Ecomaterials - ECM - CTACctac.uminho.pt/sites/default/files/CTAC-ECM-mar2017-v6.pdf · Ecomaterials - ECM José Barroso Aguiar ... partial replacement of Portland cement ... The results

Centre for Territory,

Environment and Construction

Ecomaterials - ECM

José Barroso Aguiar; Coordinator

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Ecomaterials - ECM

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Aires Camões José Barroso Aguiar Rute Eires Said Jalali

Academic Staff



Ecomaterials - ECM

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Fernando Pacheco Torgal Mohammad Kheradmand Rui Miguel Ferreira

Research Staff

Yining Ding Zahra Abdollahnejad Muhammad Mastali



Ecomaterials - ECM

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Arman Shasavandi Cristiana Pereira Elisabete Teixeira Elsa Neto

PhD Students

Iman Ferdosian Raphaele Malheiro Rawia Dabbebi Rui Reis Sandra Cunha



Ecomaterials - ECM

Carlos Jesus Fernando Pokee

Technical Staff

CTAC - strategy

S4citiesSustainable, Smart, Safe and Smiling cities

Quality of life of cities and territories: closely related to the ecological footprint

reduction together with the improvement of liveability and resilience to the

challenges of population growth and climate change.

Assuming new challenges from urban planning and management, building

construction, transportation and spatial planning, innovative ecomaterials and

efficient use of water and energy.

Strategic Programme 2015-2020: collaborative approach for the development

of multidisciplinary projects supporting the vision of the center – S4cities.

Cooperation with other research centers, in close interaction with all decision

makers: government, companies and municipal authorities. 6

The ECM RCA develops research on “innovative ecomaterials &

technologies” with connections to “energy efficiency & sustainable

built environment” and “risk management and health”.

Main research projects

New technologies for smart materials, involving the study of phase change materials –

Barroso Aguiar

Eco-efficient mortars and concretes, involving the study of high performance pozzolans for

partial replacement of Portland cement – Aires Camões

Eco-efficient and cost-efficient alkali-activated binders – Fernando Torgal

Composites based in natural materials for structural and non-structural applications - Rute

Eires 7

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Research project 1

New technologies for smart materials, involving the study of phase

change materials – Barroso Aguiar

Main Results

S. Cunha, M. Lima and J. B. Aguiar, Influence of adding phase change materials on the

physical and mechanical properties of cement mortars, Construction and Building

Materials, Vol. 127, 2016, 1-10. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/43106 doi:

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.119

Table 1: Mortars formulation (kg/m3).

Composition Cement Sand PCM Superplasticizer Fibers Water

CEM-0PCM 500 1279.4 0 15 5 325

CEM-2.5PCM 500 1289.6 32.2 15 5 275

CEM-5PCM 500 1243.5 62.2 15 5 250

CEM-7.5PCM 500 1204 90.3 15 5 225

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a) b)

c) d)Figure 5: Pore distribution of cement based mortars: a) Reference mortar (0%

PCM); b) 2.5% of PCM; c) 5% of PCM; d) Mortar with 7.5% of PCM.

Research project 1


Barroso Aguiar

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a) b)

Figure 14: Mechanical behavior of the mortars: a) Flexural strength; b) Compressive strength

Table 2: Classification of mortars according

to standard NP EN 998-1:2010 [35].

Class of strength Compressive Strength (MPa)

CSI 0.4 to 2.5

CSII 1.5 to 5.0

CSIII 3.5 to 7.5

CSIV = 6.0

Research project 1


Barroso Aguiar

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Research project 1


Barroso Aguiar

Conclusion

The incorporation of non-encapsulated PCM leads to a decrease in the microporosity of

mortars and a delay in the hardener process of cement, such as it was demonstrated by

scanning electron microscope observations and DSC-TGA tests.

According to flexural and compressive strengths it can be concluded that he

incorporation of non-encapsulated PCM did not cause significant changes in the

mechanical behavior of mortars. On the other hand, the developed mortars showed a

high resistance class taking into account the compressive behavior.

CONTRIBUTION TO CTAC MISSION

Innovative Ecomaterials – Increase the thermal performance and durability12

Research project 2

Eco-efficient mortars and concretes, involving the study of high

performance pozzolans for partial replacement of Portland cement –

Aires Camões

• Eco-efficient high volume fly ash concrete

• Eco-efficient high volume biomass fly ash concrete

• Eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete

• Combined action of chloride and carbonation considering the

presence of fly ash

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Research project 2

Eco-efficient mortars and concretes, involving the study of high performance pozzolans for partial

replacement of Portland cement – Aires Camões

• Eco-efficient high volume fly ash concrete

Using high volumes of fly ash greatly reduces the compressive strength and carbonation

resistance. The use of hydrated lime within the concrete composition may be a tool to

mitigate these problems. The results suggest that for better results, the hydrated limeshould be added until 10% binder.

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Research project 2



• Eco-efficient high volume biomass fly ash concrete

It is possible to use biomass fly ashes as partial cement replacement with good results interms of durability. The utilization of biomass fly ash as reservoir of alkalinity show good

results, similar to those obtained with utilization of hydrated lime.15

Research project 2



• Eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete

An eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete, with compressive strength and flow

diameter of 160.3 MPa and 19 cm respectively, was developed through partially

substitution of cement and silica fume by ultra-fine fly ash. Response surfacemethodology, as a statistical mixture design and optimization tool, was applied. The

developed UHPC contains 640 kg/m3 and 56.3 kg/m3 of cement and silica fume

respectively.

