Ecological Society of America Workshop on Incentives for Data Sharing

Ecological Society of America

Workshop on Incentives for Data Sharing

Washington, DC February 19-20 2009

“Vertical section drawing of Cavendish's torsion balance instrument including the building in which it was housed.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_experiment

“Experiments to determine the density of the earth,” by Henry Cavendish, ESQ., F.R.S. AND A.S. Read June 21, 1798 (From the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of

London for the year 1798, Part II. , pp. 469-526)

From: http://www.archive.org/details/lawsofgravitatio00mackrich

Field notes from the AMNH “Lang-Chapin” expedition to the Belgian Congo (1909-1915) http://diglib1.amnh.org/cgi-bin/database/index.cgi

The NCAR Research Data Archive (RDA) “The NCAR Research Data Archive (RDA) is a comparatively small

(currently 246 TB, less than 5% of the MSS [Mass Storage System] total size), but very important, part of the MSS stored data. The RDA has been curated by the staff in the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory for over 40 years, [emphasis added] and as such contains reference datasets used by large numbers of scientists. The RDA contents are long-term atmospheric (surface and upper air) and oceanographic observations, grid analyses of observational datasets, operational weather prediction model output, reanalyses, satellite derived datasets, and ancillary datasets, such as topography/bathymetry, vegetation, and land use. The RDA is not a static collection; it is now over 580 datasets with about 100 routinely updated and 10-20 new ones added each year. “

C.A. Jacobs, S. J. Worley, “Data Curation in Climate and Weather: Transforming our ability to improve predictions through global knowledge sharing ,” from the 4th International Digital Curation Conference December 2008, page 5.

www.dcc.ac.uk/events/dcc-2008/programme/papers/Data%20Curation%20in%20Climate%20and%20Weather.pdf [03 02 09]

NCAR Research Data Archive (RDA)

C.A. Jacobs, S. J. Worley, “Data Curation in Climate and Weather: Transforming our ability to improve predictions through global knowledge sharing ,” from the 4th International Digital Curation Conference December 2008 , page 7.

www.dcc.ac.uk/events/dcc-2008/programme/papers/Data%20Curation%20in%20Climate%20and%20Weather.pdf [03 02 09]

“Reanalyses” [or Meta-Analyses ]

“Atmospheric reanalyses are a main feature within the RDA and were intended to be, and have become, a very valuable data resource for a wide variety of climate and weather studies. By combining many types of atmospheric observations with advanced data assimilation and forecast models a “best possible” 3D estimate of the atmospheric state over extended time periods is achieved.

“Reanalyses are supported by many historical data sources that have been curated over time. As an illustration the major sources of atmospheric profile data include wind only soundings beginning in 1920 (Figure 2). These are augmented with soundings of temperature, humidity, and wind beginning in 1948. “

C.A. Jacobs, S. J. Worley, “Data Curation in Climate and Weather: Transforming our ability to improve predictions through global knowledge sharing ,” from the 4th International Digital Curation Conference December 2008, page 6.

www.dcc.ac.uk/events/dcc-2008/programme/papers/Data%20Curation%20in%20Climate%20and%20Weather.pdf [03 02 09]

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/globalwarming/ar4-fig-3-9.gif

The $3.6 billion Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will sample and record the results of up to 600 million proton collisions per second, producing roughly 15 petabytes (15 million gigabytes) of data annually in search of new fundamental particles. To allow thousands of scientists from around the globe to collaborate on the analysis of these data over the next 15 years (the estimated lifetime of the LHC), tens of thousands of computers located around the world are being harnessed in a distributed computing network called the Grid. Within the Grid, described as the most powerful supercomputer system in the world, the avalanche of data will be analyzed, shared, re-purposed and combined in innovative new ways designed to reveal the secrets of the fundamental properties of matter.

LHC source:http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html Source: http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html

DATASETS

someexamples

with “native metadata”

2-d_soil_temps.csvsurface, and sub-surface soil temperatures (at 2cm and 8cm depths) measured at one location for a few days in order to

calibrate a model of temperature propagation. Surface temperature was measured with an infrared thermometer, subsurface temperatures with a thermocouple.

----------------------------5-minute_light_data_for_4_continuous_days_plus_reference.xlsPPF (photosynthetic photon flux = photosynthetically active radiation 400-700nm) measured with an array of photodiodes

calibrated to a Licor sensor, along a linear transect for a few days. used to get an idea of how much light plants along the transect are receiving.

----------------------------CO2_of_air_at_different_heights_July_9.xlsconcentration of CO2 in the air during the evening for one day, measured with a Licor infrared gas analyzer and a series of

relays and tubes with a pump. used to examine the gradient of CO2 coming from the soil when the air is still during the evening.

----------------------------Fern_light_response.xlsLight response curves for bracken ferns, measured with a Licor photosynthesis system. Fronds are exposed to different light

levels and their instantaneous photosynthesis and conductance is measured. used in conjunction with the induction data (below) for physiological characterization of the ferns.

----------------------------La_Selva_species_photosyntheis_table.xlsincomplete data set on instantaneous photosynthesis rates for various tropical understory and epiphytic species grown in a

shade house in Costa Rica.----------------------------manzanita_sapflow_12-5-07_to_7-7-08.xlsinstantaneous sap flow data (as temperature differences on a constant temperature heat dissipation probe) for multiple

branches of Manzanita, collected with a datalogger. used to correlate physiological activity with below-ground measures of root grown and CO2 production.

