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Research Link - An International Journal - 133 Vol - XIV (2) April - 2015 53

Introduction :There is no doubt in the fact that the earth's environment

has been severely depleted in the last 200 years or so.Tragically, this era of mass production and unendingendeavour for creation and concentration of wealth by afew, while devastating the serene, scenic and pristineenvironment of our mother earth has ended up with takingaway the livelihood and socio-cultural capital of thosecommunities who used to survive in harmony with thatenvironment. Thus, one can see huge loss to tribal, farmers,pastorals and other socially and economically marginalsections due to agro-based industries, mining, mineral basedindustries and many other corporate empires. Such mindlessdesigns of policy makers have resulted in mass migration ofthese vulnerable sections to cities and urban centers insearch of livelihood and ending up with an impoverished lifeand living conditions. Thus, the issue of environmental carehas emerged as one of the most important debates amongthe development planners and thinkers at recent times.Particularly, there has been an increased interest in tourismas a potential engine for development that is botheconomically beneficial and environmentally sustainable tothe local communities and this is encapsulated in the word�Eco tourism�. The primary objective of ecotourism is to

preserve the natural environment and to promote local areadevelopment. When preservation is combined successfullywith development-the preserve and use mandate-sustainabledevelopment is achieved. Thus, there are ample opportunitiesfor rapid growth of ecotourism activities in India as well as inOdisha. The Ecotourism Society (TES) defined Ecotourismas a �purposeful travel to natural history of the environment,

Research Link - 133, Vol - XIV (2), April - 2015, Page No. 53-55

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taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, whileproducing economic opportunities that make theconservation of natural resources beneficial to local people�.

Ecotourism in Odisha :Odisha, the soul of Incredible India is bestowed with

spectacular natural beauty. Be it the long coastline ormountainous central and western region of Odisha or rivervallies of Mahanadi/Bramhani, every part of its vastgeographical landscape are scenic, serene and sublime. Everyregion is unique in itself and a tourist can find ampleopportunities to enjoy, learn, interact, participate andultimately submerge him in the multifaceted nature's treasure.Thus, ecotourism can make the economic development ofthese areas possible, while on the other hand it can increasethe attraction base for the foreign tourist, which ultimatelybring in foreign currencies and contributes towards thedevelopment of the state of Odisha and also the nation. Butthe fact is that, in spite of all types of ecotourism resources& potentialities the successive Governments have not beenable to fully explore and utilise the vast tourism products &services to attract a sizeable number of International tourists.The concept of �Odisha: the soul of Incredible India� seems

to be confined only to the level of imagination of ourGovernment. Now it is the high time to make drastic changesin the policy issues and identify the right market in this era offierce competition among the tourism generating countries.Innovative policy initiatives and its timely implementationcan convert the sleepy state of India into the real �soul of

Incredible India�.

Eco-Tourism Hotspots :Here, three case points are discussed in brief to form

Eco-Tourism as a Vehicle for Local Area Development

DR. SUNAKAR PATRA

Assistant Professor (Department of Sociology), P. G. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-42, Chandigarh

The concept of �Odisha: the soul of Incredible India� seems to be confined

only to the level of imagination of our successive Governments. Now it is high time forthe state of Odisha to make drastic changes in the policy issues and identify the rightmarket in this era of fierce competition among the ecotourism generating countries.Innovative policy initiatives and its timely implementation can bring positive changesin the local developmental profile without making any loss to the pristine nature andthe people who live within it. Apart from that such steps can convert this sleepy state ofeastern India into the real �soul of Incredible India�.


an idea about the huge potentials of ecotourism in the stateof Odisha. But these three cases discussed here are tips ofthe iceberg.

Bhitarkanika It is considered one of the most impressive

wildlife sanctuaries of Asia. The Bhitarkanika WildlifeSanctuary in Odisha is special due to reasons more thanone. Housing the dynamic and salt tolerant species of trees,the Mangroves that generally grow in tropical and sub-tropical inter-tidal regions; Bhitarkanika has a luxuriant green,rich and pulsatingeco-system. Located in the estuarial regionof Brahmani-Baitarani, in the north-eastern place ofKendrapara district of Odisha, the sanctuary covers an areaof 672 square kilometers of mangrove forests and wetland.Crossed by a thick network of brooks, with the Bay of Bengalon the east, Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary is Apart fromthe Mangroves, another rarity that the sanctuary has to itsaccount is the inhibition of its ecosystem by the Giant SaltWater Crocodiles and numerous varieties of other animalspecies. It is because of these specialties only that a vastexpanse of forest around 145 square kilometers has beenofficially declared as the Bhitarkanika National Park. Thispark including mangrove forests, creeks, estuaries, rivers,accumulated land, backwater and mud flats is very significantfor the ecological, biological and geomorphologicbackground of Odisha.

Home to over 215 species of birds, including wintermigratory birds from Europe and central-Asia.

Mangaljodi-Chilika :It is a jewel in the ecological treasure of India. It's the

largest brackish water lagoon of Asia and declared as wetlandof international importance under Ramsar Convention (1971)in Egypt on account of its rich biodiversity (Kishore S. andShibalal M. 2003) which qualifies it to be an importantcommon globally. The area covered by the lake is 1055 sq.km which swells to 1165 sq. km. during rainy season and

shrink to 906 sq km during summers. Mangalajodi is a villagesituated in the Northern sector of Chilika Lake. Mangalajodiis an Important Bird area (IBA) as designated by BirdlifeInternational which identified a total of 2,293 IBAs in all 28countries and territories in the Asia region. IBA cover a totalarea of 2,331,560 km2, equivalent to 7.6% of the region's landarea (Birdlife International) and are considered as prioritysites for conservation.

Being an important bird habitat specially for waterfowland a forgotten but sustainable village life style highlightingminimal dependence on external resources qualify it to be animportant ecotourism destination supporting conservationinitiatives and local livelihoods.

Similipal :Simlipal elephant reserve originated mainly as a hunting

ground for the royalty. It was formally designated a tigerreserve in 1956 and under Project Tiger in May 1973. The�Mugger Crocodile Scheme� was started in the year 1979 at

Ramatirtha, Jashipur. The Government of Orissa declaredSimlipal as a wildlife sanctuary in 1979 with an area of 2,200square kilometres (850 sq mi). Later in 1980, Government ofOrissa proposed 303 square kilometres (117 sq mi) of thesanctuary as a National Park. Further in 1986, area of thenational park was increased to 845.70 square kilometres (326.53sq mi). Government of India declared Simlipal as a biospherereserve in 1994. UNESCO added this National park to its listof Biosphere Reserves in May 2009.

