EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Tourism is changing rapidly as nature, heritage, and
recreational destinations become more important, and as
conventional tourism is forced to meet tougher environmental
requirements. This presents a challenge to government and private
enterprise to develop new approaches to the tourism market. Our
goal is to enable people to enjoy and learn about the natural,
historical and cultural characteristics of unique environments
while preserving the integrity of those sites and stimulating the
economic development opportunities in local communities.
Ecotourism is cultural tourism (a cross-cultural experience),
nature tourism (assisting with conservation programmes), a
travel-learn experience (discover how we are coping with
modernity), a little bit of soft adventure (just being here is an
adventure), and benefiting the well-being of indigenous
peoples.
Tourism which takes account of environmental, cultural and
social considerations is what eco-tourism all about. Ecotourism is
a tourism market based on an area's natural resources that attempts
to minimize the ecological impact of the tourism.
Whether it's about a nature camping or organizing trekking trips
towards the virgin and inaccessible regions, one should always keep
in mind not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle
of nature. With over 500 species of mammal, 2000 types of Bird and
at least 30,000 kinds of insects, India provides an unmatched range
and diversity that justifies several ecotourism travel trips.
India is a rich land in terms of both natural beauty as well as
cultural heritage, and this is what eco tourists actually look for
in their trip. Hence, eco tourism has tremendous scope in
India.
Ecotourism is entirely a new approach in tourism. Ecotourism is
a preserving travel to natural areas to appreciate the cultural and
natural history of the environment, taking care not to disturb the
integrity of the ecosystem, while creating economic opportunities
that make conservation and protection of natural resources
advantageous to the local people.
In short, ecotourism can be categorized as tourism programme
that is - "Nature based, ecologically sustainable, where education
and interpretation is a major constituent and where local people
are benefited."All this together can be called ecotourism. If a
travel does not satisfy any one of these constituents, then it is
not called a real ecotouris
CONTENTSTopic Page No.
1. Research Methodology
1.1 Research Methodology
21.1.1. Objectives of Study
21.1.2. Limitations of the Study
2
2. Travel and Tourism
2.1 An overview
4 2.2 Concept
6
2.3 Definition
7 2.4 Types
8 2.5 Special forms of tourism
9 3. A Perfect Tourist Destination-INDIA
13 4. Tourism in India
205. Ecotourism 5.1 An Introduction
23 5.2. Meaning and Concept
25
6. Ecotourism in India 6.1 An Introduction
29 6.2 Ecotourism resources in India
31 6.3 Ecotourism development in India
33
6.4 Ecotourism promotion in India
35
6.5 Role and Responsibilities
36
6.6 Motivations for Involvement in Ecotourism
41 6.7 Approaches to Ecotourism in India
437. Ecotourism Policy of Madhya Pradesh
7.1 Introduction
45
7.2 Objectives
46
7.3 Principles
47
7.4 Madhya Pradesh Ecotourism Development Board
49
7.5 Activities and Facilities
50
8. Ecotourism Project
8.1 Ecotourism Project of Kerala
55
9. Eco Hotels
Orchid An Eco Hotel
649. Conclusion and Suggestion
77Annexure
Webliography and Bibliography
Chapter I
RESEARCH Methodology
RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe following Flow-chart or schematic
representation shows the methodology of study:
1.2.1 Objectives of the Study
To study the concept of travel and tourism and India as a
Tourist destination. To study the concept of ecotourism and
development of ecotourism in India. To study ecotourism projects
implemented in India. To study the concept of eco hotels with an
example of Orchid- An eco-hotel.1.2.2 Limitations of the Study
The project is purely based on the secondary information
obtained from various sources.
Chapter II
TRAVEL AND TOURISM
TRAVEL AND TOURISM2.1 An overview
It is difficult for us to have a command on the cyclic movement
of fashion, needs and requirements and the lifestyles. The process
of change is, of course, influenced by the law of nature which
forces us to welcome change. If we delay, the seeds of
dissatisfaction and monotony get a conducive nexus for their
germination and development. Hence to control or regulate the
process, we allow a change which influences our decision making
behaviour and forces us to welcome a change of place. It was
against this bankground that the tarvelling was transformed into
business and of late is an industry. The process of transformation
has witnneesed a number of ups and downs in almost all areas. Right
from the very beginning of culture and civilization, we find
process of change continuing, of course as a pilgrimage. There is
no dought in it that the Roman Empire injected life, strenght and
continuity to travelling and therefore, the credibility for
development of tourism industry ultimately goes to them.
During the rule of Alexander the Great, 700,000 tourists visited
what is now a part of Turkey. This was considerably helped by the
well built and organized roads, whilst on the journey groups had
the ability to change a team of horses, stay at rest houses, and
refreshments were available along the trip. During this time, the
roads were crowded. Alexander the Great traveled to India and found
the road systems and facilities well arranged. It was during the
same period that pleasure travel begun taking place in China and
Japan. The Chinese emperor, Wu Di traveled plenty in the 2nd
century. His adventures were well described in his writing.
During the reign of Elizabeth the 1st tourism reached a high.
Coach travel had become popular because of its style. Young
gentlemen who came from wealthy backgrounds undertook the Grand
Tour in this era. They would travel to parts of Great Britain,
France, and Italy, it was considered crucial for the education of
the young men. The tour was used improperly on many occasions, the
youngsters would go on major shopping sprees and a lot of the time
they would meet local ladies and generally behave badly. During the
18th Century, the Industrial revolution changed tourism
considerably. A great deal of the rural folk joined the urban
society, which allowed them more time and money to spend on travel.
Thomas Cook was the first person around the world to begin
chartered travel and open travel agents. His first chartered trip
was a rail trip in which he offered two brass bands, a gala, tea
and buns, and speeches for the guests. Thomas cook was of the view
that beauty is for the people. The opinion of Mr. Cook generated
new dimensions in the tourism business which paved copious avenues
for the development of tourism as an industry.
The developed, less developed and even the developing countries
have assigned due weight age to the tourism industry in their
national development agenda. With tremendous socio-economic
potentials, the tourism industry is considered to be an economic
bonanza which paves avenues for the development of allied
industries, such as hotels, communication banking, and
transportation and so on. In addition tourism is a potential source
for making possible world peace through mutual appreciation and
international understanding.2.2 Concept
Tourism is the act of travel for the purpose of recreation and
business, and the provision of services for this act. Tourists are
people who are "travelling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of
an activity remunerated from within the place visited". The
distance between these two places is of no significance.
A more comprehensive definition would be that tourism is a
service industry, comprising a number of tangible and intangible
components. The tangible elements include transport systems air,
rail, road, water and now, space; hospitality services
accommodation, foods and beverages, tours, souvenirs; and related
services such as banking, insurance and safety and security. The
intangible elements include: rest and relaxation, culture, escape,
adventure, new and different experiences.
2.3 Definitions
One of the earliest definitions of Tourism was given by the
Austrian economist Hermann Von Schullard in 1910. He defined it as,
"sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which
directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners
inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1943, defined Tourism as, "Tourism is the
totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel
and stay of strangers, provided that the stay does not imply the
establishment of a permanent residence and is not connected with a
remunerative activities."
In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the
temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the
places where they normally live and work and their activities
during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all
purposes."
In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in
Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected
by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
2.4 TypesTourism may be classified into the following types:1.
Domestic tourism:-
This takes place when the residents/citizen of one country
travels only within the country.
Thus the Sharma family from Mumbai making an itinerary that
includes the Golden temple of Delhi, Jaipur and Agra would de
considered as domestic tourism. For India, domestic tourists are
the largest- over 100 million and growing fast- and cannot be
ignored in any tourism strategy.Major hotel chains like the Taj
group, the Oberois, Days Inn, the Mahindras with their gateway
hotels- all have started catering to this vast market.
2. Inbound tourism: -
This involves the travel of a non-resident- be he/she a
foreigner or a national resident in the given country in that
country, after arrival from another country. Thus a group of
germans coming in on a chater flight of UVI Holidays and having a
23-day itinerary in india would be inbound tourism.this is growing
and at the best of times has reach a figure of 2.5 million for
India.
3. Outbound tourism: - This takes place when residents of a
country travel to another country or countries. Thus when Shetty of
Banglore take up package tour offer of RAJ for a 20-days journey to
theUSA, they would be classified as outbound tourists.
The three basic types can be combined in various ways to derive
the following categories of tourism, viz.:
Internal Tourism: - This comprises Domestic Tourism and Inbound
Tourism.
National Tourism: - this comprises Domestic Tourism and Outbound
Tourism. International Tourism: - This consists of Inbound Tourism
and Outbound Tourism.