----------------------------moisture_release_curves.xlspercentage of water content, water potential (in MegaPascals) and temperature of soil samples, measured in the laboratory

for calibration of water content with water potential. soil is from the James Reserve in California.----------------------------Photosynthetic_induction.xlsa time-course of photosynthetic induction for a leaf over 35 minutes. instantaneous photosynthesis measured as mol CO2 �

m/2/s and light level is probably 1000 micromoles. used to determine physiological characteristics of bracken ferns.----------------------------run_2_24-h_data_for_mesh.xlsmeasurements of micrometeorological parameters on a moving shuttle, going from a clearing across a forest edge and into

the forest for about 30 meters. Pyronometers facing up and down, pyrgeometer facing up and down, PAR, air temperature, relative humidity. Also data from a station fixed in the clearing and some derived variables calculated. used for examining edge effects in forests.

----------------------------Segment_of_wallflower_compare_colorspaces_blur.xlspixel counts from images of wallflowers that were segmented into flower/not-flower under different color spaces.

segmentation was made using a probability matrix of hand-segmented images. used to automatically count flowers in images collected after this training data was collected (and used to determine the best color space for this task).

2 12.365 1196796112 2018.8 0.5585 0.51029 0.55517 0.54354 0.6067 0.52858 0.55351 0.59008 0.59506 0.60337 0.56514 12/4/07 11:21 4.47351 3 12.348 1196796232 2017.9 0.55682 0.51028 0.5535 0.54352 0.60669 0.52857 0.55017 0.59007 0.59505 0.60336 0.56513 12/4/07 11:23 0 4.47490 4 12.357 1196796352 2018.6 0.55514 0.51027 0.55348 0.54351 0.60501 0.52855 0.55016 0.59005 0.59504 0.60501 0.56512 12/4/07 11:25 0 4.47628 5 12.354 1196796472 2017.6 0.55514 0.51026 0.55181 0.5435 0.60334 0.52855 0.54849 0.59004 0.59503 0.60334 0.56511 12/4/07 11:27 0 4.47767 6 12.334 1196796592 2018.3 0.55347 0.51026 0.55015 0.5435 0.60333 0.52854 0.54682 0.59004 0.59502 0.605 0.56511 12/4/07 11:29 0 4.47906 7 12.34 1196796712 2018.5 0.55014 0.50859 0.55014 0.54349 0.60332 0.53019 0.54349 0.59003 0.59501 0.60498 0.56676 12/4/07 11:31 0 4.48045 8 12.337 1196796832 2017.8 0.55013 0.50692 0.55013 0.54348 0.60332 0.53019 0.54182 0.59002 0.59501 0.60498 0.56675 12/4/07 11:33 0 4.48184 9 12.328 1196796952 2017.5 0.5468 0.50691 0.5468 0.54347 0.60331 0.53018 0.53849 0.59001 0.595 0.60497 0.56674 12/4/07 11:35 0 4.48323 10 12.323 1196797072 2017 0.54679 0.50524 0.54679 0.54347 0.59998 0.53017 0.53682 0.59 0.59499 0.60496 0.56674 12/4/07 11:37 0 4.48462 11 12.328 1196797192 2018.9 0.54679 0.50191 0.54512 0.5418 0.59665 0.53017 0.53349 0.59 0.59498 0.60496 0.56673 12/4/07 11:39 0 4.48601 12 12.319 1196797312 2017.7 0.54345 0.49857 0.54178 0.54178 0.59663 0.53015 0.53015 0.58998 0.5933 0.60327 0.56671 12/4/07 11:41 0 4.48740 13 12.311 1196797432 2017.3 0.54343 0.4969 0.54011 0.54177 0.59661 0.53014 0.52848 0.58997 0.59329 0.6016 0.5667 12/4/07 11:43 0 4.48878 14 12.316 1196797552 2018.6 0.5401 0.49357 0.53678 0.54176 0.59328 0.53013 0.5268 0.58995 0.59328 0.60325 0.56669 12/4/07 11:45 0 4.49017 15 12.31 1196797672 2016.8 0.53844 0.4919 0.53511 0.54176 0.59494 0.53013 0.52514 0.58995 0.59328 0.60325 0.56503 12/4/07 11:47 0 4.49156 16 12.31 1196797792 2017.1 0.53676 0.48856 0.53343 0.54174 0.59326 0.53011 0.5218 0.58993 0.59326 0.60323 0.56501 12/4/07 11:49 0 4.49295 17 12.31 1196797912 2017.1 0.53342 0.48523 0.5301 0.54173 0.59324 0.5301 0.51846 0.58826 0.59324 0.60321 0.56499 12/4/07 11:51 0 4.49434 18 12.301 1196798031 2017.5 0.53174 0.48521 0.52842 0.53839 0.59156 0.53008 0.51845 0.58824 0.59323 0.6032 0.56498 12/4/07 11:53 0 4.49573 19 12.301 1196798151 2016.3 0.53007 0.48188 0.52509 0.53838 0.59155 0.53007 0.51512 0.58823 0.59321 0.60152 0.5633 12/4/07 11:55 0 4.49712

20 12.303 1196798271 2016.6 0.5284 0.47855 0.52175 0.53837 0.59154 0.5284 0.5151 0.58821 0.59154 0.60151 0.56163 12/4/07 11:57 0 4.49851

sbid battery datetime heater_voltage Manz1Sap1 Manz1Sap2 Manz1Sap3 Manz1Sap4 Manz2Sap5 Manz2Sap6 Manz2Sap7 Manz3Sap10 Manz3Sap8 Manz3Sap9 Manz4Sap11 timestamp Datagap Julian

manzanita_sapflow_12-5-07_to_7-7-08.xlsinstantaneous sap flow data (as temperature differences on a constant temperature heat dissipation probe) for multiple branches of Manzanita, collected with a datalogger. used to correlate physiological activity with below-ground measures of root grown and CO2 production.

