Ecology - Miss Blackburn · 2018. 9. 9. · Ecology •Population density: –measure of how crowded organisms are in their environment. •Population growth is determined by: –Immigration:

Ecology

Ecology • Ecology:

– The study of how organisms exist in their

environment

• Ecosystem:

– where an organism lives within the

environment.

Ecology

• Abiotic factors:

– non-living things found in an ecosystem.

Abiotic factors include water and temperature.

• Examples: light, temperature, water, soil, non

living structures (rocks)

• Biotic factors:

– living things found in an ecosystem.

• Biotic factors include plants, animals, fungi,

bacteria (any living thing)

• The biotic factors need the abiotic factors to

live.

Activity

• Nature Walk

– Make a list of 6 abiotic factors & 6 biotic

factors

Ecology

• Adaptation:

– organism’s ability to tolerate change in its environment

How have animals adapted?

• Body Shape

• Color

• Diets

• Habitats

How do animals use color?

How do animals use color?

Pheasants

Robins

Butterflies

Deer-Fawn

Fish

Artic Hare

Ptarmigon

Adaptation to Weather

• Hibernation- reduce

Metabolic rate to preserve

energy

• Migration- regular seasonal

journey to an area with more

resources

Natural Selection

Is the survival of organisms that are best adapted to their environment.

• Survival of the most fit.

– Darwin Awards

AFV

Variation

• Individuals have different characteristics

Fitness

• The ability to survive and produce

offspring.

Adaptation

• If an animal is not able to adapt, it will not

increase in fitness

Stabilizing Selection

• Individuals with the AVERAGE form have the ADVANTAGE – Example – lizards that are small are not

fast enough to avoid predators; lizards that are large cannot hide easily from predators; those of average size are both fast enough to get away from predators and small enough to hide – giving them the selective advantage.

Directional Selection

• Individuals with one of the EXTREME forms have the ADVANTAGE – Example – Peppermoth in Great Britain during

the industrial revolution – “melanistic” (dark colored) moths had the selective advantage after trees where covered in coal soot. After air quality improved, the selection advantage returned to the lighter colored moths.

• Kristen will you go to homecoming?

» -Raul

Directional Selection

• Peppermoth – find two moths per picture

As the ants dig deeper, anteaters with longer tongues

have the adaptive advantage – survive to reproduce.

Disruptive Selection

• Individuals with either of the EXTREME forms have the ADVANTAGE – Example: a shellfish living in shallow ocean water is

preyed upon by a bird. Originally those with the neutral color (sand colored) had the advantage because they were camouflaged in the sand. As the birds fed on the shellfish and left their feces behind in the water, the ocean floor became white in color. Those shellfish that were sand colored are now easily found while the lighter colored shellfish are able to blend in, as are the darker colored shellfish if they are found on the darker rocks.

• Succession:

– is the replacement of one community by another.

Ecology

• Communities:

– are collections of organisms that live

together.

– Aquatic Communities:

• Communities that occur in the water

– Terrestrial Communities:

• Communities found on the land are called

Ecology

• Population density: – measure of how crowded organisms are in their

environment.

• Population growth is determined by: – Immigration:

• is the act of an organism moving into a habitat.

– Emigration: • is the act of an organism moving out of a habitat.

– Natality: • is the production of new individuals in a habitat.

– Mortality: • is the death rate in a population.

Ecology

• Competition:

– is the use of the same resources by different

organisms to live

• Predation:

– is one living organism serving as food for

another organism.

Ecology

• Herbivore

– is an animal that eats only plants for food. • Examples of herbivores include

– Bison

– Cattle

– Sheep

• Carnivore

– is an animal that eats only animals for food. – Examples of carnivores include:

– Hawks

– Mountain Loin

Ecology

• Omnivores

– are animals that eat both plants and animals. – Examples of omnivores include

– Bears

– Catfish.

• Biome

– is an area made up of a distinct combination

of plants and animals.

Ecology

• Terrestrial Biome:

– tropical forests, temperate forests,

grasslands, savannas, tundra and deserts.

• Aquatic Biome:

– lakes and ponds, streams, oceans, and

wetlands