2.5 Special forms of tourism
For the past few decades other forms of tourism, also known as
niche tourism, have been becoming more popular, particularly:
Adventure tourism: tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or
adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking . Agritourism:
farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural
economy. Ancestry tourism: is the travel with the aim of tracing
one's ancestry, visiting the birth places of these ancestors and
sometimes getting to know distant family. Armchair tourism and
virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the world
through internet, books, TV, etc. Audio tourism: includes audio
walking tours and other audio guided forms of tourism including
museum audio guides and audio travel books. Bookstore Tourism is a
grassroots effort to support independent bookstores by promoting
them as a travel destination. Cultural tourism: includes urban
tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such as Berlin,
Kathmandu, Lahore, Lima, Buenos Aires, London, Paris, Delhi, Rome,
Prague, Dubrovnik, Beijing, Istanbul, Kyoto, Warsaw, and
experiencing their cultural heritages. This type of tourism may
also include specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum
tourism where the tourist visits many art museums during the tour,
or opera tourism where the tourist sees many operas or concerts
during the tour. Dark tourism: is the travel to sites associated
with death and suffering. The first tourist agency to specialise in
this kind of tourism started with trips to Lakehurst, New Jersey,
the scene of the Hindenburg airship disaster.
Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily
for helping, but because it is interesting to see. It can be a
problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work. Drug tourism:
travel to a country to obtain or consume drugs, either legally or
illegally. Ecotourism: sustainable tourism which has minimal impact
on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya), Rainforests (Belize)
and hiking (Lapland), or national parks. Educational tourism: may
involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or
some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes,
such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.
Extreme tourism tourism associated with high risk Gambling tourism,
e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Palm Springs, California, Macau
or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there.
Garden tourism visiting botanical gardens famous places in the
history of gardening, such as Versailles and the Taj Mahal.
Heritage tourism: visiting historical (Rome, Athens, Cracow) or
industrial sites, such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.
Health tourism: usually to escape from cities or relieve stress,
perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to "health spas".
Hobby tourism: tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby
interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience
something pertinent to the hobby. Inclusive tourism: tourism
marketed to those with functional limits or disabilities. Referred
to as "Tourism for All" in some regions. Destinations often employ
Universal Design and Universal Destination Development principles.
Medical tourism, e.g.: for what is illegal in one's own country,
e.g. abortion, euthanasia; for instance, euthanasia for
non-citizens is provided by Dignitas in Switzerland,for advanced
care that is not available in one's own country,in the case that
there are long waiting lists in one's own country , for use of free
or cheap health care organisations Pop-culture tourism: tourism by
those that visit a particular location after reading about it or
seeing it in a film. Perpetual tourism: wealthy individuals always
on vacation; some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being
resident in any country. Pilgrimage Tourism: pilgrimages to ancient
holy places (Rome and Santiago de Compostela for Catholics, Temples
and stupas of Nepal for the Hindus and Buddhist, Mount Athos or
Painted churches of northern Moldavia for the Orthodox), religious
sites such as mosques, shrines, etc. Solo Travel: travelling alone
Sport travel: skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to
spend a vacation. Also in this category is vacationing at the
winter home of the tourist's favorite baseball team, and seeing
them play everyday. Space tourism: Vacilando is a special kind of
wanderer for whom the process of travelling is more important than
the destination. Chapter III
A PERFECT TOURIST DESTINATION INDIA
A PERFECT TOURIST DESTINATION - INDIAIndia
The land to travel to, a heaven of tourism delights, a
civilization to tour through. Tourists come to India for its wealth
of sights, cultural exuberance, diversity of terrain and in search
of that special something, an extra punch that only India promises
and delivers. Teeming with over a billion people who voice over a
million concerns in fifteen hundred different languages, India is
where people live with variety, thrive on diversity and are too
familiar with largeness to let it boggle them.Culture
Few countries of the world have such an ancient and diverse
culture as Indias. Stretching back in an unbroken sweep over 5000
years, Indias culture has been enriched by successive waves of
migration, which were absorbed into the Indian way of life. It is
this variety that is the hallmark of India. Its physical, religious
and racial variety is as immense as its linguistic diversity.
Underneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian
civilization and social structure from the very earliest times
until the present day. Modern India represents a picture of unity
in diversity to which history provides no parallel.
Religion
India probably has the most religious diversity in any country.
Its the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Its
among the few places to have a resident Zoroastrian population. The
Syrian Christian Church is well established in Kerala; the Basilica
of Bom Jesus in Goa, old churches in Calcutta and Delhi, synagogues
in Kerala, temples from the tiny to the tremendous, stupas, gompas
and the Bodhi tree, the Ajmer Sharif and Kaliya Sharif in Bombay,
all reflect the amazing multiplicity of religious practice in
India. Tribal people in the northeast, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
practice forms of nature worship.
Language
India is the home of many languages. India is the home of many
languages. India is a huge country with lot of cultural and
geographical differences. There are a number of languages spoken in
India. The national language of India is Hindi, which in one form
or another is spoken all over the north. In the Deccan (south
India), the languages are completely different. The states were
formed on the basis of language so each has its own. On the whole
though, dialects, accents, idioms and linguistic flourishes change
every few miles. There are 18 official languages but over a
thousand recognized dialects. English is widely spoken.
Clothing
To the foreign traveler, one of the most powerful attractions in
India is the colorful and diversified attire of the people. The
silk saris, brightly colored mirrored cholis, colorful lehangas and
the traditional salwar-kameez have fascinated many a traveler over
the centuries.
Food
The food available in India is as diverse as its culture, its
racial structure, its geography and its climate. The essence of
good Indian cooking revolves around the appropriate use of aromatic
spices. These spices are also used as appetisers and digestives.
Besides spices, the other main ingredients of Indian cooking and
Indian meals are milk products like ghee (used as a cooking medium)
and curd or dahi.
Although a number of religions exist in India, the two cultures
that have influenced Indian cooking and food habits are the Hindu
and the Muslim traditions. The Hindu vegetarian tradition is
widespread in India, although many Hindus eat meat now. The Muslim
tradition is most evident in the cooking of meats.A typical
North-Indian meal would consist of chapatis or rotis or parathas,
rice and an assortment of accessories like dals, fried vegetables,
curries, curd, chutney, and pickles. All along the coast and
extensively in the northeast fish is consumed almost as a staple.
Both fresh water and sea fish are popular. For dessert one could
choose from the wide array of sweetmeats from Bengal like
rasagulla, sandesh, rasamalai and gulab-jamuns.
South Indian food is largely non-greasy, roasted and steamed.
Rice is the staple diet and forms the basis of every meal. It is
usually served with sambhar, rasam, dry and curried vegetables and
a curd preparation called pachadi. Coconut is an important
ingredient in all South Indian food. The South Indian dosa, idli
and vada, which is made of fermented rice and dal, are now popular
throughout the country. The popular dishes from Kerala are appams
and thick stews. Desserts from the south include the Mysore pak and
the creamy payasum. Also available are the snacks on the roadside
like bhel puri and paapri chaat. Vegetarians will feel like theyve
come home, especially in the south. Indians love their sweets..
Theres also a huge variety in drinks. Besides chai (tea) and
coffee, sweetened/salty churned yoghurt called lassi, the
neemboo-pani or lemon-water, fruit and aerated drinks are readily
available in India. IMFL expands into Indian made Foreign Liquor
and spans the entire range from beer to whiskey. Some examples of
local brews are chaang in Arunachal, today in the South and Goas
famous feni. Festivals
The festive celebration of India is woven with the fibers of a
galore of traditions, culture, heritage and rituals storing each
region's fragrance in it. The fairs and festivals of India are
nothing but the outburst of this multi-fragrant basket in different
times at different corners of the country. The Indian calendar is
one long procession of festivals. These are as varied in origin as
they large in number. There are innumerable national, regional,
local, religious, seasonal and social festivities. This is not
surprising considering the fact that India is the land of gods,
goddesses, saints, gurus, and prophets. Colour, gaiety, enthusiasm,
feasts, and a variety of prayers and rituals characterize festivals
here. some festivals such as Diwali, Raksha Bandhan, Dussehra, Eid,
etc. are celebrated in all parts of the country with same energy
and exuberance.in India every month is signify different
festivalsArt and Handicrafts:-
In India, art is a like an energy booster. It is a mystical
force, which gives shape to the vision of the artist. It speak
volumes of the quickness and expertness of craftsmanship. For the
artists these creations are not pulse less objects but full of
life, carrying their passion and exactness. You can experience the
variety, vibrancy and discreetness of traditional Indian art and
crafts as there are a myriad number of things in terms of gems of
Indian stone work, metal work, jewelry, woodcrafts, leather work,
carpets, pottery, paintings, textile and furniture.