Datum: “0.59998”

“A mishmash of non-standardized databases of raw results and unevenly reported study designs is not a strong foundation for clinical research data

sharing.”

Sim, et al “Keeping Raw Data in Context” (letter to) Science VOL 323 6 FEBRUARY 2009 www.sciencemag.org

The “small science,” independent investigator approach traditionally has characterized a large area of experimental laboratory sciences, such as chemistry or biomedical research, and field work and studies, such as biodiversity, ecology, microbiology, soil science, and anthropology. The data or samples are collected and analyzed independentlycollected and analyzed independently, and the resulting data sets from such studies generally are heterogeneous and unstandardizedheterogeneous and unstandardized, with few of the individual data holdings deposited in public data repositories or openly shared. The data exist in various twilight exist in various twilight states of accessibilitystates of accessibility, depending on the extent to which they are published, discussed in papers but not revealed, or just known about because of reputation or ongoing work, but kept under absolute or relative secrecy. The data are thus data are thus disaggregated components of an incipient network that disaggregated components of an incipient network that is only as effective as the individual transactions that is only as effective as the individual transactions that put it togetherput it together. Openness and sharing are not ignored, but they are not necessarily dominant either. These values must compete with strategic considerations of self-interest, secrecy, and the logic of mutually beneficial exchange, particularly in areas of research in which commercial applications are more readily identifiable.

The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain: Proceedings of a Symposium. Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Eds. Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the National Academies, p. 8

http://www.jamesreserve.edu/webcams.lasso?CameraID=Cam14

By Serge Bloch in NYT: Natalie Anger “Tracking forest creatures on the move.” NYT Feb 2, 2009 SEE:

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/science/03angier.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=tracking%20mammals&st=cse

Rheinardia ocellata, the Crested Argus. Photographed at night by an automatic camera-trap in the Ngoc Linh foothills (Quang Nam Province).

Courtesy AMNH Center for Biodiversity and Conservation

• AGS Alto Golfo Sustentable • ASM American Society of Mammalogists • CEC Commission for Environmental Cooperation • CEDO Intercultural Center for the Study of

Deserts and Oceans• CI Conservation International • CIRVA International Committee for the Recovery

of the Vaquita • CICESE Centro de Investigación Científica y

Ecuación Superior de Ensenada • CILA International Boundary and Water

Commission• CITES Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora• Conagua National Water Commission• Conanp National Commission for Protected

Natural Areas, • Semarnat (Comisión Nacional de Áreas

Naturales Protegida—Semarnat) • Conapesca National Fisheries and Aquaculture

Commission• Sagarpa (Comisión Nacional de Pesca y

Acuacultura, Sagarpa)

• Profepa Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection

• Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries, and Food (Mexico) Salud Secretariat of Health (Mexico)

• COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

• Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada) • United States Department of the Interior • European Cetacean Society • US Environmental Protection Agency • US Food and Drug Administration• GEF Global Environmental • IBWC International Boundary and Water

Commission• National Institute of Ecology, Semarnat• Inapesca National Fisheries Institute, Sagarpa• IUCN World Conservation Union • International Whaling Commission• Local Economic and Employment Development

program • United States Marine Mammal Commission

VAQUITA STAKEHOLDERS

• Marine Stewardship Council • NAMPAN North American Marine Protected

Areas Network (CEC) • US National Academy of Sciences • North American Wildlife Enforcement Group

(CEC) • US National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA,

Department of Commerce • US National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, Department of Commerce • United States National Ocean Service (NOAA) • PACE Species Conservation Action Programs,

Conanp• PGR Attorney General Office (Mexico)• POEMGC Marine Ecological Planning of the Gulf

of California Program, Semarnat• Procer Conservation Program for Species at

Risk• Secretariat of Economy (Mexico) • Sectur Secretariat of Tourism (Mexico) • Sedesol Secretariat for Social Development

(Mexico) • Semar Secretariat of the Navy• Semarnat Secretariat of the Environment and

Natural Resources • Society for Marine Mammalogy • Solamac Latin American Society for Aquatic

Mammals

• Somemma Mexican Society for Marine Mammalogy

• SWFSC Southwest Fisheries Science Center( US NMFS, NOAA)

• The Nature Conservancy • Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur • University of California • United Nations • United States Coast Guard • United States Fish and Wildlife Service• World Wildlife Fund

How many data sources contributed to this analysis?

The Ecology of Data Sharing

OECD Follow Up Group on Issues of Access to Publicly Funded Research Data. Promoting Access to Public Research Data for Scientific,Economic, and Social Development: Final Report March 2003

THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Editors Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the National Academies, p. 5

“Research Commons”The Public Domain

Knowledge Commons

What is the “logical structure” of incentives for these

institutions/ organizations?

The Social Enterprise SpectrumPurely Philanthropic Purely Commercial

Motives

Methods

Goals

Appeal to

Goodwill

Mission Driven

Social Value

Mixed Motives

Mission and Market Driven

Social and Economic Value

Appeal to Self Interest

Market Driven

Economic Value

JG Dees, “Enterprising Non-profits" in Harvard Business Review on Non-Profits Harvard, Cambridge, 1999, p.147

The Social Enterprise Spectrum: Key Stakeholders

Purely Philanthropic Purely Commercial

JG Dees, “Enterprising Non-profits" in Harvard Business Review on Non-Profits Harvard, Cambridge, 1999, p.147

Volunteers

Beneficiaries Pay Nothing Mixed Market rate prices

Capital Donations and Mixed Market Rate Capital Grants (TAXES?)

