Ecogender & Sustainable Development: exploring a renewed theoretical framework for the women-nature nexus in development studies Mariah Acton Spring 2009.

Ecogender & Ecogender & Sustainable Sustainable

Development:Development:exploring a renewed theoretical exploring a renewed theoretical

framework for the women-nature framework for the women-nature nexus in development studiesnexus in development studies

Mariah ActonMariah ActonSpring 2009Spring 2009

PresentationPresentation OutlineOutline• Context: Women & Development Context: Women & Development • Research Questions & Thesis StatementResearch Questions & Thesis Statement• Converging TrendsConverging Trends• Theoretical Antecedents: Theoretical Antecedents:

– EcofeminismEcofeminism– Feminist Political EcologyFeminist Political Ecology

• Theoretical Proposal: Theoretical Proposal: – EcogenderEcogender

• Conclusion: Ecogender & Sustainable Conclusion: Ecogender & Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

• Questions & DiscussionQuestions & Discussion• Future Research DirectionsFuture Research Directions• Sources Sources

Women & DevelopmentWomen & Development

• Women in Development (WID), Women in Development (WID), early 1970searly 1970s

• Women and Development (WAD), Women and Development (WAD), early 1980searly 1980s

• Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development, 1987 Brundtland Report1987 Brundtland Report

• Gender and Development (GAD), Gender and Development (GAD), late 1980slate 1980s

• Women, Environment, & Development (WED), Women, Environment, & Development (WED), early 1990searly 1990s

• Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 20002000

““There is no tool for development more There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of effective than the empowerment of

women” women” – – Kofi AnnanKofi Annan

Research Questions Research Questions • How do we best conceptualize How do we best conceptualize

the relationship between women the relationship between women and nature?and nature?

• What is the appropriate role of What is the appropriate role of women/gender in sustainable women/gender in sustainable development?development?

Thesis StatementThesis Statement• to properly situate the role of women in to properly situate the role of women in

development it is necessary to development it is necessary to critique critique common theoretical frameworkscommon theoretical frameworks

• prominent current frameworks—prominent current frameworks—ecofeminism and feminist political ecologyecofeminism and feminist political ecology

——failfail to accurately conceptualize this to accurately conceptualize this relationshiprelationship

• “ “ecogender studies”ecogender studies”11 is put forth as is put forth as an an alternativealternative theoretical framework for theoretical framework for

conceptualizing the women-nature nexus in conceptualizing the women-nature nexus in developmentdevelopment

[1] The term “ecogender studies” was first put forth by Damayanti Banerjee [1] The term “ecogender studies” was first put forth by Damayanti Banerjee and Michael Mayerfield Bell in a 2007 article in and Michael Mayerfield Bell in a 2007 article in Society and Natural Society and Natural ResourcesResources; this paper utilizes their work but attempts to further elaborate ; this paper utilizes their work but attempts to further elaborate their initial suggestions for ecogender as a new avenue in environmental their initial suggestions for ecogender as a new avenue in environmental social science.social science.

Converging TrendsConverging TrendsChallenging the Culture/Nature Challenging the Culture/Nature BinaryBinary

• DevelopmentalismDevelopmentalism– Communism alternativeCommunism alternative– Global market Global market

• EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism– the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment– Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• FeminismFeminism– Public/private spherePublic/private sphere– 11stst, 2, 2ndnd, and 3, and 3rdrd wave wave

Post-Structuralism: Post-Structuralism: Overcoming Value Hierarchies Overcoming Value Hierarchies & Dualisms& Dualisms

Culture / NatureCulture / NatureMale / FemaleMale / Female

Public / PrivatePublic / PrivateHuman / non-HumanHuman / non-Human

Reason / EmotionReason / EmotionMind / Body Mind / Body

Objective / SubjectiveObjective / SubjectiveProduction / ReproductionProduction / Reproduction

Rationality / IntuitionRationality / IntuitionActive / PassiveActive / Passive

Competition / CooperationCompetition / CooperationSubject / ObjectSubject / Object






Identified key Identified key components of a components of a theoretical framework theoretical framework PhilosophicalPhilosophical• Women’s Relationship to Women’s Relationship to

EnvironmentEnvironment• Science & KnowledgeScience & Knowledge• Survival & SubsistenceSurvival & SubsistencePragmaticPragmatic• Rights, Responsibilities, & Decision-Rights, Responsibilities, & Decision-

makingmaking• Social Movements & EmpowermentSocial Movements & Empowerment• Scales: Local to GlobalScales: Local to Global

Theoretical Antecedent:Theoretical Antecedent:Ecofeminism Ecofeminism (Ecological (Ecological Feminism)Feminism)

• Origins in the 1970s Origins in the 1970s – Derived from both global North and Derived from both global North and

SouthSouth

• Position:Position:The domination of women is The domination of women is

inherently linked to the domination inherently linked to the domination of nature; of nature;

the oppression of one cannot be the oppression of one cannot be eliminated without also eliminating eliminated without also eliminating

the oppression of the other.the oppression of the other.