Indian Paintings can be broadly classified as the murals &
miniatures. Murals are huge works carried out on the walls of solid
structures. Classic examples are the paintings in Ajanta &
Kailasantaha. More recently the opulent paintings of Raja Ravi
Varma, the paintings of M.F. Hussain, Jamini Roy and Ganesh Pyne
among others rule the art scene.Dance
Dance and music are an integral part of Indian life. The Natya
Shastra, written by Baratha between 2 B.C. and 2 A.D., is the
source for all forms of Indian classical dance. It is regarded as
the fifth Veda. The legacy of dance in India is tremendous. On
temple walls, on an urban stage, in impromptu bursts by a mellow
evening fire, men and women twinkle their toes in expression of
joy. The classical dances of India are numerous. Characterized by
stylized movements and elaborate costumes, these dances communicate
age-old tales of love, longing and rage. Kathakali of Kerala,
Bharatnatyam of Tamil Nadu, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Manipuri
and Odissi from Orissa are the prominent dance forms in this
country that sways to an altogether novel beat. The robust bhangra
of Punjabi men, the graceful whirling of Rajasthani women, the
gentle sway of northeastern dancers, vigorous tribal dances, every
corner has developed its own unique form.
Heritage
The glorious past of India has ensured that the present and
subsequent generations have plenty of historical and cultural
heritage to be proud of. The fascinating monuments and heritage
sites in the country stand quietly today to retell their story of
joy, sorrow, courage and sacrifice before you. Each of the story is
so enchanting and singular that you will be left asking for more at
the end of each narration. Indian history and heritage. At the end
of your trip, you will surely develop a huge respect for the Indian
heritage while craving for more such tour in the near future.
On the whole the Indians are a warm welcoming people. The guest
is next only to God and they are great hosts. But what exactly is
it that gets two and a half million people to pack their bags, book
their tickets, and wing their way to India? Given that this is the
land of the Taj, granted too that tea, tobacco, tempestuous
democracy and terrific travel are a great combination but surely
that's not reason enough.India has inspired more than any one
place's fair share of travel lore. And, perhaps that's what it is -
the legends of India - that's what inspires people from far and
near to travel here, to sort out for themselves what's true and
what's just a whole lot of tourism pamphlet hype.
Pilgrimage
The multi hued country, India is probably the ultimate
destination of all kinds of pilgrims following any faith around the
world. The great religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam,
Christianity and Sikhism are the integral part of Indian culture
and heritage whose values and faiths are mingled with the air, soil
and the sky of India
A pilgrimage tour in the divine land of India will surely bring
all the faces of Indian devotions and you will be moved by seeing
the unconditional faiths and beliefs of the Indians for the God,
who may have any name or identity. Your spirituality and devotion
is sure to attain a new height after a pilgrimage tour in India and
who knows, you may return home with an enlightenment which you have
searched for all your life.Chapter IV
TOURISM IN INDIATOURISM IN INDIA
The acceptance of 'going away' on holiday, commonly referred to
as tourism, as a part of our lifestyle in contemporary western
society may lead us to believe that it has always been a feature of
people's lives. Yet the word 'tourist' is a fairly new addition to
the English language, the word 'tour-ist' (deliberately
hyphenated), first appearing in the early
Over the last 40 years, international arrivals worldwide rose
dramatically from 70 million to 710 million. The tourism industry
as a whole is currently estimated to earn over US$ 3.5 trillion
worldwide creating a job every 2.4 seconds with every one of those
direct jobs creating another 11 indirect ones. Spending on tourism
amounts to 5%-10% of total consumer spending in a year,
worldwide.
India was one of the first countries to become a member of the
World Tourism Organization in 1951. The government of India also
took note of the new phenomenon of international tourism and
appointed a committee in 1946 under the chairmanship of Sir John
Sargent, Secretary, and Department of Education. In pursuance of
its recommendation, the government set up a small tourist branch
under ministry of transport in 1949 and in 1951 established four
field offices in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai. In 1955, the
Estimates Committee recommended the starting up of a separate
Department of tourism, and this was done in 1957. A national apex
body, the Tourism Development council, was set up in 1958.in 1951,
there were 17,000 tourists who visited India; and in 1980, the
number has gone up from 80 to150. In 1980, the share of India in
international tourism was 0.39 %.the average length of stay, which
determines the volume of tourism and foreign exchanged earned from
it, is 25 days for India, one of the highest in the world. It is
estimated that in 1980 tourist spent between Rs. 5,500 and Rs.
6,000 million in foreign exchange in India. This was 0.79 percent
of the estimated total world revenues of US $ 95.3 billion at the
1980 exchange rate.
Indias share of the total market is a pittance at 0.15%.
Nevertheless, tourism has the distinction of being the third
largest export industry after gems and jewellery and readymade
garments in India. The significance of tourism in terms of
employment generation is rising too. In 1996-97, direct employment
in the sector was estimated at about 7 to 9.1 million people,
accounting for around 2.4% of the total labour force.
The subcontinent of India lies in south Asia, between Pakistan,
china, and Nepal.
To the north it is bordered by the worlds highest mountain
chain, where foothill valleys cover the north most of the countries
states. Further south, plateaus, tropical rain forests and the
sandy deserts are lined by palm-fringed beaches. Side by side with
the countrys staggering topographical variation is its cultural
diversity, the result of the coexistence of a number of religions
as well as local traditions. Thus, the towering temples of south
India, easily identifiable by their ornately sculptured surface,
are associated with a great many crafts and performing arts of the
region.
In the desert of kutch, Gujarat, on the other hand, a scattering
of villages pit themselves against the awesome forces of nature,
resulting in Spartan lifestyles made vibrant by a profusion of
jewellery and ornamental embroidery. Used to adorn apparel and
household linen. In the extreme north is the high- altitude desert
of ladakh. Local culture is visibly shaped by the faith of Buddhism
as well as by the harsh terrain. Yet another facet of Indian
culture is observed in the colourful tribal lifestyles of the
North-eastern states of Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, and Manipur
with their folk culture.
In the central Indian states of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh,
tribal village life has resulted in a variety of artistically
executed handicrafts. Indias mountains provide lazy sunbathing as
well as wind-surfing and snorkeling, and its jungles provide
shooting wildlife with a camera.
In creative arts, Indias sculpture, architecture and painting
have had a rich history. The cave architecture of Ajanta and cave
wall painting of Ajanta and Ellora, the temples of Khajuraho, the
Mughal and Rajasthani paintings and the Taj Mahal are but a few
examples of Indias culture heritage. The history of accomplishments
in dance, drama and music is equally formidable and impressive. The
classical dances still thrive in India, especially in their major
forms- Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak and Manipuri.
Chapter V
ECO TOURISMECO TOURISM5.1 An Introduction
Eco-tourism is derived from two words - 'Ecosystem' &
'Tourism'. Together it is made Eco-tourism. To understand
Eco-tourism we have to understand our Ecosystem first.
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is the system in which we live - the system which
include the earth, the water, the sky and of course the living and
the non-living objects in all these systems. It is a dynamic
complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their
non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. But, there
is no such specific and particular spatial unit or scale to measure
an Ecosystem. Thus, the term "ecosystem" does not, necessarily,
agree to the terms "biome" or "ecological zone", but can refer to
any functioning unit at any scale. It could, for example, be a
grain of soil, a pond, a forest, the sea, the river, a biom or the
entire biosphere.
And, tourism means - 'the practice of traveling for pleasure.'
Thus, a tourism which contains a visit to an Ecosystem is known as
Eco- tourism. But, that is not all. Eco-tourism is not only
travelling to such Ecosystems, but also conserving them.
Basically Eco-tourism means -
"Tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological
interest, typically under the guidance of a naturalist, for the
purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the environment
and at the same time focus on wildlife and promotion of
understanding and conservation of the environment."This is a
conscientious form of tourism and tourism development, which
encourages going back to natural products in every aspect of life
and helps preserve nature. It is also the key to sustainable
ecological development.
The race for becoming the most advanced and most developed state
in the world, has led man to destruct the natural resource in our
stock and our biosphere. Today, most of the underground and above
the ground resources are on the verge of finish, resulting in
abrupt climate, natural disaster and more. Now, man is facing two
very extreme dangerous conditions - 'Global Warming' &
'Greenhouse Effects', both of which will lead to the total
destruction of the Planet Earth. It is now high time, we should
(the entire Human Community) start our bit of job to save our Earth
from complete destruction. It is now every man's duty to do as much
possible to save our Planet Earth.