Workforce Nonprofit Prof’s / Mixed Market Rate Compensations

Suppliers In-Kind Donations Mixed / Market Rate Prices Special Discounts

Some Recent History:

Stages of Digital Library Development

Stage Date Sponsor Purpose

I: Experimental

1994

NSF/ARPA/NASAExperiments on collections of digital materials

II: Developing

1998/1999 NSF/ARPA/NASA, DLF/CLIR

Begin to consider custodianship, sustainability, user communities

III: Mature?

Funded through normal channels?

Real sustainable interoperable digital libraries

  Howard Besser. Adapted from The Next Stage: Moving from Isolated Digital Collections to Interoperable Digital Libraries by First Monday, volume 7, number 6 (June 2002),URL: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_6/besser/index.html 

“…government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.”

Ronald Reagan

First Inaugural Address January 20, 1981

http://www.reaganlibrary.com/reagan/speeches/first.asp

For much of the past 30 years we have worked in a climate of increasing concern and skepticism

about public investment and public science…

1990’s: Re-positioning Knowledge as a Corporate Asset

Julian Birkinshaw and Tony Sheehan, “Managing the Knowledge Life Cycle,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 44 (2) Fall, 2002: 77.

???

Is scientific knowledge a “commodity” ???

http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~o-pat/ein-zu2.htm

United States Patent 1,781,541

Nov. 11, 1930

ALBERT EINSTEIN, OF BERLIN, AND LEO SZILARD, OF BERLIN-WILMERSDORF, GERMANY.ASSIGNORS TO ELECTROLUX SERVEL CORPORATION, OF NEW YORK, N.Y., A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE

REFRIGERATIONApplication filed December 16,1927. Serial No.240,566, and in Germany December 16, 1926.

References to “Intellectual Property” in U.S. federal cases

“Professor Hank Greely” Cited in Lessig, L. The future of ideas: the fate of the commons in a connrcted world. NY, Random House, 2001. P. 294.

Reductionists

Current Norms

Expansionists

Maximalists

Intellectual Property Rights

BENEFITS

Differing Interpretations of IPR Regulation

Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of America.; Screen Cartoonists Local Union No. 852 (Hollywood, Calif.); Animation Guild and Affiliated Optical Electronic and Graphic Arts, Local 839 I.A.T.S.E. (North Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.); Motion Pictures Screen Cartoonists Local 839, I.A.T.S.E.

Perhaps certain types of “cultural properties”

are inevitably commodities?

The ethical case for sharing scientific knowledge resourceshas long been well established!

“The field of knowledge is the common property of all mankind “

Thomas Jefferson 1807

Ethical Context for Sharing

• Knowledge Equity as a fundamental good• Ethos of Science• Ethos of Conservation• Human Rights• Governmental / Organizational Transparency

and Accountability• Civic Responsibility and Science Literacy

“The substantive findings of science are a product of social collaboration and are assigned to the community. They constitute a common heritage in which the equity of the

individual producer is severely limited…”

“The scientist’s claim to “his” intellectual “property” is limited to that of recognition and esteem which, if the institution

functions with a modicum of efficiency, is roughly commensurate with the significance of the increments brought

to the common fund of knowledge.”

Robert K. Merton, “A Note on Science and Democracy,” Journal of Law and Political Sociology 1 (1942): 121.

“The field of knowledge is the common property of all mankind “

Thomas Jefferson 1807

ALL knowledge? Or perhaps, an Ethical Spectrum ? – Support for Scientific Knowledge

Commons

Human Health Agriculture

Earth Science/Conse

rvation

[ Nuclear Technology ]

[Biotechnology]

Education

Science-Tech

Conservation Ethos

RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND

DEVELOPMENT (1992)

Principle 10 Environmental issues are best handled with participation of all

concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided

Convention on Biological Diversity: Article 17 Exchange of Information

1. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the exchange of information, from all publicly available sources, relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking into account the special needs of developing countries.

2. Such exchange of information shall include exchange of results of technical, scientific and socio-economic research, as well as information on training and surveying programmes, specialized knowledge, indigenous and traditional knowledge as such and in combination with the technologies referred to in Article 16, paragraph 1. It shall also, where feasible, include repatriation of information.

http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp?lg=0&a=cbd-17

The Library Tradition

For hundreds of years, libraries have been the “protected areas” of the knowledge commons.

The “public library” is a commons or zone of “fair use” that makes knowledge freely and

equitably available to all.