There are 10,000 people living in 61 villages in theforest. That is why Simlipal is yet to be declared a full-fledgedpark, despite its having the status of one of the fifteenbiospheres of India. Similipal gained fame under the Bhanjarulers and more specifically under the rule of MaharajaKrushna Chandra Bhanjdeo.

Its unending expanse of extensive grassy lands, thickforests, resonating and precipitous waterfalls, meanderingrivers, roaring tigers and trumpeting tuskers, fleeting herdsof deer and flying squirrels and the rare blooming orchidshave brought world-wide fame to the wildlife sanctuary ofSimilipal.

Spread over a sprawling area of 2750 sq. kms it is afairytale destination for nature and wildlife lovers.

Bhitarkanika Sanctuary in Odisha.Source : www.orissawildlife.com,

Boatman busy in boating with tourists in the ChilikaLake in Odisha, Source: www.orissatourism.co.in


Its unending expanse of extensive grassy lands, thickforests, resonating and precipitous waterfalls, meanderingrivers, roaring tigers and trumpeting tuskers, fleeting herdsof deer and flying squirrels and the rare blooming orchidshave brought world-wide fame to the wildlife sanctuary ofSimilipal. Spread over a sprawling area of 2750 sq. kms it is afairytale destination for nature and wildlife lovers.Marketing Eco-tourism :

Apart from the Government, other parties' i.e. localcommunities, tour operators, hoteliers and local institutionscan play a major role for the optimum marketing of ruraltourism. Primarily, an international tourist comes to India toobserve, understand, learn and participate in the real Indianecological treasure which lies not in the Indian cities. Thus itdepends upon the stakeholders as to what extent they areprepared to satisfy a consumer who is ready to pay for whathe desires. Thus, there is a need for comprehensive strategyfor the selection and exploration of suitable locations,ascertain market size, tourist profile, perceptions andexpectations, to demarcate roles and responsibilities amongvarious stakeholders, complete package to tourists, productdevelopment, provision and management of infrastructure,accommodation and food facilities.Drawbacks :

While the term ecotourism may sound relatively benign,one of its most serious impacts is its consumption of virginterritories. These invasions often include deforestation,disruption of ecological life systems and various forms ofpollution, all of which contribute to environmental degradation.Some studies show that local communities are seen as a"backdrop" to the scenery and wildlife. Thus, the local peoplestruggle for cultural survival and freedom of cultural expressionwhile being "observed" by tourists. Traditionally, local-ruralcommunities also have strong resentment towards the change.Ecotourism often claims that it preserves the environment and"promotes" local development. However, there is no dearth ofresearch that shows that with the establishment of protectedareas local people have illegally lost their homes, and mostoften with no compensation. The establishment of parks andsanctuaries has created harsh survival realities and deprivethe local communities of their traditional use of land and naturalresources.

Elephants in Similipal National Park (Odisha).Source : www.orissawildlife.com

Conclusion :Ecotourism, if promoted with sincere planning and

execution can bring sizeable changes in the developmentprofile of local infrastructure and local communities. What isneeded is involvement of the local people in each step of theecotourism projects. In fact, local people are well acquaintedwith ecological treasure of the locality and hence theirassociation with the projects will make the tourists easy tounderstand the multifaceted treasure of nature and also helpthem generating livelihood.

References :

(1) Das, S, K, (2012) �Growth and prospects of tourism in

Odisha�, Odisha Review, Odisha, retrived from http://

www.govofodisha.in(2) Kumar K, (2001). Tourism Impacts, MTM-10, IGNOU

text book, New Delhi.(3) Mishra, M and Padhi, P, K, (2012) �Emergence of

Tourism in the Sustainable Growth of India: An Empirical Analysis�,

retrieved from http://www.abhinavjournal.com(4) Mohanty, J,(Undated) �Eco-Tourism in the so called Tribal

Development: A Critical Assessment from an AnthropologicalPerspective�, retrieved from http://www.krepublisher.com

(5) Mohanty, P, P,(2014) �Rural Tourism in Odisha-A

Panacea for Alternative Tourism�, retrived from http://

www.iasir.net(6) Panigrahi, N, (2005) �Development of Eco-Tourism in

Tribal Regions of Orissa: Potentials and Recommendations�,

retrived from http://www.international-relations.com(7) Pattnaik S.(undated) Conservation of Environment and

protection of Marginalized Fishing Communities of Lake Chilikain Orissa, India. Journal of Human Ecology

(8) Patra, S, (2015) �Rural Tourism as a Prospective for

Countryside Development�, Issue-130, Vol-XIII(11), January,

Research Link, ISSN, Indore, India(9) Pruthi R.K. (2006). Rural Tourism Challenges and

Paradox, Rajat Publications, New Delhi(10) The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.(11) www.incredibleindia.org(12) www.ibef.org(13) www.orissatourism.co.in(14) www.orissawildlife.com(15) www.wikipedia.com


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dks fdlh u fdlh dyk@dkS'ky dks lh[kuk pkfg,] rkfd og

vko';drk iM+us ij viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks etcwr dj ldsaA

¼3½ Lo;a dh ifjokj ls vyx ,d vkfFkZd m/keh ds :i

esa igpku cukus dk iz;Ru djsa] rkfd efgyk dsoy ?kj esa gh u

jgs dqN le; ds fy, dk;Z o'k ?kj ls ckgj fudys ,oa viuh

dyk@dkS'ky@f'k{kk dks vkSjksa dks fl[kk;s rkfd efgyk dks Lo;a

Hkh viuh igpku cukus dk ekSdk fey ldsA

¼4½ efgyk Lo;a dk vkdyu detksj :i esa u djs&

efgyk eu ,oa 'kjhj ls Lo;a dks detksj eglwl djrh jgrh gSA

blhfy, og Lo;a dks izrkfM+r eglwl djrh gSA efgyk dks lkSan;Z

,oa eerk dh izfrewfrZ Hkh ekuk x;k gSA vr% bl dkj.k efgyk

detksj ugha gS] cfYd fof'k"V xq.kksa ls ;qDr gSA

¼5½ vkHkw"k.kksa ,oa oL=ksa dh ltkoV ls vf/kd gquj@

dkS'kyn{krk@f'k{kk ds vkHkw"k.kksa ls Lo;a dks lfTtr djs] D;ksafd

fL=;ksfpr ltkoV efgykvksa dks vusd ca/kuks esa cka/krs gSaA efgykvksa

dks bu oLrqvksa ds izfreksg dks de djuk pkfg,] rkfd efgyk,¡

ckgjh nqfu;k esa viuh txg vklkuh ls cuk ldsA

¼6½ izR;sd xzke esa efgyk eaMy@laxBu dk fuekZ.k gks]

