Ecology & Management of Ventenata in the Inland Northwest John Wallace,Tim Prather, Andrew Mackey & Pamela Pavek University of Idaho & USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center WSARE Project (2011-2013) [email protected]
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Ecology & Management of
Ventenata in the Inland Northwest
John Wallace, Tim Prather, Andrew Mackey & Pamela Pavek
University of Idaho & USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center
WSARE Project (2011-2013)
Outline
WSARE Project
Measuring Impacts: Production & Conservation
Ventenata Biology
Ventenata IPM Development
VEDU Identification
Annual Grass Invasion Ventenata (African wiregrass) distribution in Inland
Northwest
Source: P. Pavek, USDA-NRCS-PMC
Ventenata Weediness in Inland Northwest UI-SSRU; 2011 Survey
Ventenata weediness?
% of Respondents
0 20 40 60 80 100
non-crop
pasture
grass-hay
CRP
timothy-hay
bluegrass
wheat
Source: Kane, UI-SSRU
VEDU Impacts on Management 2011 Producer Mail Survey (UI-Social Science Research Unit; S. Kane)
Ventenata Impact
Time Period
1970-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010
No
. o
f P
rod
ucer
Resp
on
den
ts
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160Year EstablishedBegan Control
VEDU Impacts
Relative Level of Impact
No A Little Bit A Great Deal
% o
f P
rod
ucer
Resp
on
den
ts
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Increased CostAltered Management
Source: Kane Source: Kane
VEDU Impacts on Enterprise Budgets 2011 Delphi Surveys (UI Ag Econ; K. Painter)
Example:
Timothy Hay Management Scenario
Stand
Life
Price
($/tn)
Yield
(tn/ac)
Net
Revenue
Can’t sell hay 5 0 2.4 -236
Sell hay at reduced yield & price 5 70 2.4 -77
VEDU managed (price & yield reduced) 10 120 2.7 26
No VEDU present 10 200 3 201
Enterprise Budgets: 1) timothy hay, 2) grass hay, 3) small pasture, 4) CRP
Survey Standard Control Strategies Cost-Price-Yield Revenue
VEDU Impacts on Wildlife Habitat 2012-2013 (UI: A. Mackey)
% Cover by
Functional
Group
No. Individuals at
Reproductive
Stages
Ventenata Ecology in Perennial
Grass Systems
Growth & Development Patterns
Degree Day Model (DDM) Development
Seedbank Life & Germination Response to Temperature
VEDU Litter Effects on VEDU populations
VEDU x Endophyte Interactions
Regional VEDU Growth Models in PNW 2011-2013 (UI Weed Sci, OSU: Sbatella)
Site Location System Moscow ID CRP Worley ID CRP Harvard ID Timothy Hay Usk WA Timothy Hay Helmer ID Pasture Usk WA Pasture Anatone WA Range Enterprise OR Range Madras OR Range (12-13)
Regional VEDU Growth Models in PNW 2011-2013 (UI Weed Sci, OSU: G. Sbatella)
Expected Outputs:
1) Hydro-thermal models (GDD approach) for VEDU phenological growth stages:
seedling emergence (cumulative)
vegetative stem elongation inflourescence seed ripening
2) Comparative vegetative growth models with annual and perennial grasses:
bluebunch wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, orchardgrass, smooth
brome, timothy, downy brome, medusahead
Early Observations:
• Seedling emergence strongly affected by available soil moisture
• Greater spring seedling emergence in higher managed systems (timothy hay)
• Later mean seedling emergence in rangeland systems? Soil moisture effect?