Today, there are "Green Laws" of conservation, which are making
people aware of how man and the environment can live beneficially
for more time to come and Eco-tourism is one way to maximize the
environmental and social benefits of tourism, not forgetting the
economic developments.
Everyone is a stakeholder in the process and we clearly need to
avoid our past shortcomings and negative impact. In India too the
movement is gathering momentum with more & more travel and
travel related organizations are addressing the needs of the
eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the country.
5.2. Meaning and Concept
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and ecotourism society
define ecotourism as responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of the local
people. However for tourism to be called ecotourism, it should be
fully compatible with the conservation goals of the country, while
at the same time pose minimum threat to the continuation of local
culture and society. Moreover, it should contribute by means of
income and education to the contribution of ecosystems (Brown et
al. 1997).
Ecotourism means ecological tourism, where ecological has both
environmental and social connotations. It is defined both as a
concept-tourism movement and as a tourism (specifically sustainable
tourism) section. Born in its current form in the late 1980's,
Ecotourism came of age in 2002, when the United Nations celebrated
the "International Year of Ecotourism". The International
Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the
well-being of local people".
Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural
luxuries and forest life, that's what eco-tourism is all about.
Whether it's about a nature camp or organizing trekking trips
towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always
keep in mind not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life
cycle of nature. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness
adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to
live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to
destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the
primary attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that
minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural
environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people.
Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural
factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling,
energy efficiency, water reuse, and the creation of economic
opportunities for local communities are an integral part of
Eco-tourism.
Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation,
sustainable development etc. are some of the fields closely related
to Eco-Tourism. Many professionals have been involved in
formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the
fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management,
Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and
State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in
Development, Historians and Archaeologists, etc. Ecotourism is
considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry,
according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth
rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross
domestic product, 11.4% of all consumers spending.What to do in
ecotourism Tour? Carry back all non-degradable litter such as empty
bottles, tins, plastic bags etc. These must not litter the
environment or be buried. They must be disposed in municipal
dustbins only.
Observe the sanctity of holy sites, temples and local
cultures.
Cut noise pollution. Do not blare aloud radios, tape recorders
or other electronic entertainment equipment in nature resorts,
sanctuaries and wildlife parks.
In case temporary toilets are set-up near campsites, after
defecation, cover with mud or sand. Make sure that the spot is at
least 30 meters away from the water source.
Respect people's privacy while taking photographs. Ask for prior
permission before taking a photograph.
What you should not do in Eco Tour: Do not take away flora and
fauna in the forms of cuttings, seeds or roots. It is illegal,
especially in the Himalayas. The environment is really delicate in
this region and the bio-diversity of the region has to be protected
at all costs.
Do not use pollutants such as detergent, in streams or springs
while washing and bathing.
Do not use wood as fuel to cook food at the campsite.
Do not leave cigarettes butts or make open fires in the
forests.
Do not consume aerated drinks, alcohol, drugs or any other
intoxicant and throw bottles in the wild.
Do not tempt the locals, especially children by offering them
foodstuff or sweets. Respect local traditions.
Polythene and plastics are non bio-degradable and unhealthy for
the environment and must not be used and littered.
Chapter VI
ECO TOURISM IN INDIA
ECO TOURISM IN INDIA6.1 An Introduction.
Eco Tourism promotes the concept of conserving the environment
around you and preserving the natural resources and forest life.
Eco Tourism in India takes you on a trip to the virginal land close
to the Mother Nature but always remember not to cause any harm to
the cycle of nature.
Eco Tourism in India is about taking a break from the fast city
life and leading a slow paced life in the midst of the greenery.
Wake up to the alarm of the chirping birds, eat healthy and
hygienic organic meal, entertain yourself by watching the
activities of the animals and birds and take a joy ride on the
elephant or camel back. Explore the nearby village, learn about
their customs and traditions, appreciate their art and craft and
become friend with them. This is how you spend your days while on
eco tourism in India.
India offers lots of places unexplored yet safe for eco tourism.
Venture into the unexplored paths of the Himalayas, come close to
the wild life at the national parks or stay at the tree houses and
enliven your adventure with eco tourism in India. Picturesque
surrounding, cool climate, calm scenario, healthy environment,
pollution free locales and fresh air will make you forget your
deadlines and work pressures. You would desire to live here till
eternity.
Unlike Africa, where great herds of beats romp across the
Savannah giving photo opportunities galore to tourists in
Zebra-striped buses, wild animal watching in India takes patience.
At any, sanctuary, dress in sensible attires and keep quiet; the
creatures are easily spooked. Yet with almost 350 species of
mammal, a couple of thousand types of Bird and at least 30,000
kinds of insects, India provides an unmatched range and diversity
that justifies several ecotourism travel trips.
Geographical diversity of India
India is a country of continental dimensions consisting of four
distinct regions, namely, the great mountain zone, plains of the
Ganga and the Indus rivers, the desert region and the southern
peninsula.
Almost two-thirds of the Himalaya is in the mountain zone of
India, including large plateaus and valleys. The plains of the
Ganga and the Indus are formed by basins of three distinct river
systems, the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. The desert
region consists of the great desert and the little desert.
The great desert extends from the Rann of Kachchh and runs
through the Rajasthan-Sind frontier. The little desert extends from
the Luni River between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur up to the northern
wastes.
The peninsular plateau is flanked on one side by the Eastern
Ghats and on the other by the Western Ghats. Between the Western
Ghats and the Arabian Sea there is a narrow coastal strip, while
between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal lies a broader
coastal area. India is thus endowed with every land form,
mountains, plains, deserts and sea coasts.6.2 Ecotourism resources
in India The geographical diversity of India has also given it a
wealth of eco-systems which are being protected and preserved. They
have also become the major resources for ecotourism. One specific
element is bio-sphere reserves. These are multi-purpose areas
protected in order to preserve the genetic diversity and integrity
of plants, animals and micro-organisms in representative
eco-systems. There are seven such reserves in India at present:
Nilgiri; Nanda Devi; Nokrek; Great Nicobar; Gulf of Mannar; Manas
and Sunderbans. A second element is mangroves, which are
specialized forest eco-systems in tropical and sub-tropical regions
of the world bordering sheltered sea coasts and estuaries. Major
mangrove areas are: Northern Andaman and Nicobar; Sunderbans;
Bhitarkanika and Mahanadi Delta; Coringa, Godavari Delta and
Krishna Estuary; Pichavaram and Point Calimar; Goa; Gulf of Kutch;
Coondapur; Achra/Ratnagiri; and Vembanad. The third element is
coral and coral reefs. There are four coral areas identified in
India so far: Gulf of Mannar; Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
Lakshadweep Islands; and Gulf of Kutch. The fourth element is the
great and little deserts in the North-Western region of the
country. This is a distinct eco-system which has attracted the
fascination of tourists.
The fifth element consists of mountain and forests, including
great Himalayas and other mountain ranges in the country. Along
with their forests, rivers and snow, they have also become great
attractions for eco-tourists. The country has an area of about 752
million hectares designated as forests, and of which about 406
million hectares are classified as reserve forests and 215 million
hectares as protected forests.
India's sixth element is the flora and fauna which are very
abundant. There are about 45,000 species of plants, including
shrubs. The country also has a great variety of fauna, numbering a
little over 65,000 known species, including 1,228 species of birds,
428 species of reptiles, 372 species of mammals, 204 species of
amphibians and 2,546 species of fishes.
In order to protect and preserve these genetic resources, India
has created 75 national parks and 421 wildlife sanctuaries in
different parts of the country. Some have already become popular
with tourists, such as Kaziranga and Manas in Assam; Jim Corbett
Park in Uttar Pradesh; Bharatpur, Ranthambore and Sariska in
Rajasthan; Kanha and Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh; Bandipur in
Karnataka; and Simlipal in Orissa.
6.3 Ecotourism development in India
India has consistently included environmental and ecological
safeguards in the development of ecotourism in order to avoid gross
commercialism. Opening ecological areas for tourism is generally
done after careful assessment of carrying capacity to ensure that
nature's bounty is not destroyed. India has also always tried to
ensure that tourism does not impinge on the culture and heritage.In
general, a sound and sensitive environmental approach is adapted to
tourism development planning and is integrated with other
activities to ensure the following: a) Levels of development are to
be compatible with the general capacity of the physical environment
and resources. b) Sufficient facilities and services need to be
provided to serve tourists and the local population. c) Hotel rooms
must be distributed in such a manner that the natural
characteristics and qualities of the area are enhanced. d) The
three dimensional manifestation of tourism development should be
designed carefully and with a sensitivity that merges with the
surroundings and enhances the natural beauty. e) Architectural
heritage sites and other areas of historic value are to be
adequately protected.