izR;sd xzke esa efgykvksa dks de ls de lIrkg esa ,d ckj ehfVax

djus] iqLrd i<+us] flykbZ] d<+kbZ] cqukbZ lh[kus fl[kkus dk ekSdk

feyuk pkfg,A efgyk lkeqnkf;d Hkou dk fuekZ.k gks vFkok


vkaxuckM+h ifjlj esa gh efgyk,¡ feysa ,oa viuh leL;kvksa

lkekftd] jk"Vªh; eqn~nksa ij ckrphr dj ldsa ,oa vko';drk

iM+us ij foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa efgyk ,d nks fnu ds fy,

fuokl Hkh dj ldsA

¼7½ 'kgjh {ks= esa Hkh efgyk vkJeksa dh LFkkiuk gks tks fd

efgykvksa ds fy, dkS'ky izf'k{k.k@fopkj foe'kZ@ euksjatu@

dk;ZLFky@iqLrdky; dh lqfo/kk ;qDr gks] ftlesa efgyk,¡ gh

lnL; ,oa izca/kd gks] ftlesa ?kjsyw fgalk ls ihfM+r efgykvksa dks

Hkh dqN fnuks ds fy, 'kj.k nh tk lds] LFkkiuk dh tkuk pkfg,A

¼8½ ?kjsyw fgalk ds dslksa dh lquokbZ esa LFkkuh; eksgYys]

tkfr] xzke] /keZ ds lnL;ksa@eqf[k;kvksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk,]

rkfd ?kjsyw fgalk ds fooknksa dk fuiVkjk lekkftd iapk;r ds

ek/;e ls gks lds ,oa oknh&izfroknh nksuksa gh lkekftd izfr"Bk

dks /;ku esa j[k dj gh U;k; dh ekax dj ldsa ,oa fu.kZ; gksus

ij lkekftd lEeku dk /;ku j[ksa ,oa Hkfo"; esa Hkh eksgYys ,oa

lkekftd iapk;r] xzke ls Mj dj lekt fojks/kh dk;ksZa ls nwj jg

ldsaA

¼9½ efgyk,¡ lkeqnkf;drk esa o`f) djsa] tks dke vdsyh

efgyk ugha dj ldrhA og dke dbZ efgyk,¡ feydj dj

ldrh gSaA tSlk fd efgykvksa us 'kjkc ds Bsdksa dks gVok;k gSA

ftuds ?kjksa esa efgyk mRihfM+r gks] ogk¡ ij ifjokj okyksa ls fey

dj ckrphr }kjk le>kb'k efgyk eaMy ds ek/;e ls nh tk

ldrh gSA efgyk lkekftd vkfFkZd dk;Zdj Lo;a dks dkfcy

fl) djsa ,oa Lo;a ls detksj de ls de 10 efgykvksa dh lsok

esa vkxs vk,] rkfd og Lo;a ?kj ds dk;Z{ks= ls ckgj fudydj

viuh ,d igpku dk;e dj ldsa ,oa ?kjsyw fgalk dks de djus

esa ;ksxnku ns ldsA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ ik.Ms; rstLdj ,oa ik.Ms; laxhrk] Hkkjr esa lkekftd

leL;k,¡] VkVk esØksfgYl ifCyd dEiuh] U;w fnYyhA

¼2½ ikVhy MkW- v'kksd Mh-] HknkSfj;k MkW ,l-,l-] Hkkjrh;

lekt] ?kjsyw fgalk] e-iz- fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] i"B&233&240-

¼3½ nslkbZ] ,-vkj-] Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt'kkL=] jkor

ikfCyds'ku] t;iqjA

¼4½ egktu ,oa egktu] Hkkjrh; lekt eqn~ns ,oa leL;k,¡]

foosd izdk'ku] fnYyhA

¼5½ xqIrk MkW-,e-,y- ,oa 'kekZ MkW-Mh-Mh-] xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh;

lekt'kkL=] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjkA

¼6½ xqIrk MkW-,e-,y- ,oa 'kekZ MkW-Mh-Mh-] Hkkjrh; lekt eqn~ns

,oa leL;k,¡] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjkA

¼7½ vxzoky] MkW-vfer] Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k lekt] foosd izdk'ku

fnYyhA

¼8½ enu] th-vkj-] Hkkjrh; lkekftd leL;k,¡] foosd

izdk'ku fnYyhA


egkRek xk¡/kh us dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr dh vkRek xk¡o esa gSA

;fn okLrfod Hkkjr dks ns[kuk gS] rks lcls igys xk¡o dks ns[kuk

gksxkA xk¡/khth ds bl dFku ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ,d df"k iz/kku ns'k

gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xzke iz/kku jk"Vª Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA tgka iwjs ns'k

dh yxHkx 70 izfr'kr vkcknh fuokl djrh gSA NRrhlx<+

vfoHkkftr e/;izns'k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk Fkk] ftlesa 44

izfr'kr jktLo e/;izns'k dks izkIr gksrk FkkA 1 uoEcj 2000 esa

tc NRrhlx<+ Hkkjr ds 26 osa jkT; ds :Ik esa vfLrRo esa vk;k]

ml le; ;g jkT; ,d d`f"k iz/kku izns'k] ftls /kku dk dVksjk

dgk tkrk FkkA tgka ij yxHkx 80 izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡o ij

fuHkZj gS] tks df"k dk;Z ds }kjk viuk thou;kiu djrs gSaA blds

ckotwn ,d cM+h vkcknh fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh fodkl

dh nkSM+ esa fiNMh gqbZ gSA foxr dqN n'kdksa ls xaHkhj iz;kl fd,

tkus ij Hkh ;g okLrfodrk gS fd ns'k ds xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh {ks=ksa

esa xjhch vHkh Hkh mYys[kuh; cuh gqbZ gSA vkSj ;g Hkh lR; gS fd

fiNys dqN o"kksZ ls xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØeksa dks fujarj izHkkoh

cuk;k tk jgk gSA ftlls xzkeh.k Lrj ij lkekftd] vkfFkZd]

jktuSfrd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd fodkl esa o`f) gks jgh gSA

ftlds QyLo:i igys dh rqyuk esa xjhch js[kk ds uhps

ftrus yksx Fks] Øe'k% fodkl ds dkj.k orZeku esa NRrhlx<+ esa

iwjs ns'k esa th-Mh-ih- dh nj lcls Åij gSA vr% xjhch js[kk ls

uhps vc la[;k ?kVrh tk jgh gSA ftldk izeq[k dkj.k xzkeh.k

Lrj ij iapk;r ds ek/;e ls pyus okyh fofHkUu dsUnz&jkT;

ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa us lkekftd <kaps esa cgqr cM+k ifjorZu

yk;k gS] ijUrq blds lkFk ;g Hkh dFku lR; gS fd xzke esa xjhcksa

dh HkkSfrd la[;k yxHkx mruh gh cuh gqbZ gS] tks fd yxHkx 24-

4 izfrf'kr djksM+ gSA blfy, vkt ns'k dks izxfr iFk ij ykus vkSj



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


fodkl dks rst xfr nsus ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd xjhch js[kk ds

uhps thou;kiu djus okys yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks izkFkfedrk

ds vk/kkj ij etcwr fd;k tk,A

D;ksafd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuokljr~ Jfedksa o d"kdksa dk thou

Lrj lq/kkj vkSj mUgsa Lokyach cukuk orZeku le; dh lcls cM+h

pqukSrh cu xbZ gSA bruh cM+h la[;k esa xjhch dk izfr'kr jgus

ls ns'k ds fodkl ij bldk izHkko le>k tk ldrk gSA vr% bl

fLFkfr esa iqu% xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djrs gq, bl lanHkZ esa Lo&jkstxkj

ds dk;ZØeksa dks fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k] D;ksafd ;g dk;ZØe gh

xjhch nwj djus ,oa vk; c<+kus rFkk vPNk thou /kkj.k djus

;ksX; LFkk;h vk/kkj cukrk gSA

NRrhlx<+ ljdkj xzkeh.k Lrj ij jkstxkj nsus ds fy, iwjh

rjg ls dfVc) gSA N-x- 'kklu xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou;kiu

djus okys ifjokjksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk igq¡pkuk pkgrk gS] ftlls

fd os Lojkstxkj LFkkfir dj xjhch nwj dj lds] ftlds fy,

NRrhlx<+ ds 'kgjksa ,oa xk¡oks esa ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu jkstxkj

;kstuk,¡ lapkfyr dh tk jgh gSa vkSj buds ek/;e ls ,d cM+h

la[;k esa 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k tuksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k gks jgk gSA

fodkl ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa bl fn'kk esa 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa usg:

jkstxkj ;kstuk ¼,u-vkj-okbZ-½ vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkbZ-vkj-Mh-ih-

¼,dhd`r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe gh izeq[k :Ik ls Lojkstxkj

dk;ZØeksa esa ,d ek= dk;ZØe FkkA 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k ;qokvksa ds

fy, Lojkstxkj ds lkFk vusd lg;ksxh dk;ZØe tSls 'kgjh ewy

lsok,¡ dk;ZØe ¼;w-ih-,l-ih-½] iz/kkuea=h dh lefUor 'kgjh xjhch

mUewyu ;kstuk ¼ih-,e-vkbZ-;w-ih-bZ-ih½ rFkk efgyk ,oa cPPkksa ds

fodkl ds dk;ZØe½ flVªk f'kYi;ksa dks mUur Vwy fdV dk iznk;

,oa xaxk dY;k.k ;kstuk ¼th-ds-ok;½ dk;ZØe tqM+rs x,A

ÚòeermeieÌ{ ceW mJeCe& peÙebleer «eece mJejespeieej Ùeespevee keâe mJe®he SJeb efJekeâeme

*MeesOe-efveosMekeâ SJeb efJeYeeieeOÙe#e (meceepeMee�e efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe [er.yeer.keâvÙee heer.peer.mJeMeemeer ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, jeÙehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{)

**MeesOe-MeesOe-Úe$ee, MeemekeâerÙe [er.yeer.keâvÙee heer.peer.mJeMeemeer ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, jeÙehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{)

[e@.ßeæe efiejesuekeâj* SJeb kegâ.ceesvmeer Jeieeame**

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, ÚòeermeieÌ{ ceW mJeCe& peÙebleer «eece mJejespeieej Ùeespevee kesâ mJe®he SJeb efJekeâeme kesâ

DeOÙeÙeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ mJeCe& peÙebleer «eece mJejespeieej Ùeespevee keâe cetue GösMÙe iejerye heefjJeejeW SJeb

mJejespeieeefjÙeeW keâes meneÙelee osvee nesiee, efpememes Jen leerve Je<e& kesâ Yeerlej iejeryeer jsKee mes Thej G" mekesâ~ DeeÙe

Je=efæ nsleg yeQkeâ ueesve SJeb Meemeve keâer Deesj mes Devegoeve efoÙee peeSiee~ Fmekeâe leelheÙe& Ùen nesiee efkeâ ØelÙeskeâ

heefjJeej keâer ceeefmekeâ DeeÙe vÙetvelece 2000 ®heÙes megefveef§ele keâer peeSieer~ jeefMe keâer GheueyOelee kesâ DeeOeej

hej Ùen ØeÙeeme efkeâÙee peeSiee efkeâ Deieues heeBÛe Je<eeX ceW ØelÙeskeâ efJekeâemeKeC[/peveheo hebÛeeÙele kesâ 30

ØeefleMele iejerye heefjJeejeW keâes keâeÙe&�eâceeW kesâ Debleie&le ueeÙee peeS~


;s dk;ZØe Lo;a esa ,d Lora= dk;ZØe cu x,] ftlds

dkj.k buesa vkilh laca/k ugha cu ldss ,oa varZlaca/k Hkh vPNs ugha

cusaA bldk Qy ;g gqvk fd ;g dk;ZØe vius&vius O;fDrxr

y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa yxs jgs ,oa ewy mn~ns'; tks fd LFkk;h

vk; o`f) Fkk] ds fy, ek/;e ugha cu ldsaA bl fLFkfr dks

lq/kkjus gsrq 'kklu us Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ds dk;ZØeksa dks iqu%

lapkfyr djus dk fu'p; fd;kA bl mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ dh fn'kk

esa ,d u;k dk;ZØe 1 fnlEcj 1997 dks 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa Lo.kZ

t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Lo.kZ t;arh xzke

Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk;ZØe 1 viSzy 1999 dks izkjaHk fd;k x;kA

;g loZ Li'khZ; dk;ZØe gS] ftlds varxZ jkstxkj ;kstuk,¡

gS] Lo&jkstxkj ;kstukvksa ds laxBu ds fy, lHkh xjhcksa ds fy,

Lo;a lgkf;r lewgksa ¼,l-,p-th-½ dk xBu] mudk izf'k{k.k] mUgsa

_.k dh lqfo/kk] rduhdh tkudkjh rFkk O;olkf;d vk/kkj nsus

ds fy, lajpuk dh xbZA bl ;kstuk esa dsUnz 'kklu ,oa jkT;

