Ecological Principles Part II PaCES/HIMB Summer Program in Environmental Science David A. Krupp, Ph.D
Ecological Principles Part II PaCES/HIMB Summer Program in Environmental Science David A. Krupp, Ph.D PaCES/HIMB Summer Program in Environmental Science.
Dec 20, 2015
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Ecological PrinciplesEcological Principles
Part IIPart II
PaCES/HIMB Summer Program in Environmental ScienceDavid A. Krupp, Ph.D
PaCES/HIMB Summer Program in Environmental ScienceDavid A. Krupp, Ph.D
Topics to be StudiedTopics to be Studied Competition between species Predator-prey relationships Symbiosis Species diversity Trophic relationships Ecological succession Productivity Energy flow Biogeochemical cycles
Competition between species Predator-prey relationships Symbiosis Species diversity Trophic relationships Ecological succession Productivity Energy flow Biogeochemical cycles
Competition Among SpeciesCompetition Among Species
Ecological Niche ConceptEcological Niche Concept Ecological niche = the "role" a
species "plays" in the ecosystem. Contrast the ecological niche with the
"habitat" which is the physical environment in which the organism lives.
Ecological niche = the "role" a species "plays" in the ecosystem.
Contrast the ecological niche with the "habitat" which is the physical environment in which the organism lives.
Ecological Niche ConceptEcological Niche Concept The ecological niche of a species,
therefore, includes not just the species’ habitat, but also the ways in which it interacts with other species and the physical environment.
The ecological niche of a species, therefore, includes not just the species’ habitat, but also the ways in which it interacts with other species and the physical environment.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two similar species occupy the same niche at the same time
No two similar species occupy the same niche at the same time
Possible Outcomes of Competition
Possible Outcomes of Competition
Extinction of one species Resource partitioning: splitting the
niche Character displacement: two similar
species evolve in such a way as to become different from each other by accentuating their initial minor differences
Extinction of one species Resource partitioning: splitting the
niche Character displacement: two similar
species evolve in such a way as to become different from each other by accentuating their initial minor differences
Extinction of One SpeciesExtinction of One Species
Competition inNature
Competition inNature
Competition inNature
Competition inNature
Resource PartitioningResource Partitioning
Character Displacement
Character Displacement
Predator-Prey RelationshipsPredator-Prey Relationships
Possible OutcomesPossible Outcomes
offset oscillations in the population sizes of the predator and prey
evolution of prey adaptations that minimize predation
evolution of predator that enhance predator’s ability to obtain prey
coevolution of predator and prey
offset oscillations in the population sizes of the predator and prey
evolution of prey adaptations that minimize predation
evolution of predator that enhance predator’s ability to obtain prey
coevolution of predator and prey
Oscillations in Predator and Prey Populations
Oscillations in Predator and Prey Populations
SymbiosisSymbiosis Mutualism
Both the symbiont and host benefit (+/+)
Commensalism The symbiont benefits with little
effect on the host (+/0) Parasitism
The symbiont benefits to the detriment of the host (+/-)
Mutualism Both the symbiont and host
benefit (+/+) Commensalism
The symbiont benefits with little effect on the host (+/0)
Parasitism The symbiont benefits to the
detriment of the host (+/-)
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
MutualismMutualism
coral and zooxanthellae
coral and zooxanthellae
ants and acacia trees
ants and acacia trees
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
CommensalismCommensalism
cattle egrets and water buffalo
cattle egrets and water buffalo
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
ParasitismParasitismendoparasitic
liver flukeendoparasitic
liver fluke
ectoparasitic monogenetic
fluke
ectoparasitic monogenetic
fluke
Species Diversity & Evenness
Species Diversity & Evenness
Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species A species whose presence in the
community exerts a significant influence on the structure of that community
A species whose presence in the community exerts a significant influence on the structure of that community
Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels 1st Trophic Level = Primary
Producers 2nd Trophic Level = Herbivores or
Primary Consumers 3rd Trophic Level and Higher =
Carnivores or Secondary (or higher) Consumers
Highest Trophic Level = Top Carnivore
Decomposers
1st Trophic Level = Primary Producers
2nd Trophic Level = Herbivores or Primary Consumers
3rd Trophic Level and Higher = Carnivores or Secondary (or higher) Consumers
Highest Trophic Level = Top Carnivore
Decomposers
Simple Food ChainsSimple Food Chains
primary producerprimary producer
primary consumerprimary consumer
secondary consumersecondary consumer
tertiary consumertertiary consumer
Food WebsFood Webs
Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
The progressive change in the species composition of an
ecosystem.