In the initial years of ecotourism development, greater emphasis
was given to the development of tourism in the Himalayas and the
deserts. One of the earliest projects was the Gulmarg Winter Sports
Resort. However, the focus has been on the provision of basic
minimum facilities for visits by eco-friendly tourists to the
hills, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Forest lodges and
viewing towers were provided in some of the important sanctuaries
along with transport facilities in the form of jeeps and
elephants.
There are several interesting trek routes of varying difficulty
in the Himalayas. Facilities like camping sites, trekkers' huts,
tents and trekking equipment are provided to encourage the
development of a few of these routes and promote trekking
tourism.
Several bodies of water including lakes, back waters and seas
constitute major sources of tourist attractions. Facilities like
houseboats, water sports equipment, glass bottom boats, hovercraft,
etc. are provided to benefit tourists.
Landscaping and upgrading the environment of parks, gardens and
other natural areas has been another stream of developmental
activity associated with ecotourism. Creation of public
conveniences and road side amenities was also given considerable
importance in the development process.
Some recent initiatives in the development of ecotourism include
the establishment of a resort in 1988 with 70 beds at Bangaram
Island in Lakshadeep with private sector participation. The crystal
clear sea water, abundant marine life and corals provide an ideal
setting for enjoying nature's beauty.
The Coconut Grove at Kumarakam and Spice Village at Thekady in
Kerala are some new additions to India's ecotourism resorts. These
are private enterprises which specialize in providing experiences
with nature in full measure.
India has also been aware of the importance of preparing master
plans for the sustainable development of tourism. A study on the
sustainable development of tourism at Andaman and Nicobar Islands
is now underway with the assistance of UNDP and WTO. Similar
studies are also being considered in other areas identified for
resort development.6.4 Ecotourism promotion in India
The key players in the ecotourism business are governments at
levels, the local authorities, the developers and the operators,
the visitors, and the local community. Each one of them has to be
sensitive to the environment and local traditions and follow a set
of guidelines for the successful development of ecotourism. In
addition, non-governmental organizations and scientific and
research institutions also have to play a key role in the
development of ecotourism.
A management plan for each ecotourism area should be prepared by
professional landscape architects and urban planners, in
consultation with the local community as well as others directly
concerned. Integrated planning should be adopted to avoid
inter-sectoral and cross-sectoral conflict. A first step should be
to prepare 20-year Master Plans for each state.
The architectural program for ecotourism centers should include
controlled access points, roads, self-guided nature trails,
transportation options, interpretation centers, signs, observation
towers and adequate but unpretentious lodging and dining
facilities, docks, garbage disposal facilities and other utilities
as needed. If required, suitable living quarters and facilities for
project personnel should be provided.
6.5. Role and ResponsibilitiesGovernment Responsibilities for
Ecotourism
1. Regulate structures that create visual pollution, unaesthetic
views and are non-compatible architecture; and encourage use of
local building material and structures befitting the local
environment.2. Exclude developments in geologically unstable zones
and define development and buffer zones after proper environmental
impact assessments.3. Establish and enforce standards, building
codes and other regulations.4. Specify environmental, physical and
social carrying capacities to limit development.5. Ensure
continuous monitoring of adverse effects of tourism activities and
initiate suitable corrective measures.6. Recognize and award
quality by accreditation of ecotourism operators.7. Provide visitor
information and interpretation services covering particularly (i)
What to see; (ii) how to see it; and (iii) how to behave. This can
be by way of brochures, leaflets, specialized guides, visitor
information centers and such.8. Prepare and distribute codes of
conduct to all visitors.9. Launch training programs on ecotourism
for tourism administrators, planners, operators and the general
public.The roles and responsibilities of tourism developers and
operators are fundamental to the achievement of ecotourism and the
long-term success of the businesses.Role and responsibility of
tourism developers and operators
1. Respect and follow the planning restrictions, standards and
codes provided by the government and local authorities.2. Implement
sound environment principles through self-regulation.3. Undertake
environmental impact assessment for all new projects and conduct
regular environment audits for all ongoing activities, leading to
development of environmental improvement programs.4. Be aware of,
and sensitive to, protected or threatened areas, species and scenic
amenity; undertake landscape enhancement wherever possible.
5. Ensure that all structures are unobtrusive and do not
interfere with the natural ecosystem to the extent possible.
6. Recognize the optimal environmental capacity and sociological
use-limits of the site in creating tourist facilities; also take
into account the safety and convenience of tourists.7. Design
buildings strictly on functional and environmental considerations
and avoid over-construction.8.Employ eco-friendly physical
planning, architectural design and construction of tourist
facilities, for example use solar energy, capture and utilize
rainwater, recycle garbage, use natural cross-ventilation instead
of air conditioning, ensure a high level of self-sufficiency in
food through orchards, ecological farms, aquaculture and such.9.
Use local material and designs to the extent possible in
construction.10. Employ energy and water-saving practices to the
extent possible; freshwater management and controlled sewage
disposal should also be practiced.11. Control air emissions,
chemical pollutants and noise.12. Control and reduce
environmentally unfriendly products such as asbestos, CFCs,
pesticides and toxic, corrosive, infectious, explosive or flammable
material.13. Respect and support historic or religious objects and
sites.14. Provide information and interpretive services to visitors
especially on attractions and facilities, safety and security,
local customs and traditions, prohibitions and regulations and
expected behavior.15. Ensure adequate opportunities for visitors to
commune with nature and native cultures.16. Provide correct
information in marketing ecotourism products, as visitors who
appreciate ecotourism products usually belong to environmentally-
aware groups.17. Include training and research programs on
environmental issues for company staff.18. Prepare tourists before
their visit to minimize possible negative impacts while visiting
sensitive environments and cultures.19. Ensure safety and security
of visitors and inform them of precautions to be taken.20. Exercise
due regard for the interest of the local population, including its
history, tradition and culture and future economic development.Just
as the government authorities and the tourism operators play
fundamental roles in the success of ecotourism, so does the
tourist. The Responsibilities of Ecotourists
1. Help conserve habitats of flora and fauna as well as any
site, natural feature or culture, which may be affected by
tourism.2. Make no open fires and discourage others from doing so.
If water has to be heated with scarce firewood, use as little as
possible. Where feasible, use kerosene or fuel-efficient wood
stoves.3. Remove litter, burn or bury paper and carry back all
non-degradable litter.
4. Keep local water clean and avoid using pollutants such as
detergents in streams or springs. If no toilet facilities are
available, relieve yourself at least 30 meters away from water
sources and bury or cover the waste.5. Leave plants to flourish in
their natural environment and avoid taking away cuttings, seeds and
roots.6. Leave campsites clean after use.7. Help guides and porters
to follow conservation measures. Do not allow cooks/porters to
throw garbage in streams or rivers.8. Respect the natural and
cultural heritage of the area and follow local customs.9. Respect
local etiquette and do not wear tight-fitting clothes. Remember
that kissing in public is disapproved of in India.
10. Respect privacy of individuals and ask permission to take
photographs of local inhabitants.11. Respect holy places; do not
touch or remove religious objects.12. Strictly follow the
guidelines for personal safety and security and always take your
own precautions and safety measures.
Finally there is a role for others, such as scientific and
research institutions and non-government organizations, in
promoting ecotourism. The things they can do include:(i) create
awareness, among all concerned, about the importance of sound
eco-practices in tourism development;(ii) Motivate the local
community to increase their involvement in sustainable tourism
activities; and(iii) Organize training programs to prepare the
local people to take up various vocations related to
ecotourism.
6.6 Motivations for Involvement in Ecotourism
Hotel and travel companies in India function in a relatively
free environment. The country is slowly but surely moving towards a
market economy where commercial considerations dictate motivation
for the private sector to take up various activities. Crass
commercial considerations have, however, to be controlled by the
government on behalf of the public. The environment has to be
protected through awareness-generation, legislation, policy and
administrative action.
The traveling public is also becoming conscious of the need to
protect the environment, to some extent at least. As a result, many
enterprises in the hospitality sector have adopted
environment-friendly practices like conserving energy and water and
recycling unutilized hotel outputs. These can be powerful marketing
tools for hotel groups. Furthermore, with the increase in cost of
vital inputs like energy, water etc.; companies are motivated to
conserve limited resources by adopting practices which reduce
levels of consumption. Many hotel companies advise their clients to
be careful in the use of lights, water and other hotel
services.
Civil society has also begun to exercise control over the
environment. Many non-government organizations have been generating
awareness about environmentally destructive practices. Individuals
have taken recourse to public interest litigation to stop
environmentally destructive practices. The Indian judicial system
has been very liberal in restraining environmentally hazardous
activities. At times, political parties also stop environmentally
harmful practices by agitation and raising issues in democratic
forums such as state legislatures. The print and electronic media
have been very active in India in investigating environmentally
injurious activities by highlighting such issues and creating
public opinion for environmentally compatible practices.