'kklu Øe'k% 75%25 ds vk/kkj ij jkf'k miyC/k djk,xkA

bl Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ds vfLrRo esa vkus

ls iwoZ ds lHkh dk;ZØe tSls usg: jkstxkj ;kstuk] 'kgjh ewy

lsok,¡] dk;ZØe] iz/kkuea=h dh lefUor 'kgjh xjhch mUewyu

;kstuk] vkbZ-vkj-Mh-ih-] Vªk;lse] M~okdjk] flV~k]th-ds-ok;- ,oa

,e-MCY;w-,l- vc vfLrRo esa ugha gksaxsA bu dk;ZØeksa dh vc rd

dh cpr jkf'k bl u, izkjaHk fd, x, dk;ZØe Lo.kZ t;arh

Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ds 'kh"kZ esa tek gks tk,xh ,oa ubZ ekxZnf'kZdk

ds vk/kkj ij budk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk ewy mn~ns'; xjhc

ifjokjksa ,oa Lojkstxkfj;ksa dks lgk;rk nsuk gksxk] ftlls og rhu

o"kZ ds Hkhrj xjhch js[kk ls Åij mB lds] vk; of) gsrq cSad yksu

,oa 'kklu dh vksj ls vuqnku fn;k tk,xkA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gksxk

dh izR;sd ifjokj dh ekfld vk; U;wure :- 2000 lqfuf'pr dh

tk,xhA jkf'k dh miyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij ;g iz;kl fd;k tk,xk

fd vxys ikap o"kksZ esa izR;sd fodkl[k.M@tuin iapk;r ds 30

izfr'kr xjhc ifjokjksa dks dk;ZØeksa ds varxZr yk;k tk,A

Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ds dk;ZØe esa xq.koRrk

gh ewy vk/kkj ij gksxk] ftlds fy, iw.kZ fopkj ,oa fparu ls dne

mBk, x, gSa ,oa bu fgrxzkfg;ksa dks xjhch dh js[kk ls Åij mBkus

dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA xq.koRrk bl ;kstuk dk ewy rRo gS]

ftls izkIr djus ds fy, cM+h dYiuk'khyrk ls fopkj dj visf{kr

mn~ns'; izkIr djuk gSA Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk

dk;ZØe ftyk 'kgjh fodkl vfHkdj.k] iapk;r ,ao xzkeh.k fodkl

foHkkx }kjk dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k

vapyksa esa t:jr eanks dks ogr iSekus esa jkstxkj miyC/k djkus vkSj

lkFk gh efgykvksa ds fy, Hkh jkstxkj ds volj miyC/k djkus esa

lg;ksxh lkfcr gqvk gSA blls efgykvksa esa vkenuh ds lk/ku ds

lkFk&lkFk mudh vkRefuHkZjrk Hkh c<+ xbZ gSA

Lo.kZ t;arh Lo&jkstxkj ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u nks rjg ls

fd;k tk jgk gS % ¼1½ 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa ftyk 'kgjh fodkl vfHkdj.k

}kjkA ¼2½ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx@Mh-

vkj-,-}kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA

'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa {ks=ksa esa csjkstxkj efgykvksa ds fy,

Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ,d ojnku lkfcr gqbZ gSA

'kgjh {ks=ksa esa efgyk,¡ vf/kdrj i<+h&fy[kh vkSj tkx:d gksus ds

dkj.k vius jkstxkj dks fodflr djus esa rsth ds lkFk dk;Z dj

jgh gSa] tcfd rqyukRed :i ls xzkeh.k {ks=kas esa efgykvksa esa vHkh

Hkh f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk dh deh gksus ds dkj.k ftyk iz'kklu]

iapk;r vf/kdkjh ,oa vU; 'kklu ds laLFkkuksa esa viuh rjQ ls

dk;Z djus dfBukbZ vkrh gS ,oa vius }kjk mRikfnr eky dks

'kgjh {ks=ksa rd ;krk;kr dh lqfo/kk ds vHkko esa igqapkus esa Hkh

v u s d

leL;kvksa dk

lkeuk djus ds

dkj.k fodkl

dh xfr 'kgj

dh rqyuk esa

/kheh gS] ijUrq

iz/kkuea=h lM+d

;k stuk d s

fodflr gksus ds

ckn xk¡oksa dks

' kgj k s a l s

t k s M + d j

NRrhlx<+ esa

lM+dksa dk tky

fcNk;k tk pqdk gS] blfy, vc xzkeh.k Lrj ij Hkh Lo.kZ t;arh

Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk ykHk izkIr gks jgk gSA

NRrhlx<+ esa Hkktik ljdkj yxkrkj rhljh ckj lRrk esa

ykSVh gS] ftldk izeq[k vk/kkj eq[;ea=h MkW-jeu flag }kjk lkoZtfud

forj.k iz.kkyh ¼ih-Mh-,l-½ dks ykxw fd;k tkuk gSA lkFk gh

fodkl dh xfr ,d izeq[k eqn~nk] ftlus iwjs izns'k dks izHkkfor

fd;kA orZeku esa xzkeh.k Lrj ij �kklu dh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa us

vkewy&pwy ifjorZu djrs gq, NRrhlx<+ ls Je iyk;u dks

jksdk gS ,oa jkstxkj dh fn'kk esa ,d ubZ vk'kk dh fdj.k iSnk dh

gS] ftlesa Lo.kZ t;afr xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk utj vankt

ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ oktis;h v'kksd ¼1997½] iapk;r jkt ,.M :jy MsoyiesaV]

lkfgR; izdk'ku] ubZ fnYYkhA ¼2½ Devi Lalita (1982), Status Em-ployment of Women in India, B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi.¼3½ Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk] la'kks/ku if=dk] 2002&03-

¼4½ ;kstuk] if=dk] ebZ&1999] i-10&13- ¼5½ vu,EiykW;esaV ,oa

yscj dksVZ LVMh] flfDde] 1948- ¼6½ Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj

;kstuk] 1999- ¼7½ NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl

foHkkx] 2007] Hkkx&,d ¼jk"Vªh; jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e] 2007½-

