless sensing digital health - moderate development cycle - high
growth potential - white space opportunity Source: MT5016 group
presentation in 2012 44. How far in the Future? From Skin Patches
and Sensors to Artificial Skin Science Vol 340, 7 June 2013, pp.
1162-1165 45. Outline Geometric scaling in bio-electronic ICs
Similarities between ICs and bio-electronic ICs Applications for
bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care diagnostics
Flexible Electronics/Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes
Exoskeleton Food and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center
of this health care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to
those for MEMS 46. Smart Pills: A New Form of Drug Delivery
Conventional methods Injections Pills skin patches The problem with
conventional methods is they often affect both good and bad cells
Smart pill Pills that can administer drugs directly to specific
places in a persons body 47. Smart Pills for Killing Cancer Cells
(1) Most cancer treatments kill healthy cells even as they try to
kill cancer cells Another approach is to use smart pills/nano-
particles to kill cancer cells Example: illumination from a white
light within smart pill/nanoparticle kills the cancer cell Example:
cause tiny magnetic disks to vibrate violently when they are near
the cancer cells. This is done by passing a small external magnetic
field over them Cameras embedded in the smart pill enable doctor to
see inside 48. Source:
http://www.slideshare.net/AsadAliSiyal/nanorobotics-nanotechnology-by-engr-asad-ali-siyal
49. Smart Pills for Killing Cancer Cells (2) One problem with
nano-particles (molecular cars) is that they have no engine Mother
Nature uses the molecular adenosine triphosphate has her energy
source Possible engines A nano-rod can be moved with a mixture of
water and hydrogen peroxide Embed nickel disks or antenna inside
these nanorods. one can use an ordinary magnet or a radio
transmitter from the outside of the body to steer a nanorod through
the inside of a body 50. Outline Geometric scaling in
bio-electronic ICs Similarities between ICs and bio-electronic ICs
Applications for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care
diagnostics Flexible Electronics/Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic
eyes Exoskeleton Food and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be the
center of this health care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS 51. MEMs and Bionic Eyes MEMS playing an
important role in improving eyesight of people who suffer from
macula, a disease that affects the retina Disease renders
photoreceptors useless although the remaining parts of the eye such
as the pupil, cornea, lens, iris, ganglion cells and optic nerve
remain operative About two million people suffer from this disease
in the U.S. or about 0.5% of Americans 52. All of the components in
a Bionic Eye are Experiencing Rapid Improvements in Cost and
Performance 53. Source: Biomaterials 29(2425): 33933399 MEMS-Based
Electrode Electrode Implanted Into Retina MEMS-Based Electrodes for
Bionic Eyes 54. Increases in the Number of Electrodes Leads to
Higher Performing Bionic Eyes 55. Outline Geometric scaling in
bio-electronic ICs Similarities between ICs and bio-electronic ICs
Applications for bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care
diagnostics Flexible Electronics/Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic
eyes Exoskeleton Food and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be the
center of this health care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are
similar to those for MEMS 56. Source: Cyberdyne Corporation,
www.cyberdyne.jp Examples of Exoskeletons 57. 50 23 20 15 60 160
240 300 0 30 60 70 1000 800 500 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 HAL-3 (1999) HAL-5 (2005) HAL-5 (2008)
HAL-5 (2011) Suit Weight (Kg) Operating Time (mins) Weight Lifting
(kg) Response Time (ms) From better materials From better batteries
From better materials Right Axis: from better bio-electronic and
conventional ICs Improvements in HALs Exoskeleton Suits 58. What
About Robots that look like Humans
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/13/robot-sex_n_5675212.html?cps=gravity
59. Outline Geometric scaling in bio-electronic ICs Similarities
between ICs and bio-electronic ICs Applications for bio-electronics
Control of implants Point-of-care diagnostics Flexible
Electronics/Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton Food
and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center of this health
care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those for MEMS
60. Sensors for Food Dates on packages are very rough Food may
spoil sooner or later than date Causes food to be discarded too
early or eaten when dangerous Better sensors for food spoilage
Measure at various points in value chain including when they are