Divergent Streams of Divergent Streams of EcofeminismEcofeminism• Spiritualist Ecofeminism Spiritualist Ecofeminism (Biological/Cultural)(Biological/Cultural)

•Mystical/innate connection between women and Mystical/innate connection between women and earthearth

•Shared reproductive capabilitiesShared reproductive capabilities•All women are the natural caretakers of All women are the natural caretakers of

environmentenvironment

• Historical EcofeminismHistorical Ecofeminism•Historical-materialist relationshipHistorical-materialist relationship•Feminist critique of science and rationalism Feminist critique of science and rationalism •Scientific discourse has increased social tension and Scientific discourse has increased social tension and

divisions between the genders over timedivisions between the genders over time

• Social Scientific Ecofeminism Social Scientific Ecofeminism • Rejects essentialism, recognizes a historical-Rejects essentialism, recognizes a historical-

materialist relationship based on gendered division materialist relationship based on gendered division of laborof labor

•Focuses on experiential knowledge or situated Focuses on experiential knowledge or situated sciencescience

•Questions underlying assumptions of modern ethicsQuestions underlying assumptions of modern ethics

EcofeminismEcofeminism• Women’s Relationship to EnvironmentWomen’s Relationship to Environment

– Recognizes women have been the subordinated or Recognizes women have been the subordinated or exploited “other,” and acknowledges a wide array of exploited “other,” and acknowledges a wide array of explanations for this position.explanations for this position.

– Proposes to celebrate women’s connection to Proposes to celebrate women’s connection to nature as a global force of female solidarity. nature as a global force of female solidarity.

• Science & KnowledgeScience & Knowledge– Reveals that modern science is neither gender nor Reveals that modern science is neither gender nor

politically neutral; questions science’s positioning of politically neutral; questions science’s positioning of nature. nature.

– Advocates for replacing objective “view from Advocates for replacing objective “view from nowhere” and “logic of domination” with an “ethic nowhere” and “logic of domination” with an “ethic of care” or “embodied/relational” understanding of of care” or “embodied/relational” understanding of self.self.

• Survival & SubsistenceSurvival & Subsistence– Criticizes catch-up development for destroying Criticizes catch-up development for destroying

localized survival bases in the pursuit of global localized survival bases in the pursuit of global material levels.material levels.

– Claims that there can be no escape from necessity Claims that there can be no escape from necessity and due to historical roles, women have become and due to historical roles, women have become more knowledgable about basic-needs.more knowledgable about basic-needs.

Ecofeminism, cont.Ecofeminism, cont.• Rights, Responsibility, & Decision-Rights, Responsibility, & Decision-

makingmaking– Illuminates global disproportionality between Illuminates global disproportionality between

rights and responsibilities, notes that development rights and responsibilities, notes that development institutionalizes this inequality.institutionalizes this inequality.

– Reaction to granting of instrumental rights, insists Reaction to granting of instrumental rights, insists that reform must challenge underlying assumptions that reform must challenge underlying assumptions and be holistic.and be holistic.

• Social Movements & EmpowermentSocial Movements & Empowerment– Reconsiders emancipation compared to freedom.Reconsiders emancipation compared to freedom.– Promotes the spiritual connection and common Promotes the spiritual connection and common

global concerns; infers that women know better global concerns; infers that women know better than men how to save the Earth, activates women than men how to save the Earth, activates women as “saviors.” as “saviors.”

• Scales: Local to GlobalScales: Local to Global– Directly challenges the benevolence of Directly challenges the benevolence of

globalization and the free world market; globalization and the free world market; demonstrates neo-colonial connections. demonstrates neo-colonial connections.

– Adopts “local resistance” and “bioregionalism.” Adopts “local resistance” and “bioregionalism.”