¼8½ Lojkstxkj D;ksa vkSj dSls] e-iz-dUlyVsalh vkxsZukbts'ku fy]1997-

¼9½ iz/kkuea=h jkstxkj ;kstuk] ,d ifjp;] ftyk mn~;ksx ,oa

O;kikj dsUnz] 2005] i-11-


yksdra= dk nwljk uke lkekftd vkUnksyu gSA nqfu;k

ds lHkh ns'kksa esa vusd izdkj dh 'kklu O;oLFkk fo|eku gSA izR;sd

'kklu O;oLFkk dh viuh fo'ks"krk,¡ gaSsA izR;sd O;oLFkk esa turk

dks de vFkok vf/kd vf/kdkj izkIr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, lektoknh

ns'kksa esa jkT; o ljdkj dh loksZifj gSA mlh ds vkns'kksa dk turk

vk¡[k cUn djds ikyu djrh gSA ;gk¡ ljdkj o l�kk ds fo:)

vkUnksyu gks ugha ldrsA bu 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa ds Bhd foijhr

yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa okLrfod 'kfDr jkT; vkSj ljdkj

esa u gksdj turk eas vkSj turk ds pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa esa gksrh

gSA ;s pqus gq, izfrfuf/k gh ljdkj cukrs gSaA yksdra= esa turk

dks ;g vf/kdkj izkIr gS fd ;fn og ljdkj ds dk;ksZ fu.kZ;ksa vkSj

dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk ls lUrq"V ugha gSa] rks og ldkj ds fu.kZ;ksa ds

fo:) vkUnksyu dj ldrh gSA

yksdra= esa ;fn turk dks 'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj] mRihM+u]

vjktdrk esa o`f) gks jgh gS] ftlls turk ds tku&eky dks

[krjk mRiUu gks x;k gS rks turk ljdkj dk /;ku bu cqjkb;ksa

dh vksj vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, vkUnksyu djrh gSA os nSfud

thou dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj Hkh vkUnksyu djrh gS] tSls&

fctyh] isVªksy] jlksbZ xSl] ikuh] Hkkstu] lqj{kk] f'k{kk vkfn ewY;ksa

es fxjkoV vkus ij turk ljdkj ds fo:) vkUnksyu djus ds

fy, ck/; gks tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; yksdra=] fo'o ds lHkh yksdrkaf=d]

ns'kksa ds vkn'kksZa dk va'k Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fufgr gSA blhfy,

fo'o ds yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa Hkkjr dks fyf[kr yksdrkaf=d

O;oLFkk esa izFke ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa vusd tkfr] /keZ lEiznk;]

{ks=] Hkk"kk ,oa jax ds yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA ysfdu ;gk¡ jk"Vªh; Lrj

ij ns'k esa fofo/krk esa ,drk ns[kk tkrk gS] tSls lafo/kku] jk"Vªh;

fpUg] jk"Vªifr] iz/kku ea=h ,dy gksrs gSaA lkekftd vkUnksyu esa



Sin

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Hkkjr fujarj c<+&p<+ dj fgLlk fy;k gS] pkgs efgyk mRihM+u

gks] nfyr 'kks"k.k gks] lkekftd dqjhfr;k¡ gks ;k lekt esa dkykctkjh]

tek[kksjh] va/kfo'okl vkfn fo"k;ksa ij lektfgr esa vkUnksyu

gksrk jgrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa jktkjke] eksgujk;] n;kuUn ljLorh]

Lokeh foosdkuUn] Mk0 Hkhejko vEcsndj] egkRek xk¡/kh] T;ksfrck

jko Qwys vkfn lekt lq/kkjdksa us vkUnksyu esa c<+&p<+ dj fgLlk

fy;k gS] ftlls vf'k{kk] vU/kfo'okl] NwvkNwr] Hkz"Vkpkj] fo"kerk]

dqizFkk vkfn ls NqVdkjk fnyk;k gSA

;fn turk dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk gS] vR;kpkj] mRihM+u]

vjktdrk esa o`f) gks jgh gS] ftlls turk ds tku&eky dks

[krjk mRiUu gks x;k gS] rks turk ljdkj dk /;ku bu cqjkb;ksa

dh vksj vkdf"kZr djus ds fy;s vkUnksyu djrh gSA os nSfud

thou dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj Hkh vkUnksyu djrh gS] tSls lHkh

foHkkxksa esa fu;ksftr dehZ osrueku ysus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs ns[ks

tkrs gSaA vHkh udyh nokvksa dks ysdj m�kjizns'k esa vkUnksyu

pyk;s x;s vkSj ;g ek¡x dh x;h fd udyh nok cukus okyksa esa

vkUnksyu pyk;s x;s vkSj cspus ckyksa dks Qk¡lh dh ltk nh tk,A

bldh xwat laln esa Hkh lqukbZ iM+hA ljdkj dks ck/; gksdj ;g

dguk iM+k fd udyh nokvksa ds cukus okyksa ds fo:) dM+h

dkjZokbZ dh tk,xhA blh izdkj lkekftd vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k ds

fo:) vkUnksyu fd, tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ds vkUnksyuksa dk ,d

yEck bfrgkl gSA

yksdra=h; O;oLFkk esa ,d ckr vkSj ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd

izR;sd jktuSfrd vkUnksyu dh i"BHkwfe esa dksbZ&u&dksbZ leL;k

vo'; gksrh gS] ftls jktuhfrd jax nsdj jktuhfrd ny vkUnksyu

djrs gSA vkt rjg&rjg ds lkekftd vkUnksyuksa dk jktuhfrdj.k

gks x;k gSA tSls efgyk 'kfDrdj.k] laln esa efgyk dh 33

[[email protected] efmebn

hetJe& MeesOeÚe$e, Jeerj kegBâJej efmebn efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, Deeje (efyenej)

ueeskeâleb$e ceW meeceeefpekeâ Deevoesueve

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ueeskeâleb$e ceW meeceeefpekeâ DeevoesueveeW keâe efJemleej mes DeOÙeÙeve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~

ueeskeâleb$e keâe otmeje veece meeceeefpekeâ Deevoesueve nw~ meeceeefpekeâ Deevoesueve keâe Ùeefo efJeMues<eCe efkeâÙee peeS,

lees nce Ùen keân mekeâles nQ efkeâ meeceeefpekeâ Deevoesueve kesâ Deuhekeâeueerve Je oerIe&keâeueerve Deveskeâ mJe®he nQ, pees

meceÙe-meceÙe hej mLeeveerÙe, #es$eerÙe, jepÙe Deewj je°êrÙe mlej hej Ieef�le nesles nQ~ keâYeer cenlJehetCe& Debleje&°êrÙe

Ie�veeSB Yeer Deevoesueve keâjves kesâ efueS Øesefjle keâjleer nQ~ Fvekesâ heerÚs je°êrÙe meecetefnkeâ YeeJevee Deewj JeieeaÙe