“Between 1886 and 1919, Carnegie’s donations of more than $40 million paid for 1,679 new library buildings in communities large and small across America.”

http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/50carnegie/50visual3.htm

Table 1: Distribution of Carnegie Libraries, 1920

State Pop Libraries Libraries/M State Pop Libraries Libraries/MAL 2,348,174 14 6.0 MT 548,889 17 31.0AZ 334,162 4 12.0 NE 1,296,372 69 53.2AR 1,752,204 4 2.3 NV 77,407 1 12.9CA 3,426,861 142 41.4 NH 443,083 9 20.3CO 939,629 35 37.2 NJ 3,155,900 35 11.1CT 1,380,631 11 8.0 NM 360,350 3 8.3DE 223,003 0 0 NY 10,385,230 106 10.2DC 437,571 4 9.1 NC 2,559,123 10 3.9FL 968,470 10 10.3 ND 646,872 8 12.3GA 2,895,832 24 8.3 OH 5,759,394 105 18.2ID 431,866 10 23.2 OK 2,028,283 24 11.8IL 6,485,280 106 16.3 OR 783,389 31 39.6IN 2,930,390 164 56.0 PA 8,720,017 58 6.6IA 2,404,021 101 42.0 RI 604,397 0 0KS 1,769,257 59 33.3 SC 1,683,724 14 8.3KY 2,416,630 23 9.5 SD 636,547 25 39.3LA 1,798,509 9 5.0 TN 2,337,885 13 5.5ME 768,014 17 22.1 TX 4,663,228 32 6.9MD 1,449,661 14 9.6 UT 449,396 23 51.2MA 3,852,356 43 11.2 VT 352,428 4 11.3MI 3,668,412 61 16.6 VA 2,309,187 3 1.3MN 2,387,125 65 27.2 WA 1,356,621 43 31.7MS 1,790,618 11 6.1 WV 1,463,701 3 2.0MO 3,404,055 33 9.7 WI 2,632,067 63 23.9MT 548,889 17 31.0 WY 194,402 16 82.3

http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/50carnegie/50visual3.htm

Irony…?

In fact, policy for sharing knowledge resources is not a “left”/”right” (or “red”/”blue”) issue…

Robert Minor, St Louis Post-Dispatch (1908)

Civic Responsibility

Poder Politico y ConocimientoResponsabilidad y Poder

Políticos

Administradores o Gestores

Analistas-Técnicos

Científicos

Conocimiento (en términos científicos-occidentales)Bajo

Alto

Alto

(Sutton, 1999)

From: Organizaciones que aprenden, paises que aprenden: lecciones y AP en Costa Rica by Andrea Ballestero Directora ELAP

???

“Science Literacy” ?

“...the capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions, and to draw

evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make

decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human

activity.”

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1999). Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills: A New Framework for Assessment. Paris: Author.

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/32/33693997.pdf

“Compared with practical science literacy, the achievement of a functional level of civic science literacy is a more protracted endeavor. Yet, it is a job that sooner or later must be done, for as time goes on human events will become even more entwined in science, and science-related public issues in the future can only increase in number and in importance. Civic science literacy is a cornerstone of informed public policy.”

B. S. P. Shen, “Scientific Literacy and the Public Understanding of Science,” in Communication of Scientific Information, ed. S. Day (Basel: Karger, 1975), 44–52 Quoted in: Jon D. Miller, “The

measurement of civic scientific literacy.” Public Understand. Sci. 7 (1998) 203–223.

http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~ccti/Documents/Miller1998.pdf

An Inconvenient Truth?

And… Why are standards important?

Standards?

An old quip about “standards” notes that the good thing about them is that there are so many to choose from…

Why are standards practically necessary?

Whether in the public or private sector, they are efficient and cost effective.

Cell Phone Dead Spots

Map of reported cell phone problems in Queens provided by the NY City Dept. of Information, Technology and Telecommunications.

http://www.queenstribune.com/guides/insiders2004/pages/CellPhoneDeadSpots.htm [07/06/05]

Consequence of a lack of standardization?

OAIS Model

Access Profiles

“Data can be separated into access profiles, for example, acquisition, heavy access, medium access, rare access and disposal. By implementing database archiving and storage strategies that meet accessibility requirements, companies can reduce the cost of managing and storing data, while ensuring compliance. “

Proven strategies for archiving complex relational data [Integrated Data Management Solutions December 2008 ] © Copyright IBM Corporation 2008 http://solutions.internet.com/5636_proven

So… How “open” is “open” ???

• Access• Redistribution• Reuse• Absence of Technological Restriction• Attribution• Integrity• No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups• No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor• Distribution of License• License Must Not Be Specific to a Package• License Must Not Restrict the Distribution of Other Works

http://opendefinition.org/1.0 [February 20, 2009]

A work is “open” if its manner of distribution satisfies the following conditions

1. Access: The work shall be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The work must also be available in a convenient and modifiable form.

[Comment: This can be summarized as 'social' openness - not only are you allowed to get the work but you can get it. 'As a whole' prevents the limitation of access by indirect means, for example by only allowing access to a few items of a database at a time.]

2. Redistribution: The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the work either on its own or as part of a package made from works from many different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale or distribution.

3. Reuse: The license must allow for modifications and derivative works and must allow them to be distributed under the terms of the original work. The license may impose some form of attribution and integrity requirements: see principle 5 (Attribution) and principle 6 (Integrity) below.

[Comment: Note that this clause does not prevent the use of 'viral' or share-alike licenses that require redistribution of modifications under the same terms as the original.]

4. Absence of Technological Restriction: The work must be provided in such a form that there are no technological obstacles to the performance of the above activities. This can be achieved by the provision of the work in an open data format, i.e. one whose specification is publicly and freely available and which places no restrictions monetary or otherwise upon its use.

5. Attribution: The license may require as a condition for redistribution and re-use the attribution of the contributors and creators to the work. If this condition is imposed it must not be onerous. For example if attribution is required a list of those requiring attribution should accompany the work.

6. Integrity: The license may require as a condition for the work being distributed in modified form that the resulting work carry a different name or version number from the original work.

http://opendefinition.org/1.0 [February 20, 2009]

7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups: The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

[Comment: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process, the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligible to contribute to open knowledge. Therefore we forbid any open-knowledge license from locking anybody out of the process.]

