ecology

• Energy FlowDefinition of Energy:A capacity for interacton between particles.A capacity to make things happen.A capacity to do work.

Energy- is the driving force behind all life in the biosphere.

Sun- the ultimate source of energy.

Bioenergetics

- Energy in a population provides the most reliable basis for evaluating observed flunctuation in density and determining the role of a population within its community.

• Energy Sources

– ecology is concerned with the sources of energizing ecological system and its tranformation of this living organisms.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Energy

Sources

FUEL RESOURCE

• Petroleum

- essentially a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amount of atmospheric substance; recovered from onshore and from tar offshore, tar sand and oil shale, also found in deep sea.

- Abundant and accesible- Non- renewable, requires considerable capital

investment.

• Natural Gas

- A combustible gaseous mixture that in gas fields contains largely methane and in wet state petroleum contains other hydrocarbons.found in natural gases field.

- Relatively cheap and abuncant, clean and sulfur-free

• Coal

- a combustible mineral substance containg exoensive and essential carbon with small amount of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

- Very abundant.- Non-renewable

• Peat– compressed and carbonized elements.– Moderate widespread in the world– More costly than coal. Nonrenewable.

• Water Product– Agricultural and municipal wate provides

steam.– Easily obtained and renewable.– Produces low grade fuel.

• Wood– A traditional source– Provides less heat than other fuel

NON FUEL RESOURCES

• Hydropower– Water power used to supply energy. Can be

cheap of cost. May involved high intial construction coast.

• Goethermal– Ernergy suplied from the heat of the earth

interior hot spring, hot rocks.– Abundant. Found principally in areas of

tectonic activity.

• Tidal– Generated from flow of tides– Non pulloting and renewable– Possible inly in areas were different tie level is

high eough to generate electricity.– Outpiut is complicated and costly.

• Wind– Power from source of wind– Traditonally used in rural areas.– Variation of energy output according to

duration and force of wind.

• Solar energy

– Sunlight affect rains,winds, and oceans, provides energy for plants and animals life through photosythesis.

Possible Future Resources• Solar energy- from outer space

– sunlight is inexhaustible.needs no storage system.extremely costly.

• Nuclear Fusion- the union of atomic nuclei of light chemical resulting in the release of enormous quantity of energy

-virtually inexhaustible.• Sea thermal- renewable. Nonpolluting. Sea thermal

sytem could absorb thermal ollution on coatline. Energy produced is expensive.

• Waves- rolling mooting created energy for potential use. Nonpolluting. Safe.

• Ocean current- speed motion of current used to generate energy. Nonpolluting. Safe. Non concentrated.

• Algae- methane is produced when algae are digested by bacteria.

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

• Thermodynamics- is the study in the change of energy that accompanies any kind of tranoportation of matter.

First Law

• “during the process energy is conserved, energy neither is created nor destroy”

Second Law

• “ during any process, any system tends to become less ordered”.

Diversity

• Is the number of species of animals and plants in govern community. It has something to do with the stability or the ecosystem.

Evolution

• Is the natural process of change in response to the physical change of an aging planet. Geological and climatic changes shape the long-termevolution of the ecosytem.

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM or ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

• Ecological succession is an orderly process of community development that involves changes species structure and community process with time.

Primary Production of Biosphere

• Primary production means the amount of material trapped by the autotrophs in the process of phoosynthesis and productivity is the amount of material stored by the autotrophs per unit of time.

Cybernetics

• It is the science of controls. It has important in ecology snce man increasing tends to disrupt natural cntrols or attempts to substitute mechanisms for natural ones.