Economic Benefits of Trees & Greenspace Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Research Social Scientist University of Washington (Seattle) School of Environmental and Forest Sciences 2016 Western Planner & Montana Association of Planners Joint Conference Great Falls :: August 2016
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Economic Benefits of Trees & Greenspace Plnrs.green... · 2016-08-10 · Economic Benefits of Trees & Greenspace Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Research Social Scientist University of Washington
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Economic Benefits of Trees & Greenspace
Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D.Research Social Scientist
University of Washington (Seattle)School of Environmental and Forest Sciences
2016 Western Planner & Montana Association of Planners Joint ConferenceGreat Falls :: August 2016
Landscape
Community
Gardencredit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa
Landscape
Community
Gardencredit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa
SYSTEMS THINKING
AIRQUALITYSTORMWATER
WASTEWATER
SOLIDWASTE
CULTURALHERITAGE
BIOTA
EXERCISE&FITNESS
ACTIVEMOBILITY
CARBON
ENERGY
HEATISLAND
CONNECTVITY
SOCIALCAPITALALLERGENS
BMP’S
COMMUNITYIDENTITY
PUBLICART
NOISE
credit: American Planning Association
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
Trees/Green in Cities= public goodsnon-excludablemultiple “owners”expenses-returns?
-profits?
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
Yard & Street Trees
Value Increase Condition2% mature yard trees (greater than 9-inch dbh)3% larger street trees (up to 100’ away)3-5% trees in front yard landscaping 6-9% good tree cover in a neighborhood10-15% mature trees in high-income
neighborhoods
multiple studies: Green Cities: Good Health > Local Economics
Tree Retention In Development
Value Increase Condition18% building lots with substantial mature tree
Value Increase Condition10% inner city home located within 1/4 mile of
a park17% home near cleaned-up vacant lot20% home adjacent to or fronting a passive
park area32% residential development adjacent to
greenbelts
Local Government Benefits
Civic Investment – Public Goodslike schools, emergency response, roads
l street trees average positive effect on house valuesl added up across Portland, Oregonl yields a total value of $1.35 billionl potentially increasing annual property tax revenues
$15.3 millionDonovan & Butry. 2010Landscape and Urban Planning
OutlineCommunity Economics
trees, landscape & property valueretail behavior & spendinghuman health economics
Trees & Retail Environments Research
Wolf, K.L. 2005. Business District Streetscapes, Trees, and Consumer Response. Journal of Forestry 103, 8: 396-400.
• Research Questions •trees and visual quality?trees and consumer behavior?trees and product pricing?
• Methods:mail out/in surveysnational or local sampleresidents/nearby city residents
partners: U of Washington, NGOs, business organizationsfunded by USDA Forest Service
Trees & Shopper Environments Research
Image Categories (sorted by ratings)
Full Canopymean 3.63
Pocket Parksmean 3.72(highest)
Scale : 1=not at all, 5=like very much, 26
images
IntermittentTrees2.78
EnclosedSidewalk3.32
No Treesmean 1.65(lowest)
(high - 3.72)
Place Marketing
Relationship Marketing3. Product Pricing
• higher willingness to pay for all types of goods
• higher in districts with trees – 9-12%
1. Place Perceptions• Place Character• Interaction with Merchants• Quality of Products
2. Patronage Behavior• travel time, travel distance• duration & frequency of visits• willingness to pay for parking
social science of consumer behavior
‘atmospherics’
retail & place marketing
“Companies stage an experience when
they engage customers in a
memorable way.”
summary
urban forests = human habitat
studies of trees in business districtsperception, preference & behaviordesign & place messaging/identitycustomer relationships
deeproot.com
Trees as Place-Makers
the Chenoggye freeway in Seoul~ 1970-2005
Chenoggyeon – 8.4 km, $900 M
initial public criticism!
The High Line :: June 2009
l between 2003 and 2011l nearby property values increased 103%
(despite the deep recession)l $2 billion was invested in
nearby properties development
ALPHA Awaji Landscape Planning & Horticulture Academy
l 10.5% reduction in amount of medications used in dementia facility
l 30% fewer falls, accompanied by a reduction in fall severity
Detweiler et al. 2009. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
www.rph.org/eden.html
Tim Lynch Associates
What is the Value?
• What are the benefits?• Who experiences nature and gets benefits?• What is the green condition or situation that
provides benefits?• Scale of value question (i.e., community,
province/state, nation)• What are the costs/income gained/lost
associated with these benefits?
Elements of Economic ValuationStep 1: Screen Benefits Research
• factor income• avoided or replacement cost• burden of illness• hedonic pricing• stated preference/contingent valuation• revealed preference (e.g., travel cost)• quality adjusted life years• benefit/cost
Valuation StrategiesStep 2: Benefits Transfer and Value
Valuation SourcesStep 3: Benefits Focus for Valuation
Potential Annual Cost Savings and Increased Income Associated with Human Health and Well-being Benefits Derived from Metro Nature
Millions of U.S. Dollars (2012)
Wolf, K.L., M.K. Measells, S.C. Grado, A.S.T. Robbins. 2015. Economic values of metro nature health benefits: A life course approach. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
Change in % Population on ADHD Treatments
2001 - 2010
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of Americans Ages 20-44 on ADHD Meds
2001 - 2010
ADHD and nature contact
l 17 children aged 7-12 with diagnosed ADHD
l 20-minute guided walksl Parkl Neighborhoodl Downtown
l Pre-walk puzzlesl Post-walk cognitive test
Faber Taylor & Kuo. 2009. Journal of Attention Disorders