8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor: The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the work in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the work from being used in a business, or from being used for military research.

[Comment: The major intention of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, not feel excluded from it.]

9. Distribution of License: The rights attached to the work must apply to all to whom the work is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

[Comment: This clause is intended to forbid closing of the work by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement.]

10. License Must Not Be Specific to a Package: The rights attached to the work must not depend on the work being part of a particular package. If the work is extracted from that package and used or distributed within the terms of the work's license, all parties to whom the work is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original package.

11. License Must Not Restrict the Distribution of Other Works: The license must not place restrictions on other works that are distributed along with the licensed work. For example, the license must not insist that all other works distributed on the same medium are open.

[Comment: Distributors of open knowledge have the right to make their own choices. Note that 'share-alike' licenses are conformant since those provisions only apply if the whole forms a single work.]

http://opendefinition.org/1.0 [February 20, 2009]

Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data1. Intellectual foundation for the protocolThe motivation behind this memorandum is interoperability of scientific data.The volume of scientific data, and the interconnectedness of the systems under study, makes

integration of data a necessity. For example, life scientists must integrate data from across biology and chemistry to comprehend disease and discover cures, and climate change scientists must integrate data from wildly diverse disciplines to understand our current state and predict the impact of new policies.

The technical challenge of such integration is significant, although emerging technologies appear to be helping. But the forest of terms and conditions around data make integration difficult to legally perform in many cases. One approach might be to develop and recommend a single license: any data with this license can be integrated with any other data under this license.

But this approach, which implicitly builds on intellectual property rights and the ideas of licensing as understood in software and culture, is difficult to scale for scientific uses. There are too many databases under too many terms already, and it is unlikely that any one license or suite of licenses will have the correct mix of terms to gain critical mass and allow massive-scale machine integration of data.

Therefore we instead lay out principles for open access data and a protocol for implementing those principles, and we distribute an Open Access Data Mark and metadata for use on databases and data available under a successful implementation of the protocol.

http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/open-access-data-protocol/

What does “Full Life-Cycle” Data Management Mean ?

www.dcc.ac.uk/docs/publications/DCCLifecycle.pdf

http://wiki.esipfed.org/images/c/c4/IWGDD.pp t

US NSF “DataNet” Program“the full data preservation and access lifecycle”

• “acquisition” • “documentation”• “protection” • “access” • “analysis and dissemination” • “migration” • “disposition”

“Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network Partners (DataNet) Program Solicitation” NSF 07-601 US National Science Foundation Office of Cyberinfrastructure

Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering

“Sustainable data curation”“There are several main elements necessary to sustain data curation:

“Robust data storage facilities (hardware and software) that are capable of accurately handling data migration across generations of media.

“Backup plans, that are tested, so irreplaceable data are not at risk. Unintended data loss can occur for many reasons: some major causes are: poor stewardship leading to the loss of metadata to understand where the data is located and documentation to understand the content, physical facility and equipment failure (fire, flood, irrecoverable hardware crashes), accidental data overwrite or deletion.

“Science-educated staff with knowledge to match the data discipline is important for checking data integrity, choosing archive organization, creating adequate metadata, consulting with users, and designing access systems that meet user expectations. Staff responsible for stewardship and curation must understand the digital data content and potential scientific uses. “

C.A. Jacobs, S. J. Worley, “Data Curation in Climate and Weather: Transforming our ability to improve predictions through global knowledge sharing ,” from the 4th International Digital Curation Conference December 2008 , page 10.

www.dcc.ac.uk/events/dcc-2008/programme/papers/Data%20Curation%20in%20Climate%20and%20Weather.pdf [03 02 09]

Sustainable data curation (cont.) “Non-proprietary data formats that will ensure data access capability

for many decades and will help avoid data losses resulting from software incompatibilities…

“Consistent staffing levels and people dedicated to best practices in archiving, access, and stewardship…

“National and International partnerships and interactions greatly aids in shared achievements for broad scale user benefits, e.g. reanalyses, TIGGE…

“Stable funding not focused on specific projects, but data management in general…”

C.A. Jacobs, S. J. Worley, “Data Curation in Climate and Weather: Transforming our ability to improve predictions through global knowledge sharing ,” from the 4th International Digital Curation Conference December 2008 , page 10-11.

www.dcc.ac.uk/events/dcc-2008/programme/papers/Data%20Curation%20in%20Climate%20and%20Weather.pdf [03 02 09]

The Conservation Commons

BCIS (a predecessor): the Biodiversity Conservation Information System

• Initiated in 1995• 12 Partner Organizations• Experimented with Data Sharing• Published Principles of Data Management (in 3

languages)

Colin Bibby, 2002

Toward Evidenced-based Conservation

The Conservation Commonspromotes and enables

conscious, effective and equitable sharing of knowledge resources

to advance conservation.

PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSERVATION COMMONS

Open Access

The Conservation Commons promotes free and open access to data, information and knowledge for all conservation purposes.

Mutual Benefit

The Conservation Commons welcomes and encourages participants to both use resources and to contribute data, information and knowledge.