Theoretical Antecedent:Theoretical Antecedent:Feminist Political Feminist Political EcologyEcology• Extension of political ecologyExtension of political ecology

– Rejection of apolitical understandingsRejection of apolitical understandings– Dual persona: hatchet/seedDual persona: hatchet/seed

• Primary tenetsPrimary tenets– Gender is a “critical variable”Gender is a “critical variable”– Decision-making processes and access Decision-making processes and access

are keyare key– Creation of ecologically-viable livelihoodsCreation of ecologically-viable livelihoods– Interaction of scalesInteraction of scales– Chains of explanation and webs of Chains of explanation and webs of

relationrelation

Feminist Political EcologyFeminist Political Ecology• Women’s Relationship to EnvironmentWomen’s Relationship to Environment

– Extrapolates historical-materialist relationship to Extrapolates historical-materialist relationship to incorporate concepts of multiple subjectivities incorporate concepts of multiple subjectivities and intersectionality and intersectionality

– Considers gender a process of (re)performances, Considers gender a process of (re)performances, closely linked to gender identities derived from closely linked to gender identities derived from historical division of labor/livelihoodshistorical division of labor/livelihoods

• Science & KnowledgeScience & Knowledge– Condemnation of universalist, rational science as Condemnation of universalist, rational science as

an epistemological hegemonyan epistemological hegemony– Advocates for situated, contextual, and gendered Advocates for situated, contextual, and gendered

environmental knowledge to form basis for more environmental knowledge to form basis for more holistic modes of interactions between humans holistic modes of interactions between humans and environmentand environment

• Survival & SubsistenceSurvival & Subsistence– Recasts quality-of-live/survival dichotomy as Recasts quality-of-live/survival dichotomy as

global concern over ecological livelihoodsglobal concern over ecological livelihoods– Emphasizes interdisciplinary “sciences of Emphasizes interdisciplinary “sciences of

survival”survival”

Feminist Political Ecology, Feminist Political Ecology, cont.cont.• Rights, Responsibility, & Decision-makingRights, Responsibility, & Decision-making– Emphasizes gendering of types of rights and spaces, Emphasizes gendering of types of rights and spaces,

view as extension of historical divisions of labor and view as extension of historical divisions of labor and the public/private sphere dichotomythe public/private sphere dichotomy

– Effects of gendered political and legal structures on Effects of gendered political and legal structures on access to and distribution/control of resources (ex: access to and distribution/control of resources (ex: agrarian reform)agrarian reform)

• Social Movements & EmpowermentSocial Movements & Empowerment– Identifies commonalities amongst multitude of global Identifies commonalities amongst multitude of global

social-environmental movements; emphasizes social-environmental movements; emphasizes diversity and unitydiversity and unity

– Examines the transformation of gender Examines the transformation of gender identities/roles through women’s participation identities/roles through women’s participation

– Moves away from a descriptive/reactive position, Moves away from a descriptive/reactive position, advocates for pragmatic engagement between advocates for pragmatic engagement between academy and society academy and society

• Scales: Local to GlobalScales: Local to Global– Adopts a multi-scale analysis to understand micro- Adopts a multi-scale analysis to understand micro-

and macro-level forces; extends to include the and macro-level forces; extends to include the household scalehousehold scale

– Explores construction of sense of placeExplores construction of sense of place






ProposalProposal: : EcogenderEcogender StudiesStudiesOvercoming Old ObstaclesOvercoming Old Obstacles• Essentialist relationshipEssentialist relationship• Gender blind vs. women nearsighted Gender blind vs. women nearsighted • Universalizing women (& their Universalizing women (& their

knowledge)knowledge)• Romanticizing pre-industrial Romanticizing pre-industrial

culturescultures• Exploitation of feminine altruism Exploitation of feminine altruism • Evangelism of female spiritualityEvangelism of female spirituality• Hesitant challenge to status quoHesitant challenge to status quo• Rural and local as target scaleRural and local as target scale• Unidirectional: simplifies complex Unidirectional: simplifies complex

dynamicsdynamics

Ecogender StudiesEcogender Studies• Women’s Relationship to Women’s Relationship to

EnvironmentEnvironment– Adopts a historical-materialist Adopts a historical-materialist

relationship with a focus on gendered relationship with a focus on gendered divisions of labor and spheresdivisions of labor and spheres

– Emphasizes that “gender” is a perpetual Emphasizes that “gender” is a perpetual process and does not exclusively mean process and does not exclusively mean women, must account for the role that women, must account for the role that men play as wellmen play as well

– Embraces Embraces diversity and diversity and multi-multi-subjectivities subjectivities rather than rather than romanticized, romanticized, homogenized, or homogenized, or stereotypical stereotypical views of either views of either gendergender

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/meat/gender.htmlthemes/en/meat/gender.html

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/meat/gender.html


Ecogender StudiesEcogender Studies• Women Women and and Men’s Relationship to Men’s Relationship to

EnvironmentEnvironment– Adopts a historical-materialist relationship Adopts a historical-materialist relationship

with a focus on gendered divisions of labor with a focus on gendered divisions of labor and spheresand spheres

– Emphasizes that “gender” is a perpetual Emphasizes that “gender” is a perpetual process and does not exclusively mean process and does not exclusively mean women, must account for the role that women, must account for the role that men play as wellmen play as well

– Embraces Embraces diversity and diversity and multi-multi-subjectivities subjectivities rather than rather than romanticized, romanticized, homogenized, or homogenized, or stereotypical stereotypical views of either views of either gendergender

http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/thttp://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/meat/gender.htmlhemes/en/meat/gender.html



Ecogender Studies, cont.Ecogender Studies, cont.