placed on refrigerators and appliances In combination with RFID
tags, can help us identify points of food spoilage Better sensors
for factors related to food spoilage E.g., temperature 61. Smart
Chopsticks 62. Asthma and other Environmental Sensors Would you
avoid places if you knew these places caused problems to your
health? How about enabling people to build a map of asthma or other
hot spots? By using GPS and various sensors, users can build such
maps 63. Outline Geometric scaling in bio-electronic ICs
Similarities between ICs and bio-electronic ICs Applications for
bio-electronics Control of implants Point-of-care diagnostics
Flexible Electronics/Skin patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes
Exoskeleton Food and other sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center
of this health care? Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to
those for MEMS 64. Can Mobile Phones be Platform for Managing Data
Phones have high-performance processors, memory, and displays Can
send data wirelessly, without cables Easy to develop and download
apps Can phones handle multiple diagnostics/diseases maybe with one
bio-electronic IC, like microprocessor? What about creating
accessories/attachments test strips to analyze blood, skin, saliva;
check for flu, insulin and other sicknesses microscope to analyze
cells, electrodes for electro-cardigram Others for ultrasound, MRI,
etc. Useful for athletes, sick people
http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21567208-medical-technology-
hand-held-diagnostic-devices-seen-star-trek-are-inspiring 65. How
Far in the Future? Qualcomm will give $10 million USD for first
Star Trek Tricorder. Improvements in bio-electronic ICs and other
technologies (e.g., fMRI see later session) will probably make this
possible (http://gbmnews.com/wp/?p=254) 66. Outline Geometric
scaling in bio-electronic ICs Similarities between ICs and
bio-electronic ICs Applications for bio-electronics Control of
implants Point-of-care diagnostics Flexible Electronics/Skin
patches Drug delivery Bionic eyes Exoskeleton Food and other
sensors Can Mobile Phones be the center of this health care?
Challenges for Bio-electronics are similar to those for MEMS 67.
Like MEMS, development costs are very high for Bio- Electronic ICs
so applications must have very high volumes Integrated Circuits
Bio-Electronic ICs Materials Roughly the same for each application
Different for each application Processes Roughly the same for each
application (CMOS) Different for each application Equipment Roughly
the same for each application Different for each application Masks
Different for each application. But common solutions exist!
Microprocessors, ASICs Different for each application 68.
Solutions? Can we identify common materials, processes, equipment
that can be used to make most bio-electronic ICs? Using common
materials, processes and equipment involve tradeoffs Use
sub-optimal ones for each application But benefit overall from
economies of scale; similar things occurred with silicon-based CMOS
devices One obvious option Can we make Bio-Electronic ICs with
materials, processes, and equipment used to fabricate CMOS ICs? Or
look for different materials, processes, equipment? 69. Conclusions
and Relevant Questions for Your Group Projects (1) Cost and
performance of bio-electronics have experienced large improvements
and still have a large potential for improvements can potentially
follow path similar to (or steeper than) Moores Law thus can lead
to changes in health care that are similar to changes in electronic
systems from Moores Law They have already enabled dramatic
reductions in the cost of many types of medical products
point-of-care diagnostics Sequencing, synthesizing equipment
(covered next week) 70. Conclusions and Relevant Questions for Your
Group Projects (2) These improvements will probably continue create
new applications within diagnostic equipment, drug delivery, and
chips embedded in clothing, body, etc. Lead to greater use of
bionic eyes, artificial organs, exoskeletons What does this tell us
about the future Will Cyborg man become a reality? 71. Conclusions
and Relevant Questions (3) One challenge is identifying a set of
common materials, processes and equipment that can be used to make
many types of Bio-electronics What kind of progress is being made
in this area? What are the major types of materials, processes and
equipment that are used in the fabrication of bio-electronic ICs?
Is a convergence occurring in the use of materials, processes, and
equipment? 72.
p://intelligenthospitaltoday.com/rfid-tracking-vs-barcode-scanning-how-to-determine-which-is-essential-for-your-healthcare-environment/
RTLS: real-time location service (e.g., GPS), UHF: ultra
hi-frequency (activated by signal) portant Part of Internet of
Things is Tracking of Thin th indoors/local (below) and
outdoors/global (GPS, next sli