The progressive change in the species composition of an
ecosystem.
New Bare SubstrateNew Bare Substrate
Colonizing StageColonizing Stage
Successionist StageSuccessionist Stage
Climax StageClimax Stage
Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
Primary Versus Secondary Succession
Primary Versus Secondary Succession
No Disturbance (Competitive Exclusion Model)
Occasional Strong Disturbance (Intermediate Disturbance Model)
Constant Strong Disturbance (Colonial Model)
No Disturbance (Competitive Exclusion Model)
Occasional Strong Disturbance (Intermediate Disturbance Model)
Constant Strong Disturbance (Colonial Model)
Successional Models and their Impacts
Successional Models and their Impacts
Primary ProductionPrimary Production Primary production = the amount of
organic matter produced by autotrophs
Usually restricted to production by photoautotrophs (photosynthesis), but can also include production by chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)
We will restrict the discussion to primary production due to photosynthesis
Primary production = the amount of organic matter produced by autotrophs
Usually restricted to production by photoautotrophs (photosynthesis), but can also include production by chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)
We will restrict the discussion to primary production due to photosynthesis
Factors Influencing Primary Productivity
Factors Influencing Primary Productivity
LightLight intensitySpectral distribution
Temperature Evapotranspiration Inorganic nutrients
LightLight intensitySpectral distribution
Temperature Evapotranspiration Inorganic nutrients
Primary ProductionPrimary Production Gross primary production (GPP) =
the amount of light energy converted into chemical energy by photosynthesis
Respiration (R) = consumption of chemical energy by primary producers
Net primary production (NPP) = chemical energy stored in primary producers after respiration
Gross primary production (GPP) = the amount of light energy converted into chemical energy by photosynthesis
Respiration (R) = consumption of chemical energy by primary producers
Net primary production (NPP) = chemical energy stored in primary producers after respiration
% Earth’sSurface
Primary Productivity of Different Ecosystems
Primary Productivity of Different Ecosystems
NPP/m2/yr% Earth’sNPP
open oceanopen oceanreefs & algal bedsreefs & algal beds
tropical rain foresttropical rain forest
swamp & marshswamp & marsh
Energy Use by an HerbivoreEnergy Use by an Herbivore
fecesfeces
respirationrespiration
growthgrowth
plantsplants
herbivoresherbivorescarnivorescarnivores
decomposersdecomposers
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids
Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers
Biomass PyramidsBiomass Pyramids
carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide
inorganic-Cinorganic-C
plantsplants
organic-Corganic-C
animalsanimals
organic-Corganic-C
decomposersdecomposers
organic-Corganic-C deathdeath
deat
hde
ath
eatingeating
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
respirationrespiration
respiration
respirationrespirationrespiration
The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle
deathdeath
animalsanimals
organic-Norganic-N
decomposersdecomposers
organic-Norganic-N
eatingeating
nitratenitrate
inorganic-Ninorganic-N
plantsplants
organic-Norganic-Ninorganic nitrogen uptake
inorganic nitrogen uptake
ammoniaammoniainorganic-Ninorganic-N
nitrificationnitrification
The Nitrogen Cycle (Part I)The Nitrogen Cycle (Part I)
inorganic-Ninorganic-N
nitritenitrite
ammonificationammonification
nitratenitrate
inorganic-Ninorganic-N
N2N2
inorganic-Ninorganic-N
denitrificationdenitrification
ammoniaammoniainorganic-Ninorganic-N
nitrificationnitrification
The Nitrogen Cycle (Part II)The Nitrogen Cycle (Part II)
inorganic-Ninorganic-N
nitritenitrite
nitrogen fixationnitrogen fixation
GeneralizedBiogeochemical Cycles
GeneralizedBiogeochemical Cycles
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