The Government of India has a Ministry of Environment and
Forests with a mandate to oversee use of the environment in order
to conserve it. The Government has also set up institutions like
the Central and State Pollution Control Board to deal with the
defaulters.
The state governments also have Departments of Environment and
Pollution Control. The Ministry of Tourism has issued ecotourism
guidelines for adoption by all concerned organizations. Some
tourism bodies and associations like all concerned organizations.
Some tourism bodies and associations like the Pacific Travel
Association has introduced an ecotourism pledge which requires
their members to adopt environment-friendly practices.
6.7 Approaches to Ecotourism in India
Environmental conservation, which is the philosophy behind
ecotourism, is deeply set in the minds of the common Indian. As per
the Hindu religious scriptures, one is expected to follow certain
rules, or Dharma, regarding sanctity to be maintained in hills,
sanctuaries, water bodies, villages and marketplaces.
With growing urbanization and industrialization, coupled with
increased pressure on natural resources due to the population
explosion, and the state having the responsibility to make
available water and food grains and other essential commodities in
the markets. Environmental management is not only the
responsibility of the state, but also a duty of each and every
citizen.
The Government of India has decided to involve citizens in
environmental management. As a part of this campaign, Wildlife
Sanctuaries and National Parks where people can cohabit with the
other living things and learn about environmental management are
being established in all parts of India. More and more Marine
National Parks, Bird Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves are
contemplated, not only as a conservation measure but also to
inculcate a sense of compassion for flora and fauna. Floating
accommodation in the form of house boats prevalent in Dal Lake,
Kashmir and the back waters of Aleppy, Kerala are famous throughout
the world. This type of accommodation brings tourists close to
nature. This kind of informal education will go a long way in
promoting ecotourism in India, a country where financial and other
resources are limited.
Major sections of the society (urban, rural, students,
employees, workers, employers) are encouraged to undertake tours in
different parts of India. The government, academic institutions and
private sector provide funds or concessions for this purpose, with
the objective of better binding the countrys multiethnic, multi
linguistic, and multicultural people together, while helping them
understands their country better and appreciate each others
problems.Chapter VII
ECOTOURISM POLICY OF MADHYA PRADESH
ECOTOURISM POLICY OF MADHYA PRADESH:7.1INTRODUCTION
Madhya Pradesh is endowed with a very rich spectrum of scenic
and relatively undisturbed landscapes, forests, wildlife and
cultural diversity. The State has the largest forest area (94,669
sq km) in the country of which more than 10,000 sq km is under
Protected Areas and the largest tiger population housed in five
world famous tiger reserves. It is also home to several endangered
species including the Gangetic Dolphin, the Ghariyal, the Great
Indian Bustard and the Kharmor amongst others. More than 80 per
cent of tourism in Madhya Pradesh is centered on nature and
wildlife. The State has long been a premier wildlife destination
especially for Tiger viewing. Excessive and exclusive focus on
tigers and tiger reserves however has the potential to lead to
problems including resource degradation, neglect of other areas,
erosion of the local culture and other management problems
associated with excessive centralization. Besides, a majority of
tourists are deprived of experiencing other lesser known but
equally rich facets of the States natural heritage, which could
also lead to stagnation in the growth of tourist inflow to the
State.
Ecotourism also has potential to play an important role in
creating environmental as well as cultural awareness amongst all
the stakeholders local communities, tourists, government and the
private sector.
With this background, the Government of Madhya Pradesh has
resolved to make the promotion of ecotourism in the State a
priority area. The focus shall be on conservation of natural
resources through awareness building, diversification of tourism
activities and destinations, and local community participation.
This Policy is aimed at informing and sensitizing the general
public and related Government Departments towards ecotourism and
laying down the framework for its growth in the State in an
environmentally, socially and economically sustainable manner.
7.2 OBJECTIVES
The State shall endeavor to promote regulated and meaningful
public access to forests, peripheral areas and other natural
landscapes of the State, through:
a) Development of permissible and ecologically sound ecotourism
infrastructure;b) Identification and promotion of lesser known
areas having ecotourism potential in addition to popular
destinations;
c) Diversification of the range of tourism activities available
at destinations;
d) Development and enforcement of standards and norms for
ecotourism activities;
e) Securing involvement of the local communities living in and
dependent on peripheral and other areas for their livelihood;
f) Awareness building amongst general public; local communities
and government staff;
g) Securing regulated private sector participation for the
development of infrastructure and services;
With the ultimate objectives of:
Conserving the natural resource base of the State;
Promoting the State as a prominent ecotourism hub;
Securing economic benefits for the local communities without
adversely affecting their cultural ethos.
7.3 PRINCIPLES
The development, management and promotion of ecotourism in the
State shall be governed by the following guiding principles:
a. All ecotourism activities are to be in strict conformance
with the provisions of the existing environmental law of the
country, especially the Wildlife (Protection) Act, the Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980 and the various directives and guidelines
issued by the Government from time to time.
b.Rules and guidelines regarding technical procedures,
stakeholder participation and impact mitigation to be developed and
strictly adhered to.
c.Adherence to international standards in terms of quality and
safety in developing and operating ecotourism facilities and
activities to be given highest priority.
d.Priority is to be given to developing sites near existing and
known tourist destinations.
e.Striking a balance between financial viability and
affordability of the ecotourism facilities.
f.Creation of environmental awareness amongst all sections and
age groups, especially the youth, to be incorporated as a major
activity for each ecotourism destination.
g.Only activities and facilities having least impact on the
natural resources and the local culture to be permitted.
h.Preference to the quality of experience rather than the number
of visitors, without compromising on financial viability as far as
possible.
i.Wherever resources harnessed for ecotourism are traditionally
in use by the local community, activities and facilities shall be
developed in consultation with them and mechanisms to ensure flow
of benefits to the community shall be identified and
implemented.
j.Adoption of a single window system for delivery of ecotourism
services.
k.Marketing strategies to be based on sound market research and
segmentation analysis, making wide use of electronic, print and
cyber media for marketing Madhya Pradesh as a multi-faceted
ecotourism destination.
l.Installation of technologically efficient systems and clean
development mechanisms to be mandatory for operation of any
ecotourism facility.
m.Multi stakeholder partnership in developing and operating
facilities and activities to be encouraged. Development and
operations to be undertaken either solely by the government agency
concerned or in partnership with the local community and private
enterprises, depending upon the specific requirements and the
category under which the destination area falls.
n.Technical co-operation with national and international
agencies having expertise in ecotourism to be encouraged, without
compromising on local interests.
o.Mechanisms to facilitate coordination between concerned
Government Departments, especially the Forest and the Tourism
Departments - to be developed and implemented.
7.4 MADHYA PRADESH ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT BOARD
The State Government through its Forest Department constituted
the MPEDB in July 2005 to act as the nodal agency for development
and promotion of ecotourism in the State. It shall be the Boards
mandate to ensure the attainment of the objectives and adherence to
the guiding principles set forth in this policy. For this, the
Board shall develop the necessary systems, standards and
institutions. The Board shall be equipped with required technical
and financial resources to implement this Policy. It shall liaise
with local, national and international stakeholders for planning,
developing and implementing projects compatible with this
Policy.
The Board shall also be empowered to oversee and approve
specific ecotourism projects, activities and site management plans
that are in conformance with this policy and other statutory
requirements.
More specifically, the functions of the Board shall be:
a)Identifying and prioritizing ecotourism destinations
throughout the State based on parameters to be defined.
b)Overseeing the process of infrastructure and facilities
development at the destinations identified
c)Creating and maintaining a conducive policy environment
d) Developing and enforcing standards and norms to regulate
operations
e)Encouraging public-people-private partnerships
f)Generating synergy among the Forest Department, Tourism
Department and other stakeholders.
g)Liaison with statutory authorities to obtain requisite
clearances for projects expeditiously.
