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Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components of the water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous cycles. To identify the effects that destruction of habitats, pollution, urbanization, and natural disasters have on population.
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Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Jan 12, 2016

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Donald Gilmore
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Page 1: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Ecology

Objectives:• To understand ecological levels of organization.• To describe the flow of energy through an

ecosystem.• To describe and analyze the components of the

water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous cycles.• To identify the effects that destruction of

habitats, pollution, urbanization, and natural disasters have on population.

Page 2: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

What is ecology?

• The scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

• It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in.

Page 3: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Why is ecology important?

• Allows us to understand how the natural world around us works

• Allows us to understand how organisms (plants & animals) are shaped by their surroundings (environment)

• Ex. O2 in atmosphere from photosynthesis.

Page 4: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Ecology Issues Today

• Exploding Human Population

• 6 billion people in 1996

• 7.8-12.5 billion people by the year 2050

• Greater Earth resources necessary to support humans

• Food, space, energy

Page 5: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

The Sixth Mass Extinction

• Human impact has destroyed the habitats of many bird species.

• Hawaii, 60 species now extinct

Page 6: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

The Thinning Ozone Layer

• Ozone layer protects Earth’s living organisms by absorbing UV radiation.

• Hole: low ozone level over Antarctica

• Sunburns and skin cancer

Page 7: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Climatic Changes

• Greenhouse Effect: gases in the atmosphere trap heat emitted from the Earth’s surface, insulating and warming the Earth

• Burning fossil fuels releases gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. (carbon dioxide, methane, & nitrous oxide) As these gases build up, they trap more heat near the Earth’s surface, causing Earth’s climate to become warmer than it would naturally.

Page 8: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Interconnectedness

• Key Theme: All organisms affect and are affected by the living and non-living components of their environment

• The next slide shows different species that are ecologically connected. Describe some ways they are connected.

Page 9: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.
Page 10: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

How is the environment organized?

• The parts of an environment are organized into two categories:

1. Abiotic Factors

2. Biotic Factors

Page 11: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Nonliving Environment

• Abiotic Factors (A=“not” Bio= “living”)– the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment (physical and chemical)

• Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life

• Examples:

• Soil, temperature, pH, sunlight

• Precipitation, air currents, and humidity

Page 12: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Living Environment

• Biotic Factors: All the living parts of an environment

• All organisms depend on others, directly or indirectly, for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.

• Examples: competitors, decomposers, and predators

Page 13: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Biotic or Abiotic?

• Abiotic

Page 14: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Biotic or Abiotic?

Biotic

Page 15: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Biotic or Abiotic?

Abiotic

Page 16: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Biotic or Abiotic?

Biotic

Page 17: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

*Calcium

*Nitrogen

Potassium

*Sulfur

*Phosphorus

Biotic Factors? Abiotic Factors?

Page 18: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Bacteria live on these roots!

• Bacteria get carbohydrates

• Plants get the nitrogen they need to grow

• These two organisms depend on each other for survival

Page 19: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Levels of Organization

• Now that you can identify biotic and abiotic factors, we will organize their interactions at different levels

• Ecologists have arranged an organism’s interactions into different levels according to complexity.

Page 20: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Levels of Organization

Page 21: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

1st Level: Organism

• The simplest level in ecological organization

• An organism is an individual living thing.

• Bacterial cell or elephant• Scientists study the

adaptations that allow organisms to overcome challenges of their environment

Page 22: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

2nd Level: Population

• A group of organisms, all the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

• Scientists study the members of a single species; how they share their environment. (Food, water, etc.)

Page 23: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

3rd Level: Community

• Biological Community is made up of all the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time; all biotic factors

• Here: zebras and wildebeest

• Scientists study how the species interact

Page 24: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

4th Level: Ecosystem

• All the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment found in a particular place.

• Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in the same place and the abiotic factors of that area.

Page 25: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Ecosystem

• Two Types:

1. Terrestrial (Land)

2. Aquatic (Water)

a. Freshwater (lakes, ponds, rivers)

b. Saltwater/Marine (oceans)

Page 26: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

5th Level: Biosphere

• The portion of Earth that supports life (13 mi. thick)

• Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water

• If the Earth were the size of an apple, the biosphere would be as thick as the apple’s skin.

Page 27: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Which Level?

• Organism

Page 28: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Which Level?

• Community

Page 29: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Which Level?

Population

Page 30: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Within an ecosystem

• Species share a habitat (the place where and organism lives out its life), food and shelter

• Niche: the way of life of a species; the role a species plays in its environment.

• Includes all biotic and abiotic interactions • How a species meets its needs for

– Food and shelter– Survival and reproduction

Page 31: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Sharing a habitat

• pH, other chemical factors determines what lives here. Amount of sunlight – source of energy

• Insects and fish eat plants; turtles eat fish; birds eat insects

Fish, turtles, plants, insects, and birds

Page 32: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Niche

• All of these finches have different sized/shaped beaks.

• Different ecological niches

Page 33: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Habitat & Niche

The habitat is the organism's "address" and the niche is its "profession“

Oak Tree?

Page 34: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Predators and Prey

• Predators – seek out and eat other organisms

• Prey – organisms that are eaten

• Examples?

Page 35: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

CAUGHT!

Page 36: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Predation

• Influences where and how a species lives

• Effective way to regulate population

• Predation Defenses: schools of fish, color, odor

Page 37: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Energy Transfer

• All organisms need energy to grow, move and reproduce

• In an ecosystem, the ultimate source of energy comes from the sun

• Plants use that energy to make it’s own food, and then other organisms eat those plants to get energy.

Page 38: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Producers

• Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs

• Photosynthetic – using the sun to power food production

• Examples?

• Plants, some kinds of bacteria, protists (plant-like algae)

Page 39: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Biomass

• The total amount of living matter in a certain area (habitat).

• Measured in g/m^2

Biomass Pyramid:

Page 40: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Consumers

• Heterotrophs – organisms that cannot make their own food

Primary Consumer Eats plant material

(Rabbits, Cows)

Secondary Consumer Eat primary consumers (Foxes, Hawks, Snakes)

Tertiary Consumers Eat secondary consumers (Wolves, Bears, Humans)

Page 41: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Herbivores

• Eat producers (plants)• Zebra that eat grass

is an herbivore• Grasshopper• Caterpillars

Page 42: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Carnivores

• Eat other consumers• Lions eat zebra• Praying mantis eats

grasshoppers

Page 43: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Omnivores

• Eat both producers and other consumers

• Bears eat berries from a plant (producer) and also fish

Page 44: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Detritivores

• Feed on the “Garbage” of the ecosystem

• Ex. Fallen leaves and branches, dead organisms

• Vultures

Page 45: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Decomposers

• Break down dead tissues (decay)

• Decay “recycles” nutrients

Page 46: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.
Page 47: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.
Page 48: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

How Energy flows through an ecosystem

• 1st Step Producers• 2nd Step Primary

Consumers that eat producers

• 3rd Step Secondary Consumers that eat other consumers

• 4th Step Tertiary Consumers that eat secondary consumers

Page 49: Ecology Objectives: To understand ecological levels of organization. To describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem. To describe and analyze the components.

Figure 19.26

Tertiary consumers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Producers

10 kcal

100 kcal

1,000 kcal

10,000 kcal

What happens to energy as you go up trophic levels? Why?