VEDU Seed Biology 2009-2012 (NRCS: P. Pavek, UI Weed Sci)
Seedbank Life:
• 2 sites in Palouse Prairie
• 2 depths (2 & 8 cm)
• Seeds per packet: 100
• Initiated: 1 Oct 2009
Temperature Effects on Germination:
• 5 populations across region
• Expected Outputs:
optimal germination temperature
days to mean germination
germination thresholds
between population variation
Months after Burial
Site 1 6 12 24 36
------- % germination -------
Pullman WA
2 cm 81 0 <1 0 <1
8 cm 80 0 0 0 0
Moscow ID
2 cm 83 0 0 <1 0
8 cm 80 0 0 0 0
Temperature (C)0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% T
otal
Ger
min
atio
n
0
20
40
60
80
100
Litter Effects on VEDU Growth & Development 2011-2013 (UI Weed Sci)
Litter Effects on VEDU Growth & Development 2011-2013 (UI Weed Sci)
VEDU Seedling Density
2011-2012
Oct Nov Dec Jan
VE
DU
See
dli
ng D
ensi
ty (
per
pot)
0
20
40
60
80
100
No Litter
5-g Litter
10-g Litter
20-g Litter
Increased VEDU litter (%) 1. Higher germination rates 2. Higher seedling survival 3. Higher seedling growth rates
VEDU Litter Effects
2011-2012 Growing Season
Oct Nov Dec Jan S
oil
Volu
me
Wat
er C
onte
nt
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25No Litter
5-g Litter
10-g Litter
20-g Litter
Increased VEDU litter (%)
1. Higher soil moisture 2. Lower max temperatures 3. Higher min temperatures
Endophyte Effects on Grass Competitors? 2012-present (UI: G. Newcombe & D. Griffith)
Control BRTE
Fusarium
VEDU
Fusarium
Fusarium Effects
on Downy Brome
Above
ground B
iom
ass
(g)
Above
ground B
iom
ass
(g)
Fusarium Effects
on Ventenata
Control BRTE
Fusarium
VEDU
Fusarium
VEDU˟Endophyte Effects on Community
Assembly? 2012-present (UI: G. Newcombe & D. Griffith)
Control BRTE
Fusarium
VEDU
Fusarium
Above
ground B
iom
ass
(g)
Fusarium Effects on
Bluebunch Wheatgrass
Ventenata Management:
Control & IPM
2011-2012 Field Trials (Pre- and Post-Emergent Apps)
2012-present IPM Trials (CRP, hay, pasture)
Ventenata Control in Perennial Grass Systems 2011-present (UI Weed Sci)
Site Location Perennial Grass Stand
Soil
Texture
% Organic
Matter Soil pH
Anatone WA Bluebunch wheatgrass silt loam 6.5 6.2
Grangeville ID Timothy loam 7.4 5.4
Moscow ID Smooth brome/Orchardgrass silt loam n/a n/a
Moscow ID Intermediate wheatgrass silt loam 4.1 5.7
Grangeville ID Intermediate wheatgrass clay loam 3.7 5.6
Applications (Fall 2011):
• 5 selective herbicides per site; 2 application timings (pre- and post-emergent)
• Pre-emergent (Oct 7-10) & Post-emergent (Nov 1-10; 1-2 leaf stage)
Label Summary
Product (chemical)
fl oz/ac
($/ac)
VEDU
Labeled
Labeled for
Use
Other Weedy
Grasses
Controlled
Grazing Restrictions
Outrider;
(sulfosulfuron)
1.0
($17/ac)
No non-crop
pasture
rangeland
CRP
natural areas
downy brome
bulbous bluegrass
No grazing restriction;
Rest 2 wks before and
after application for
best results.
Plateau
(imazapic)
6.0
($10/ac)
No aerial application
forage grass
grass/legume forage
CRP Land
small pasture
rangeland
downy brome
medusahead
meadow foxtail
Italian ryegrass
No grazing restriction;
Do not harvest hay for
7 d after treatment
Matrix
(rimsulfuron)
3.0
($40/ac)
No aerial application
non-ag wildlife
non-crop agriculture
federal EDRR
downy brome
Italian ryegrass
meadow foxtail
medusahead
No established
tolerance for forage
grass or grazing; 1 yr
grazing restriction
Canter
(propoxy-
carbazone)
1.0
($14/ac)
No CRP land
pasture
rangeland
grass-hay
downy brome
rattail fescue
windgrass
No grazing restriction
Axiom
(flufenacet/
metribuzin)
8.0
(n/a)
No none applicable
grass-hay?
downy brome
meadow foxtail
rattail fescue
--
VEDU Control1 Perennial Grass Injury (PRE/POST)2
Treatment (prod/ac) PRE/POST PSSP THIN DAGL BRIN PHPR
-- % -- ----------------------- % ----------------------
Outrider (1 oz/ac) 88/96 na/5 0/9 13/11 9/11 na/16
Plateau (6 oz/ac) 73/86 na/0 0/0 13/10 13/10 na/55
Matrix (3 oz/ac) 97/95 na/3 13/4 0/0 0/0 na/20
Canter (1 oz/ac) 66/80 na/0 0/0 8/1 8/1 na/4
Axiom (8 oz/ac) 90/83 na/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 na/0
Ventenata Control in Perennial Grass Systems 2011-present (UI Weed Sci)
1 VEDU control averaged across sites 2 PSSP = bluebunch wheatgrass; THIN = intermediate wheatgrass; DAGL =
orchardgrass; BRIN = smooth brome; PHPR = timothy
* Ratings based on peak biomass evaluation (10 Jul 12); no treatment effect
on yield in comparison to untreated check
IPM Decision Tool Development 2012-Present (UI Weed Sci)
IPM Strategies NPK Fertilization Timing & Crop Competitiveness
Timothy Hay Management Guidelines:
(S. Fransen; WSU-IAREC, Prosser WA)
• Higher harvest heights (> 5 in) preserve stored sugars important for surviving drought stress and growth • Fall P&K fertilization increase root and shoot development, resulting in earlier spring green-up.