7.5 ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES AND FACILITIES
Ecotourism activities to be identified and developed at any
destination shall be site-specific i.e. dependent upon the
potential of the particular site being developed. Following are the
activities and facilities that may be undertaken for promoting an
area as an ecotourism destination within the State.
a.Nature Camps
Camping sites may be identified and provided with basic
facilities to enable the tourists to stay in natural surroundings
either solely to experience the wilderness or additionally for
participating in other activities requiring overnight stay in
forests.
b.Eco-friendly Accommodation
Adequate facilities for boarding and lodging of tourists may be
developed. The infrastructure must be eco-friendly and strictly in
accordance with guidelines laid down in this regard. Suitable
existing buildings, located in picturesque locations, may also be
developed for tourist accommodation. Where feasible, local
community members may also be encouraged to provide lodging and
boarding facilities to the tourists, subject to prescribed quality
standards.
c.Trekking and Nature Walks
Trekking routes of varying distances and guided nature trails
through designated paths may be identified and developed in scenic
landscapes rich in biodiversity, causing minimum disturbance to the
natural vegetation and soil. Staff and local persons, especially
youth may be appropriately trained to act as Nature Guides and
Naturalists so as to assist visitors during wildlife viewing and
trekking.d.Wildlife Viewing and River Cruise
Wildlife viewing in eco-friendly vehicles or on elephant backs
may be promoted at appropriate sites for observing wildlife. Sites
having suitable water-bodies may be developed for providing river
cruise facilities in non-polluting boats.
e.Adventure Sports
Facilities for adventure sports such as rock climbing,
rappelling and parasailing along with water sports such as river
rafting, boating and canoeing may be developed in consultation and
cooperation with experts and the concerned department or agency
having control over the water bodies.
f. Angling
Angling facilities for Mahaseer and other suitable fish species,
strictly on a catch and release basis, may be developed on suitable
rivers/ water bodies flowing through or along the forest areas in
consultation with the concerned Department. Angling guidelines to
be formulated by the MPEDB shall be strictly followed in this
regard. If necessary, water bodies may be artificially stocked by
rearing and releasing fish seed into the rivers that have been
depleted of the target species over time.
g. Herbal Ecotourism
Herbal ecotourism may be made the thrust area at suitable
locations having a rich herbal heritage. Traditional medicinal
practices of such locations may be explored and based on these;
authentic herbal inputs having appropriate certifications and
recognition may be made available to the tourists. These activities
may be promoted in collaboration with Madhya Pradesh Minor Forest
Produce Federation.j. Urban Ecotourism through Eco-ParksIn order to
promote urban ecotourism, eco-parks may be developed in various
urban centers. Such Eco-parks may contain provisions for various
ecotourism activities including interpretation centers, trekking,
nature walks, biking, bird watching, camping, angling, herbal
center, adventure sports etc. on a small scale depending upon the
area being developed. For this purpose, existing public parks in
urban localities may also be utilized.
h. Visitor Interpretation Centers
Existing interpretation facilities may be strengthened to make
them more comprehensive to accommodate the requirements of various
classes of visitors envisaged. Each destination must incorporate
ways to enhance and enrich the visitor experience.
i. Conservation Education
Conservation education must be promoted in and around each
destination for creating awareness amongst school and college
students, local communities, government staff and visitors in order
to maintain and enhance support for ecotourism and environmental
conservation. Various means that may be adopted include media
campaigns, formation of eco-clubs at schools and colleges, exposure
visits to destinations, displays and hoardings, community centers
etc. New and innovative methods shall also be encouraged.
k. Other Facilities
Facilities for any other eco-friendly activities may also be
provided based on specific requirements of a site provided the
activity is compatible with the overall objectives of this policy
and in conformance with the various standards and guidelines laid
down in this regard.
7.6 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION The Government of Madhya Pradesh is
committed to achieving the objectives of this Policy in an
effective and time-bound manner for which it shall enlist the
support of all stakeholders, thus focusing on the concept of
"Public-People-Private-Partnerships". The principles laid down in
the policy shall be translated into comprehensive standards and
guidelines so as to facilitate its proper implementation. For this,
existing services and systems of the Madhya Pradesh Ecotourism
Development Board of the Forest Department shall be canalized.
Chapter VIII
ECO TOURISM PROJECTECO TOURISM PROJECT8.1 Ecotourism project in
Kerala: Eco-Development Project in Periyar Tiger
ReserveIntroduction
The Ministry of Environment has undertaken to promote local
community participation in forest management, through the India -
Eco Development programme in seven states. In Kerala, the Thekkady
Tiger Trail project was launched a couple of years ago in the
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. In the Periyar Tiger Trail project, the
members involved are the former inhabitants of the forest, who use
to make a living by illegal trading of forest goods. Their activity
was thus detrimental to the conservation of the forest. However,
their intimate knowledge about the plants and animals, and their
survival instincts could be best used for participatory ecotourism
activities. Besides the Tiger Trail, other ecotourism products of
the Periyar Tiger Reserve are: Bamboo Rafting, Day Trekking
Programme, Tribal Heritage, Bamboo Grove, Jungle Inn and Wild
adventures.
Ecotourism in Kerala
The state of Kerala, forming part of the Western Ghats, contains
a protected area of 2,324 sq.km in two National Parks and 12
Wildlife Sanctuaries. The Western Ghats of Kerala, with its
tropical forest ecosystem, provides a natural advantage for
development of Ecotourism. The Western Ghats regions of Kerala can
be projected as an Ecotourism Zone in the true sense. It has now
become necessary to evolve appropriate location specific strategies
for sanctuaries in Kerala, in the sphere of ecotourism development.
Proper ecotourism product development, its marketing, environmental
impact assessment, monitoring etc. are to be done in a systematic
way.
The Tourism Department of Government of Kerala has taken steps
to give focused attention to ecotourism in the State. A separate
ecotourism wing has been created to give policy support for the
development of the ecotourism destinations in the State.
Thenmala ecotourism project was established in and around
Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary with the co-operation of departments
such as Forest, Irrigation and Tourism. It is considered to be the
first planned ecotourism destination in India. Thekkady is another
ecotourism destination, which offers the visitor an unforgettable
experience. Except Thekkady, all other sanctuaries in Kerala are
practically unknown to tourists. What is needed is a more focused
strategy which is supply-driven and small group - oriented.
Ecotourism activities, in an ecologically sensitive area need close
monitoring. Tourism in these natural areas should be ecologically
sustainable. There should be provision for the visitor to be
educated about the environment. The economic benefit of such an
activity should accrue to the local population to ensure
sustainability. Ecotourism projects the concept of sustainability
in tourism, that is, the needs of today's visitor should not be met
at the expense of future generations.
Ecotourism in Periyar Tiger Reserve
In 1899, the core area of what today is the Periyar Sanctuary
was declared a reserved forest in order to protect the catchment
area of the Periyar River. This river had been dammed in 1895,
resulting in several small lakes and a reservoir. In 1934 the area,
including the reservoir, was declared a Sanctuary. The total area
of the present Sanctuary is 777 square kilometers and it is located
in the southernmost part of Western Ghats. 70% of it includes
tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. What make Thekkady a
unique destination on the tourism map are its climate, landscape
and possibility of watching wildlife closely on the lakeshore while
taking a boat cruise. The prime attraction of tourists visiting
Thekkady is a boat cruise in the Periyar Lake. This lake is
artificially formed, due to the submergence of low-lying forest
areas, following the construction of the Mullapperiyar Dam in 1895.
It offers a variety of opportunities to cater to the needs of
various classes of tourists.
An experiment in forest management called India Eco-development
Project at Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Thekkady developed an
ecotourism component, the Thekkady Tiger Trail late in 1998. The
concept and implementation of the India Eco-development Project
made the managers of Periyar Tiger Reserve think seriously in order
to identify sustainable tourism activities that ensure local
participation in its fullest sense.
The Project at Periyar has two basic objectives: To manage
protected areas and to get local people involved in it.
To implement the project initially, local communities living off
the forest were organized into eco-development committees
(EDCs).
Two basic objectives for the EDCs were to reduce the negative
impact of local people on the Sanctuary and to involve encroachers
in conservation, instead of exploitation. This was done by
addressing the economic needs of those living in and around the
park (about 250,000 people) by finding viable and innovative
livelihood alternatives for them. The project has so far benefited
about 40,000 people of 5,540 families.
Ex-Vayana Bark collectors, who were involved in the illegal
de-barking of Cinnamon trees (Vayana) as well as in Sandalwood
smuggling and poaching formed an eco-development committee (EDC) in
1998. 23 smugglers came forward to begin life anew. They pledged to
protect the very forests that they had plundered in the past and in
return, the Forest Department withdrew all the cases against them.