Ûeslevee jnleer nw~ keâneR Ùen ceeveJeleeJeeo mes Yeer pegÌ[er nesleer nw~


Áfr'kr vkj{k.k dh ekax vkfnA yksdra=h; O;oLFkk esa lekftd

vkUnksyu lkekftd leL;kvksa dk niZ.k Hkh gSA ftls ns'k esa

ftruh vf/kd vkfFkZd&lkekftd lkaLdfrd o jktuSfrd leL;k,¡

gksxh] ml ns'k esa lkekftd vkUnksyuksa dh la[;k Hkh vf/kd gksxhA

yksdra= esa turk dks ;g vf/kdkj izkIr gS fd og ljdkj ij

vkUnksyu ds }kjk ncko cuk;s vkSj leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds

fy, mUgsa ck/; djsaA ;g Hkh dVq lR; gS fd yksdra=h; yphyh

'kklu O;oLFkk vkSj detksj ljdkjh O;oLFkk o izca/ku ns'k esa

vkjktdrkoknh vkUnksyuksa dks Hkh tUe nsrs gSA uDlyoknh vkUnksyu

bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

;g lR; gS fd yksdra=h; O;oLFkk vFkok vU; fdlh iz.kkyh

esa lkekftd vkUnksyu dh ,d laLdfr gksrh gSA ;g dHkh vk;kfrr

Hkh gksrh gSA tSls&Ýkal Økafr ds ,d ukjs&Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj

HkzkrRo us lEiw.kZ foEc esa jktuSfrd psruk dks mRiUu fd;kA nqfu;k

ds etnwjksa ,d gks ds ukjs us fo'o ds Jfedksa dks ,dtqV fd;kA rqe

eq>s [kqu nks] eSa rqEgsa vktknh nw¡xk ds ukjs us lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa vktknh

dk foxqy ctk;kA bl izdkj ds vusd mnkgj.k fn;s tk ldrs gS

tks veqd ns'k dh lkekftd] jktuSfrd o vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dh

fpaxkjh Fks] ftUgksaus vkxs pydj vkUnksyu dk ,d cM+k :i /kkj.k

fd;kA eSDl csoj dk fopkj gS fd HkhM+ vkSj turk esa vis{kkvksa dh

cfuLir m)ax ls lkekftd vkUnksyu izHkkfor gksrs gSA os lkekftd

cnyko ds :i esa ns[ks tkrs gSaA csoj Jfed vkUnksyu dks la?k fgr

ifjiDo jktuSfrd la?kksa ds :iksa esa ns[krk gSA

yksdra= esa lkekftd vkUnksyu bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk

gS fd usrRo vkSj laxBuksa ds izdkjksa dh HkwfHkdk vkUnksyu esa fdl

izdkj dh gSA bl ra= esa lkekftd vkUnksyu pykus vkSj fu;af=r

djus dk nkf;Ro usrk ij gksrk gS] Bhd blh izdkj os lkekftd

laxBu tks laxfBr vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gS] lkekftd vkUnksyu dks

fn'kk vkSj funsZ'k nsrs gSA tSls&egkjk"Vª esa f'ko lsuk dk laxBu

'kfDr'kkyh vkSj izHkko'kkyh gSA Bhd blh izdkj fo'o&fgUnw

ifj"kn dk laxBu tks fgUnqRo vkSj lkaLd`frd jk"Vªokn gsrq

vkUnksyu pyk jgs gSa] Bhd blh izdkj iaFk fujis{k jktuSfrd ny

ns'k esa iaFk fujis{k ljdkj dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkUnksyu djrs

jgrs gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj vkUnksyu lkekftd vlUrks"k

dk izn'kZu gS vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh vk/kkj

gSa ;g vko';d ugha gS fd vkUnksyu dk tUe dSls gqvk\ mldk

Lo:i D;k gS\ og dSls dk;Z djrk gS cfYd vko';d ;g gS fd

vkUnksyu dks lapkfyr djus okyk oxZ dkSu&lk gSA vko';d ;g

gS] ekDlZ iwathoknh O;oLFkk vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo:) FkkA Jfed oxZ

gh mlds lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd vkUnksyu dk vk/kkj

gSA Hkkjr esa Jfed vkUnksyu vkt eqag ds cy fxj x;k gS vkSj

ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds LFkku ij uo mifuos'koknh vkfFkZd

lkekftd laLd`fr dh LFkkiuk gks jgh gSA lapkj ek/;e blh

laLdfr dks LFkkfir djus dk vkUnksyu pyk jgs gSaA dVq lR; ;g

gS fd Hkkjr esa 1975 ds i'pkr~ fdlh Hkh izdkj dk 'kfDr'kkyh

vkUnksyu ugha gqvkA NqV&iqV vkUnksyu gq, vkSj cq> x,A

Lisalj yksdra= esa lkekftd vkUnksyu dh nks Jsf.k;k¡a crkrs

gSa] ,d lkekU; vkUnksyu tks lkekftd vkUnksyu ls fHkUu gSA

lkekU; vkUnksyu /khjs&/khjs ifjorZu ykrs gSaA yksdkpkj] ewY; vkSj

izo`fr;ksa esa cnyko gksrs gSA lkekftd psruk esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs

gSa] ftlls ekuoh; O;ogkj esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaA lkekftd ifjorZu

dh rhoz xfr lkewfgd O;ogkj esa ,dne ls ifjorZu ykrh gSA

blfy, lkekftd vkUnksyu vUrr% lkekU; vkUnksyu dh gh

vfHkO;fDr gSA vkUnksyu dk ;g lkekftd yksdrakf=d fopkj

lkekftd ifjorZu ds fodkloknh fl)kar dks n'kkZrk gSA okLro

esa yksdra= esa lkekftd vkUnksyu dk dksbZ ,d vk/kkj ugha vkSj

u dksbZ ,d dkjd gh yksdra= esa leL;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa lkekftd

vkUnksyu dks le;≤ ij mRiUu djrh jgrh gSA blfy,

lkekftd vkUnksyu dh ÁfØ;k dh dksbZ lh/kh js[kk [khaph ugh tk

ldrh gSA bruk dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd vkUnksyu

O;fDr;ksa ds ,dtqV iz;kl dk izfrQy gS] tks lkekftd n'kk esa

cnyko ykuk pkgrk gSA lkekftd vkUnksyu dk ;g ekWMy

Ýkal&ØkfUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA

mDr 'kks/ki= esa fy[kk x;k gS fd yksdra= dk nwljk uke

lkekftd vkUnksyu gSA lkekftd vkUnksyu dk ;fn fo'ys"k.k

fd;k tk,] rks ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd lkekftd vkUnksyu ds

vYidkyhu o nh?kZdkyhu vusd Lo:i gS] tks le;≤ ij

LFkkuh;] {ks=h;] jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ?kfVr gksrs gSaA dHkh

egRoiw.kZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVuk,¡ Hkh vkUnksyu djus ds fy, izsfjr

djrh gSaA buds ihNs jk"Vªh; lkewfgd Hkkouk vkSj oxhZ; psruk

jgrh gSA dgh ;g ekuorkokn ls Hkh tqM+h gksrh gSA

O;fDr;ksa dks izkphu ls vk/kqfud ds vksj igq¡pkus esa lkekftd

vkUnksyu dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA [kkldj Hkkjr dks 1947 esa vktknh