• Science & KnowledgeScience & Knowledge– Advocates for further understanding of the Advocates for further understanding of the

potential collaboration between TEK, IK, potential collaboration between TEK, IK, and Western science (male and female and Western science (male and female gendered)gendered)

– Complete reformation of hierarchical and Complete reformation of hierarchical and binary-based foundational philosophies binary-based foundational philosophies

• Survival & SubsistenceSurvival & Subsistence– Emphasize food and nutritional security in Emphasize food and nutritional security in

industrial and pre-industrial areasindustrial and pre-industrial areas– Incorporate an ethical dimension to our Incorporate an ethical dimension to our

conception of food and natural resources, conception of food and natural resources, which utilizes a wide range of knowledge which utilizes a wide range of knowledge systemssystems

Ecogender Studies, cont.Ecogender Studies, cont.• Rights, Responsibility, & Decision-Rights, Responsibility, & Decision-

makingmaking– Focus on deconstructing patriarchical Focus on deconstructing patriarchical

structures that legitimize and maintain structures that legitimize and maintain gender inequalitygender inequality

– Reconstruct concept of privacy that veils Reconstruct concept of privacy that veils power dynamics within the householdpower dynamics within the household

• Social Movements & EmpowermentSocial Movements & Empowerment– Avoid over-portraying feminine altruism and Avoid over-portraying feminine altruism and

instead question assumptions of capitalism instead question assumptions of capitalism – Challenge traditional objectivity of Challenge traditional objectivity of

academy, advocate for a proactive discipline academy, advocate for a proactive discipline • Scales: Local to GlobalScales: Local to Global

– Incorporate urban settings and recognition Incorporate urban settings and recognition of global forces on local food security of global forces on local food security (“webs of relation”)(“webs of relation”)

– Investigate the shrouded level of householdInvestigate the shrouded level of household

Conclusion: Conclusion: Ecogender & Sustainable Ecogender & Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

• Women and nature have a historical relationship, Women and nature have a historical relationship, which has produced which has produced knowledgeknowledge we need to be we need to be utilizing in this time of crisisutilizing in this time of crisis

• This relationship is primarily due to a Western This relationship is primarily due to a Western embedded system of binaries and embedded system of binaries and hierarchieshierarchies, esp gendered division of labor, , esp gendered division of labor, which we have exported through colonialism and which we have exported through colonialism and developmentdevelopment

• Political systems and development strategies are Political systems and development strategies are created through created through underlying theoreticalunderlying theoretical and and ideological frameworksideological frameworks

• It is It is necessary to reworknecessary to rework these frameworks in these frameworks in order to improve sustainable development order to improve sustainable development success ratessuccess rates

• One of the most important modifications is One of the most important modifications is reconceptualizing reconceptualizing the role of genderthe role of gender

……even if this makes a complex mess of even if this makes a complex mess of things!things!

Questions?Questions?

Discussion?Discussion?

Future Research Future Research DirectionsDirections• Militarism & Peacebuilding (Fem Militarism & Peacebuilding (Fem

IR)IR)• Eco-spirituality & Environmental Eco-spirituality & Environmental

EthicsEthics• Capitalism & Commons TheoryCapitalism & Commons Theory• Reinvigorating women’s studiesReinvigorating women’s studies

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Image SourcesImage Sources

• Intro painting: www.creatingheartconnections.comIntro painting: www.creatingheartconnections.com• Sustainability: http://www.vanderbilt.eduSustainability: http://www.vanderbilt.edu• MDGS: http://www.ifrc.orgMDGS: http://www.ifrc.org• Man v Nature: http://img2.travelblog.orgMan v Nature: http://img2.travelblog.org• African women planting: www.gatesfoundation.orgAfrican women planting: www.gatesfoundation.org• Madgascar men and women: www.fao.orgMadgascar men and women: www.fao.org• Peace: http://word.world-citizenship.orgPeace: http://word.world-citizenship.org• Capitalism: www.sodahead.com Capitalism: www.sodahead.com • United Religions: www.scn.orgUnited Religions: www.scn.org• Questions image: www.sacred-vision.com Questions image: www.sacred-vision.com

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