Rights and Responsibilities

Contributors to the Conservation Commons have full right to attribution for any uses of their data, information, or knowledge, and the right to ensure that the original integrity of their contribution to the Commons is preserved. Users of the Conservation Commons are expected to comply, in good faith, with terms of uses specified by contributors.

http://www.conservationcommons.org/section.php?section=principle&sous-section=endorsement&langue=en

Organizations that have formally endorsed the Principles American Museum of Natural HistoryARKive: The Wildscreen Trust (UK) (Website of the year)BirdLife InternationalBPCentre for Sustainable Watersheds (Canada)Chevron-TexacoChevron-Texaco Specific Endorsement LetterCIFORCONABIO - MexicoConservation Biology Institute, USAConservation International *CRIA - Brazil *DIDG Information Systems Ltd. (Australia)Earth Conservation ToolboxEnvironmental Education Center - Russia "Zapoveniks“Erawan Interactive: Digital PublishingETI BioInformaticsFauna & Flora InternationalFriends of Nature - BoliviaGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility *Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network of IUCNGreenFactsINBio, National Biodiversity Institute of Costa RicaInformation Center for the Environment (ICE), U. of California, DavisINSnet, Internetwork for SustainabilityInstituto de Biología, U.N.A.M. MexicoInstituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (Colombia)International Center for Himalayan Biodiversity (link unavailable for now)International Commission on Zoological NomenclatureInvasive Species Specialist Group of IUCN/SSC (Species Survival Commission)IUCN - The World Conservation Union *My Nature (based in Romania)

National Geographic SocietyNature Protection Trust of SeychellesNature Serve *PALNet - Protected Areas Learning Network (from WCPA of IUCN)Philippine Society for the Protection of Animals (Web link not available)Réseau Africain pour la conservation de la Mangrove (RAM)Red HatRegional Centre for Development Cooperation (RCDC), Centre for Forestry and Governance, IndiaRio TintoSalim Ali Centre for Ornithilogy and Natural History (SACON-India)Shell ExplorationSociety for Conservation GISSouth African National Biodiversity Institute - SANBI *The African Conservation FoundationThe Big Sky Conservation InstituteThe Natural History Museum, LondonThe Nature Conservancy *The Rainforest AllianceThe Smithsonian InstitutionThe World Conservation Union, PakistanThe Zoological Society of LondonTRAFFIC InternationalTROPI-DRY: forest research network (based in U.Alberta) UNDPUNEP WCMCUnescoUniversity of Maryland - Global Land Cover Facility *US NASA *Wetlands of India (hosted by SACON-India)Wild Bird Club of the PhilippinesWildlife Conservation SocietyWorld Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA of IUCN)WWF BrazilWWF International

Commons-Consistent Initiatives and Projects• CONSERVEONLINE SEE: http://conserveonline.org/ • Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) SEE: http://www.gbif.org/ • World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) SEE:

http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/ • Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) SEE: http://bhl.si.edu/ • Protected Areas Learning Network (PALNet) SEE: http://www.parksnet.org/

New Initiatives:

Development of open data standards for Biodiversity (with OASIS SEE: http://www.oasis-open.org/home/index.php )

Conservation GIS developments (GLCF / Univ of Md.) World Conservation Base Map

http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/conservation.basemap Development of model contractual language supporting commons principles San Francisco Bay Conservation Commons (Calif. Conservation Commons?)

SEE: http://sfbayarea.calconservationcommons.net/

As a result of the Darwin Core analysis…

GBIF UDDI Registry* registration* update information ________________________________________Data Providers 259 Datasets 7481 Searchable Records 147,539,975

http://www.gbif.org/ [clipped Oct 8, 2008]

How do we Incentivize Change ?

• Individually• Professionally / Disciplinarily• Organizationally / Institutionally

A Framework for Considering Individual Incentives

Cost Benefit Calculations of ChangeHigh Cost

Low Cost

Tangible Personal Benefit

Intangible Societal

Benefit-- Clear, direct benefits

-- Change is easy

-- Communication & information are key

-- Intangible direct benefits

-- Change is easy

-- Ultimate benefit should be stressed

--Convenience is key

Cell C Cell D

Cell BCell A

-- Clear, direct benefits

--Change is difficult

--Balancing communication with a strong support system is key

-- Intangible, indirect benefits

--Change if difficult

-- Try to reposition into “Cell D” – leveraging enthusiasm / supply-side persuasion

Adapted from VK Rangan et al. “Do better at doing good,” in in Harvard Business Review on Non-Profits Harvard, Cambridge, 1999, p. 173- ff.

Personal Incentives for Sharing? (The “Reputational Economy”)

• Ethics and the ethos of conservation or of science– Ethical imperative

• The “Reputation Economy” – Personal recognition: priority/ prestige ( evidence

of substantial increases in citation)– Professional credential for hiring and for job

security (tenure & promotion) (also requires professional/disciplinary change)

Individual’s willingness to share: the Core functions of Scholarly Communication

• “Registration, which allows claims of precedence for a scholarly finding.

• “Certification, which establishes the validity of a registered scholarly claim.

• “Awareness, which allows participants in the scholarly system to remain aware of new claims and findings.

• “Archiving, which preserves the scholarly record over time. • “Rewarding, which rewards participants for their

performance in the communication system based on metrics derived from that system.

Roosendaal, H., Geurts, P in Cooperative Research Information Systems in Physics (Oldenburg, Germany, 1997).

The Benefits of Open Access

“The influence of OA is more modest than many have proposed, at ~8% for recently published research, but our work provides clear support for its ability to widen the global circle of those who can participate in science and benefit from it. “

J. A. Evans and J. Reimer, Open access and global participation in science. Science v. 323 20 February, 2009 p. 1025.

Professional / Disciplinary Incentives?