The Tribal Trekkers Eco- Development Committee (a group of 20
tribal youths), and the Periyar Tiger Samrakshan (PETS) (a group of
70 members who were earlier employed by the Forest Department as
watchers), have an involvement in the tourism. They provide
services like day treks through the forest, arranging nature camps,
horse riding and special programmes for the tourists. The members
of all the committees help the Forest There is also clear evidence
for a significant increase in the number of animals in the
sanctuary.Periyar Tiger Trail
It is an adventurous trekking and camping programme in dense
forest. It is offered in two packages, one- night and two-night
stays, depending upon the preference and wallet of guests. Trekking
in the Thekkady Tiger Trail is in reality participation in forest
patrols within Periyar Sanctuary and National Park. Trekking with
tourists during peak season is normally limited to two occasions a
week. Each trekking is unique in the sense that different paths are
chosen randomly. The physical condition of the trekking tourist
determines to some degree the difficulty of the path chosen. As the
terrain is undulating, every trekking program demands that each
participant is in good physical condition. From the beginning, the
trekking follows an easy footpath, but then the team enters terrain
and vegetation of varying difficulty to penetrate, in an untouched
landscape without tracks. There are no facilities within the
Sanctuary, so everything needed has to be carried along. Under the
scheme, a maximum number of five tourists will be accompanied by
five guides and one armed forest guard. The guides are very
knowledgeable on every nook and cranny of Thekkady forest, and on
wildlife behavior.
During the night, the guests are put up in temporary erected
tents right in the interior.
Guests feel at the lap of Mother Nature and can have a close-up
view of wildlife and observe their behavior. Considering the
vulnerability of biodiversity the number of slots has been
limited.
Although much publicity has been given to the project recently
and its popularity is increasing, the number of trekking is limited
to not more than a couple of tours per week. This is typical of
ecotourism. An ecotourism project is never meant to be expanding
with increasing popularity - then it ceases to be a true ecotourism
project, which entails a minimum of damage and disturbance of the
environment. One very important result of the project so far, is
that the former poachers have been converted to devoted trackers
with a genuine interest in conserving the Sanctuary. Some trackers
have reported that the number of wild animals is already
increasing. One national award for ecotourism was given to this
project by The Ministry of Tourism for excellence in environmental
concern in January 2000. A state award (Kerala) was also given
recently for innovation in tourism.Other Ecotourism products of
Periyar Tiger Reserve
Bamboo Rafting:
Ex-Vayana Bark collectors initiated a Bamboo Rafting program for
tourists in November 2002. A full day nature trail package is
offered to nature lovers to enjoy the panoramic beauty of Periyar
Lake and undulating surroundings. A maximum of ten tourists can be
accommodated in one slot. They will be accompanied by five guides
and one armed guard. Only one slot will be allotted per day. Under
this package the guests can enjoy two-hour long trekking, one and
half hours long rafting upwards, and then after lunch break the
party returns in the same manner. During the trail the party can
have a feeling of pristine forest, see even large mammals, birds
and indigenous people fishing in the lake. The guests will be
helped to identify flora and fauna.Day Trekking Programme:
Trekking programme, conducted by EDC, an Eco-development
Committee (involving Tribal trekkers cum Guides), formed by 20
selected youths from the nearby tribal hamlets, and offers a
possibility to know the richness of an ideal tropical evergreen
forest within a short span of time. The trekking duration is 3
hours. Five guests will be accommodated in one slot and they will
be accompanied by one tribal youth. Born and brought up right in
the lap of forests, the guides are well familiar with the forest
life. The guest will be taken through selected nature trails. The
programme is also ideal for bird enthusiasts as it starts early
morning.
Jungle Inn:
A well furnished hut-like building right inside the forest, near
by a vast expanse of wetland, is open to the tourists for
night-stay. Two tourists will be accommodated and one guide will
accompany them. During the stay in the inn they can have a close
watch of the movement of wildlife and if it is a full moon day
their experience in the jungle will be unforgettable. The guests
will complete short duration trekking to and from their
destination. The accompanying guide will serve light food during
the stay in the inn.Learning Program in Bamboo Grove:
Typical tribal like huts and tents erected right in a vast
bamboo grove are offered to serious nature lovers for their
experiential learning programme. In addition to the huts and tents,
a seminar hall also exists for conducting sensitization programs.
These programs include interactive lectures by topic specific
faculties/ professionals, simple food, accommodation in the tent
etc.Tribal Heritage:
Under this programme tribal life and culture of 50 years ago has
been recreated in an exhibition centre right in the tribal hamlet.
It is a 2-hour program and includes an exhibition and
interpretation of the heritage and a nature trail in the
hamlet.
The guest can get acquainted with their traditional life, such
as medicinal herbs, weapons, musical instrument, household articles
etc.Wild Adventures:
This programme involves a close interaction with the nature in
the midst of a typical evergreen forest in Gavi, about 40 Kms. from
Thekkady. The full programme is conducted by the eco-development
committees of Meenar, Gavi and Kochupanpa. The package includes
vehicle safari from Thekkady to Gavi and trekking in the forest.
Animal sighting is common and abundant. Night-stay is also
facilitated for a limited number of tourists. Rowing, bird
watching, outdoor camping in the forest, tree-top stay and night
safari are also arranged on request.
Review of Eco-development Project
The Eco-development project in the Periyar Tiger Reserve can be
reviewed on the basis of ecotourism principles like nature-based,
ecological sustainability, scope of education and interpretation,
benefits to local people etc.
Nature- based:
All the activities in the eco-development project are nature
based. Programs like the Tiger Trail, Bamboo Rafting and Day
Trekking are carried out in the interior parts of the Sanctuary.
Each trekking in the Tiger Trail is unique in the sense that
different paths are chosen randomly. At the beginning, the trekking
follows an easy footpath, but then the team enters shifting terrain
and vegetation of varying difficulty, to penetrate an untouched
landscape without tracks. There are no facilities within the
Sanctuary. So everything needed, has to be carried along.
Ecologically Sustainable:
The ecotourists are expected to accept the environment as it is,
without trying to change it. This is also the case for less
attractive portions of the Sanctuary. The only facilities are a few
bamboo rafts used to cross lakes and ponds with. No foot-bridges or
other installations to facilitate trekking are planned to be laid
out. It is a rule here that those who might enter the same trail,
should, in principle, not see that others have been there before,
even if it has been a campsite.
Education and Interpretation:
Education is also an important factor of the project - a crash
course for the ecotourist, and a permanent conservation education
for the trackers. Tiger Trail provides a first-hand encounter with
the natural environment. As the trekking in fact is a trail that is
randomly chosen each time, the Thekkady Tiger Trail programme
definitely provides a first-hand encounter with the natural
environment for the ecotourist. The small group of ecotourists, who
have booked for this trail, gather on the evening before the start
for a briefing about what they can expect, what they should
consider, and dos & donts, by a professional environmentalist.
This briefing with a slideshow is a short but good lesson in
environmental ethics and "preferred" behaviour, as well as
providing information about the Sanctuary. Opportunity for learning
is also available at the Tribal heritage center, the bamboo grove,
the visitor center and at the Rajiv Gandhi center for Nature
Education and Research.Benefits to local people:
In the communities bordering the Periyar Sanctuary, EDCs
(Ecodevelopment Committees) were implemented as part of the
program. Also, some well known poachers and exploiters of the
Sanctuary were reformed and became members of these committees when
they were attached to the project. The project has also laid the
foundation for a welfare fund for the 22 trackers with families,
and other improvements remain to be made. One very important result
of the project so far, is that the former poachers have been
converted to devoted trackers with a genuine interest in conserving
the Sanctuary. A major part of the earnings from the bamboo-rafting
program goes to the community development fund from which the
members earn a monthly wage of Rupees 3,500. The earnings from
various activities and services also go into a community
development fund.Conclusion
The success of the Eco-development project in the Periyar Tiger
Reserve reflects the concern for achieving a balance between
conservation of the sanctuary and livelihood of people living in
and around it. The involvement of local communities in Ecotourism
activities is a step in the right direction. It provides for
alternative sources of income to local communities, which live in
and around protected areas, thus decreasing their dependence on
forest resources and increasing their commitment to keeping the
forests intact. For the vast protected area network in India, the
lessons from the Periyar experience is important, as it
legitimately shows the need for communities and conservation to go
hand in hand.Chapter VIII
ECO HOTELSECO HOTELS
Our environment is the most precious asset that will be passed
on to the next generation. Protecting the environment is the task
of all the individuals, governments and enterprises. The future of
the World is in the protection of the environment, therefore the
future of the hotels is in eco-hotels. Hotels use large amounts of
water, energy, chemicals, supplies and disposable items. They also
generate lots of waste in form of wastewater and solid waste. The
prevention of polluting the environment with this waste is of great
importance not only to stakeholders and the employees of the hotel,
but also tourists who are becoming more concerned for the
preservation of the environment.
Eco-hotel or environmental suitable hotel has to follow the
basic principles of good housekeeping - based on maximizing
benefits and minimizing costs. Those principles are at the same
time the main principles of the ecology as a scientific approach
and as a global movement aimed at preserving environment and
implementing sustainable development concept. Sustainable
development is very important concept in hospitality industry
because it meets the needs of present tourists and host regions and
at the same tim