Predicted responses Experimental results

F.D. C.S. F.D. C.S.

(cm) (MPa) (cm) (MPa)

Eco-efficient 19 158.2 19 160.3

Cost-efficient 19 150 19 150.5

Zero Silica fume 19 140.5 - -

Eco-efficient Cost-efficient ZSF

CO2 content (kg/m3) 90% 92% 97%

Cost (€/m3) 66% 62% 57%

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Research project 2



• Combined action of chloride and carbonation considering the presence of fly ash

The combined action of chloride ions and carbonation has influence on the carbonation front

progress and also on the characteristics of chloride profiles.

For OPC mortar, combined action seems to difficult chloride penetration. For FA mortar (and

deeper carbonation depth), the combined action seems to increase the amount of total chloride

along chloride profile.

The carbonation is decreased by the presence of chlorides in the matrix with and without FA.

OPC mixture168 days (12

cycles)

OPC mixture

168 days (12 cycles)

FA (40% wt.) mixture

168 days (12 cycles)

FA (40% wt.) mixture168 days (12 cycles)

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Research project 3

Eco-efficient and cost-efficient alkali-activated binders – Pacheco Torgal

Main Results

Abdollahnejad, Z.; Kheradmand, M.; Pacheco-Torgal, F.. 2017. "Short-term compressive strength

of fly ash and waste glass alkali-activated cement based binder (AACB) mortars with two

biopolymers", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering (in press)

Table 2. Mix proportions of AACB mortars (kg/m3)

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Research project 3


Compressive strength of AACB mixtures cured at 60ºC with 8M and

according to biopolymer xhantan content: a) 0%; b) 0.05%; c) 0.1%; d)

0.15%19

Research project 3


Table 2. Mix proportions of AACB mortars (kg/m3)

Cost of AACB mortars with different content of carrageenan

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Research project 3


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Geopolymer Carrageenan Geopolymer

Hydrogen bonds (represented by the dashed lines) formed between carrageenan

and fly ash-based geopolymer as well as within kappa-carrageenan macromolecules

Research project 3


Conclusion

The results show that a mixture of 80% fly ash, 10% waste glass and 10%calcium hydroxide activated with an alkaline activator has the highestcompressive strength. The results also show that the mortars with minorbiopolymer carrageenan content are associated with a relevant increase incompressive strength and that the use of 0.1% of carraggenan leads tooptimum compressive strength in most mixtures. The use of xhantan showsno beneficial effects on the compressive strength of AACB mortars.

Contribution to C-TAC mission

Innovative Ecomaterials - Increase the eco-efficiency

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Research project 4

Composites based in natural materials for structural and non-

structural applications - Rute Eires

Main Results

• Eires, R., Camões A. Jalali, S. Enhancing water resistance of earthen buildings with

quicklime and oil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016.

• Eires R., Camões A., and Jalali S., "Ancient Materials and Techniques to Improve the

Earthen Building Durability", Key Engineering Materials, Trans Tech Publications Ltd,

Switzerland, vol. Volume 634, pp. 357-366,

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.634.357, 2014.

Main objective

Incorporation of natural products such as oils or fats in earth building in order to improve

the resistance of compressed soil against rainwater action.

Tested mixtures

Mixtures Stabilizer Additive Biopolymer

S - - -

S-C Cement 4 % - -

S-HL Hydrated lime 4 % - -

S-QL

Quicklime 4 %

- -

S-QL_NaOH NaOH 0.1 % -

S-QL_Oil - Oil 1 %

S-QL_Oil_NaOH NaOH 0.1 % Oil 1 %

Scheme of rainwater simulation test and the test of one specimen

Research project 4

Composites based in natural materials for structural and non-structural applications -

Rute Eires

Compressive strength (dry and wet specimens) and Water absorption coefficient

Research project 4

Composites based in natural materials for structural and non-structural applications -Rute Eires

Results of rainwater tests

Research project 4


SEM images of the mixtures: (a) S; (b)

S-C; (c) S-HL; (d) S-QL

SEM images of the mixtures: a – S-

QL_Oil; b – S-QL_NaOH; and c – S-QL_

Oil_NaOH

Decrease of voids in S-QL mixtures

Research project 4


Research project 4

Composites based in natural materials for structural and non-structural applications -

Rute Eires

Conclusion

The results obtained in this research showed that the use of quicklime with “hot

hydration” has good performance in selected soil with or without oil or sodium

hydroxide.

The used additions increase compressive strength and reduce water absorption by

capillarity, mainly with oil addition.

In practice, the quicklime mixtures studied can be applied in earthen walls (internal or

external walls) and the quicklime and oil mixtures can be applied in walls exposed to

an outdoor climate (external walls).

CONTRIBUTION TO CTAC MISSION

Natural Ecomaterials – Increase of durability maintaining the sustainability

Ecomaterials - ECM - CTACctac.uminho.pt/sites/default/files/CTAC-ECM-mar2017-v6.pdf · Ecomaterials - ECM José Barroso Aguiar ... partial replacement of Portland cement ... The results

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