• Expectations of sharing vary by discipline • In “big science” (astrophysics / astronomy /

meteorology / oceanography / genomics) sharing is expected (if not required) and contributions to a common fund of knowledge are assumed (See also: GENBANK )

– Standards are relatively clear– Mechanisms for sharing are well-developed

• In “small science” such capacity is weaker

Small Science: Data Deposit and Access

• Data are typically held in many formats • Discovery of data is very weakly supported by

standards-development• Access to and use of data are highly variable• [ However progress has been made respecting

museum specimen data in the past 20 years [SEE for ex. : GBIF and many allied projects] ]

• Some progress has been made respecting observational and other data

• Ecological and conservation field data remain highly problematic

Data Citation and Access?

-- Even common standards for data citation are weak

Hence for example: M. Altman and G. King “A Proposed Standard for the Scholarly Citation of Quantitative Data” D-Lib Magazine March/April 2007 Vol.13:3/4

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march07/altman/03altman.html

Organizational / Institutional Incentives?

The Social Enterprise SpectrumPurely Philanthropic Purely Commercial

Motives

Methods

Goals

Appeal to

Goodwill

Mission Driven

Social Value

Mixed Motives

Mission and Market Driven

Social and Economic Value

Appeal to Self Interest

Market Driven

Economic Value

JG Dees, “Enterprising Non-profits" in Harvard Business Review on Non-Profits Harvard, Cambridge, 1999, p.147

Perhaps, an Ethical Spectrum ? – Support for Scientific Knowledge Commons

Human Health Agriculture

Earth Science

/Conservation

Nuclear Technology

Biotechnology

Education

Kirtland’s Warbler / Abaco Island, The Bahamas

and

5 CALIFORNIA CONDORS !!!

DEAD HARBOR SEAL

“NATIVE” METADATA

The Science of Science Policy: a Federal Research Roadmap. Report on the Science of Science Policy to the Subcommittee on Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences. Committee on Science. National Science and Technology Council. Office of Science and Technology Policy. November, 2008. p.11.

CURRENT AND POTENTIAL TOOLKIT FOR SCIENCE AND INNOVATION POLICY

http://www.mikero.com/blog/2009/02/20/more-darwinhttp://www.zazzle.com/darwin2009

Disintermediation of the traditional value chain: “…a clash of business models.” -- Kevin Kelly

“But a new regime of digital technology has now disrupted all business models based on mass-produced copies, including individual livelihoods of artists. The contours of the electronic economy are still emerging, but while they do, the wealth derived from the old business model is being spent to try to protect that old model, through legislation and enforcement. Laws based on the mass-produced copy artifact are being taken to the extreme, while desperate measures to outlaw new technologies in the marketplace "for our protection" are introduced in misguided righteousness. (This is to be expected. The fact is, entire industries and the fortunes of those working in them are threatened with demise. Newspapers and magazines, Hollywood, record labels, broadcasters and many hard-working and wonderful creative people in those fields have to change the model of how they earn money. Not all will make it.)”

Kevin Kelly, “Scan This Book!” NYT. Published: May 14, 2006

Fraud?

Ralph Baxter, CEO of security company ClusterSeve: "Although fraud is not the primary reason for the precarious state of the current economy, it is still a cause of concern to banks because most of them incorrectly believe their current security measures are adequate and they are preoccupied with surviving and may have inadvertently lowered their guard when it comes to fraud.”

• “Spreadsheets, where fraud is often committed, are very accident prone, especially when they have thousands of lines of data. Baxter notes, "If for example, someone changes one cell to boost a future bonus, the bank will still need to prove the employee did not make an 'honest' mistake and intended to commit fraud."

• “To make matters worse in detecting this kind of fraud, the departments responsible for rooting out fraud tend to have very high turnover and are considered "low priority" for funding and training. Baxter says he sees morale is usually low, and the high turnover requires higher than average training resources, which aren't often available. This further reduces the effectiveness of institutions' security measures.

There are three types of fraud that are growing in popularity:Presentation fraud - is an increasingly common form of criminal activity and involves modifying

the way a spreadsheet is viewed. Sometimes whole lines of data are made invisible, or a number in a cell is displayed using a white font on a similarly colored background. "Fraudsters with a great deal of experience using Excel can lay a false number over the real one. This type of fraud is quick and easy to do and occurs right before bonuses are calculated," he Baxter says.

Adjustment fraud - involves incorrectly recording numbers on a spreadsheet as part of the process of updating information about the markets a bank is involved in. Ongoing adjustments are a normal part of the banking business and an employee who is committing adjustment fraud may actually appear to be doing a very thorough job. This type of fraud involves making multiple false data entries over a period of time and ultimately removing all evidence of fraud by the end of the manipulation process.

Gradual fabrication fraud - involves inserting false data that is only slightly higher or lower than the actual number so that it does not attract attention from other employees or auditors. This scheme is meant to slowly inflate a bank's assets or worth. Once the false numbers have been accepted and a higher bonus check issued, the employee corrects the false number slowly, over time, once again to avoid raising any suspicion.

Error?

“Barclays Spreadsheet Error Results In Lehman Chaos”

“It pays to have good spreadsheet skills. We're just now learning that Barclays wound up with scores of Lehman Brothers trading positions that it never meant to buy when a pair of very junior lawyers attempted to reformat an Excel spreadsheet and convert it into a pdf document. The result was that a "hidden" column of 179 contracts no intended to be purchased became unhidden, and when Barclays filed the document with the court it wound up picking up the contracts.”

http://www.businessinsider.com/2008/10/barclays-excel-error-results-in-lehman-chaos John Carney|Oct. 16, 2008, 8:49 AM