IPM Fertilizer Treatments: • NPK rates based on fall soil sample + recommendations (UI Forage) • PK fall application timed to precede fall rains • N spring application timed to GDD recommendations (UI Forage)
VEDU IPM for Timothy Hay 2012-present (UI Weed Sci)
Timothy Hay
Treatment Layout
Cultural Treatment (Harvesting Height)
5” height 2” height
2” height
+ fall graze Control
VEDU
Control
Treatment
Fall Spray
Axiom
8 oz/ac
5” height
+ Fall Spray
2” height
+ Fall Spray
2” hgt + graze
+ Fall Spray
Fall Spray
+ Control
No Spray
5” height
+ No Spray
2” height
+ No Spray
2” hgt + graze
+ No Spray
Control
+ Control
Study Design • Replicated at LOW (<20% cover) & HIGH (>40% cover) sites • Replicated at two study areas
5” harvest height (M) vs. 2” + graze (L) & 2” (R)
Sept 2012
VEDU IPM for CRP Systems 2012-present (UI Weed Sci)
CRP
Treatment Layout
Cultural Treatment (Litter Removal & Crop Stimulation)
Spring
Burn Fall Burn
Fall
Fertilize Mow
Mow and
Remove Control
VEDU
Control
Treatment
Fall Spray
Outrider
1 oz/ac
Spring
Burn + Fall
Spray
Fall Burn +
Fall Spray
Fertilize +
Fall Spray
Mow +
Fall Spray
Mow and
Remove +
Fall Spray
Fall Spray
+ Control
No Spray
Spring
Burn + No
Spray
Fall Burn +
No Spray
Fertilize +
No Spray
Mow +
No Spray
Mow and
Remove +
No Spray
Control +
Control
Study Design • Replicated at LOW (<20% cover) & HIGH (>40% cover) sites • Replicated at two study areas
Fall Burn + Spray vs. Mow + Remove
Fall Burn + Spray vs. Control (5 MAT)
Spring Burn in HIGH VEDU Plots
Spring Burn in LOW VEDU Plots
VEDU IPM for Small Pasture Systems 2012-present (UI Weed Sci)
Pasture
Treatment Layout
Cultural Treatment (Grazing Timing)
Summer
Graze Fall Graze Fertilize Control
VEDU
Control
Treatment
Fall Spray
Outrider
1 oz/ac
Summer
Graze
+ Fall Spray
Fall Graze
+ Fall Spray
Fertilize
+ Fall Spray
Fall Spray
+ Control
No Spray
Summer
Graze +
No Spray
Fall Graze
+ No Spray
Fertilize
+ No Spray
Control
+ Control
Study Design • Replicated at LOW (<20% cover) & HIGH (>40% cover) sites • Replicated at two study areas
QUESTIONS
John Wallace, Tim Prather, Andrew Mackey & Pamela Pavek
University of Idaho & USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center
Ventenata Resources: • NRCS Bulletin: www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/
• PNW Weed Mmgnt Handbook: www.pnwhandbooks.org/weed/
• Ventenata Email Listserve: [email protected]
QUESTIONS
VEDU Impacts on Regional Economy 2012 Input-Output Model (UI Ag Econ; P. Watson)
Scenario: No VEDU management in hay &
forage
Impact
Type* Jobs
Regional GDP
($ millions)
Direct -151 -89
Indirect -205 -27
Induced -208 -22
Total -564 -139
* Impacts include indirect & induced effects. Induced effects measure ‘multiplier’
effects at a regional economy scale
Scenario: VEDU managed in hay & forage at
a reduced loss in net revenues
Impact
Type* Jobs
Regional GDP
($ millions)
Direct 124 -15
Indirect -45 -5
Induced -10 -0.74
Total 69 -22
Work Truck (X1090)
October 25, 2011
CRP – Agricultural Matrix
Moscow ID
Palouse Prairie Remnant
Moscow ID
Pasture - CRP
St Maries ID
Highway 95 Roadcut
Northern Idaho
Pretreatment Soil Samples
System Site Ventenata Infestation
Available P µg/g
Available K µg/g
NH4-N µg/g
% Organic Matter pH
Pasture
Olesen Low 7.2 270 1.5 3.0 5.6
High 3.8 130 1.8 2.2 5.6
Park Ranch
Low 3.7 210 2.8 4.5 5.8
High 1.8 100 2.0 3.3 5.6
CRP
Jackman Low 1.9 110 2.3 2.3 5.5
High 2.1 100 2.7 2.1 5.5
Carlson Low 2.9 110 1.9 2.0 5.7
High 2.7 120 1.5 1.8 5.7
Timothy
Driver North
Low 3.9 49 2.2 4.2 5.1
High 2.8 47 2.9 4.1 5.1
Driver South
Low 1.6 39 2.9 4.2 5.2
High 1.2 39 2.0 3.9 5.4
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