feyus ds QyLo:i 1950 esa iw.kZ:i ls ns'k esa yksdra= cgky gksus

ds ckn ns'k esa lkekftd vkUnksyu pyrk jgk ftldk ifj.kke gS

fd vkt ns'k ds lcls fupyk iafDr ds O;fDr 'kh"kZ iafDr esa igq¡pk

gqvk gS vkSj blh dk nsu gS fd vkt ns'k esa lerk ewyd lekt

dk egRo c<+ jgk gSA lkekftd vkUnksyu dh gh nsu gS fd

le;≤ ij tufgr dks /;ku j[krs gq, lafo/kku la'kks/ku gksrs

jgrs gSa] tSls&f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj] vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr]

fiNM+k oxZ dk vkj{k.k] efgyk 'kfDrdj.k] NqvkNqr fu"ksn] tehankjh

izFkk fu"ksn] vkfnA blhfy, tufgr esa lHkh ra=ksa esa yksdra= dks mPp

ekuk tkrk gSA turk dh vko';drkuqlkj lkekftd vkanksyu dk

Lo:i cnyrk jgrk gS vkSj lHkh {ks=ksa esa lerk ewyd lekt cukus

esa ekxZ iz'kLr djrs jgrk gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ clq Mh0Mh0 % Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] i0 111- ¼2½ lkekftd

U;k; lans'k] i0 14- ¼3½ ckyh ,y0vkj0 % MkW0 vEcsMdj] i0 14-

¼4½ Hkkjr esa lkekftd vkUnksyu] i0 14- ¼5½ /keZohj % Hkkjr esa

nfyr] i`0 11- ¼6½ nfyr lkfgR; dh fodkl ;k=k] i0 120-

¼7½ Hkkjrh; lkekftd fpUrd] i0 185- ¼8½ txthou jke Hkkjr

esa tkfrokn vkSj gfjtu leL;k] i0 116- ¼9½ lkekftd fpard]

i0 01-




Sin

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izLrkouk %

vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lkekU; vFkZ ldkjkRed lksp ,oa ifjorZu

rFkk izxfr ls Ykxk;k tk ldrk gSA

MkW- ,l-lh- nqcs ds vuqlkj vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d izfØ;k gS]

tks ijkaijkxr lekt esa izkS|ksxhdj.k vk/kkfjr lekt dh vksj

vxzlj gksrh gSA bl izdkj ;g ,d cgqi{kh; izfØ;k gS] tks ,d

lekt fo'ks"k ds lnL;ksa ds laiw.kZ thou dks Li'kZ djrh gSA

mn~ns'; %

Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k lekt esa efgYkkvksa dh csgrj fLFkfr ,oa

ifjofrZr izfLFkfr ds fYk, D;k vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ftEesnkj

gS \

'kks/k ifjdYiuk %

¼1½ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh efgYkkvksa dh izfLFkfr esa cnYkko vk jgk

gSA

¼2½ ijaijk ,oa vk/kqfudrk ds e/; la?k"kZ gSA

¼3½ xzkeh.k efgYkk,¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k ls izHkkfor gS \

¼4½ Ykksdkpkj ]:f<+ ]va/k fo'okl vkfn dk izHkko de gks jgk

gSA

'kks/k izfof/k ,oa {ks= %

fNanokM+k ftYks dh rglhYk fcNqvk ls 05 fd-eh- nwjh ij

fLFkr ^xksuh tk[kkokM+h** xk¡o dks v/;;u {ks= gsrq p;fur fd;k

x;k gSA 'kks/k izfof/k ds :i esa ^^lk{kkRdkj**] ^^vuqlwph** ,oa

^^funsZ'ku** i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

lkaf[;dh rduhd %

^^xksuh ,oa tk[kkokM+h** xzkeh.k ifjos'k ls ifjiw.kZ {ks= dh 50

efgYkkvksa dk p;u bl gsrq fd;k x;kA bl {ks= esa eq[; dk;Z df"k

gSA ;gk¡ ij vf/kdka'k edku dPps ,oa dqN iDds edku gSaA lHkh

oxksZ ds Ykksx ,l-lh-],l-Vh-] vU; fiNM+k oxZ ,oa lkekU; oxZ ;gka

ij fuokljr gSA

fo'Yks"k.k ,oa foospuk %

xzkeh.k efgYkvksa ij ^vk/kqfudhdj.k^^ dk izHkko fdl :i esa

iM+k gS] bl gsrq p;fur 50 efgYkkvksa ls fuEu iz'uksa dk mRrj Yksdj

muds vfHkerksa ds vk/kkj ij fo'Yks"k.k ,oa foospuk dh xbZ gS %

iz'u 1 % lHkh tkfr;ks a dks eafnj esa izos'k dh

vuqefr gksuh pkfg, \

gk¡ & 50 ugha & fujad

mijksDr vfHker iw.kZr %vk/kqfudhdj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA

iz'u 2 % D;k vki lHkh tkfr ds Ykksxksa ls ifjp;]

fe=rk] esYktksYk j[krh gSa \

gk¡ & 40 ugha & 10

vf/kdka'k efgYkk,¡ tkar&ikar ds HksnHkko dks ugha ekurh gS]

;g Hkh vk/kqfudrk dk izrhd gSA

iz'u 3 % D;k vki lHkh dk;ksZ ,oa ?kVukvksa ds fYk,

^^bZ'oj** }kjk fuea=.k dks ekurh gS \

gk¡ & 17 ugha & 33

vFkkZr~ vf/kdka'k us ugha ij mRrj fn;k gSA

iz'u 4 % D;k vki nwljs /keZ] jhfr&fjokt dh

tkudkjh j[krh gS \

gk¡ & 35 ugha & 15

mijksDr vfHker ls vk/kqfudhdj.k dk izHkko Li"V gksrk gS

fd vf/kdka'k efgYkkvksa dks vU; /keksZ dh tkudkjh gS A

iz'u 5 % iajkxrxr /kkfeZd deZdkaMksa esa fo'okl

j[krh gSa \

gk¡ & 30 ugha & 20

«eeceerCe ceefnueeDeeW hej DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe keâe ØeYeeJe

meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (meceepeMee�e efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, efyeÚgDee, efpeuee-efÚvoJeeÌ[e (ceOÙeØeosMe)

[[email protected] efleJeejer

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e kesâ ceeOÙece mes «eeceerCe ceefnueeDeeW hej DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe keâe ØeYeeJe efkeâme meercee

lekeâ ngDee nw, Fmekesâ efJeMues<eCe hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe keâer Øeef�eâÙee kesâJeue DeeefLe&keâ he#e mes ner

mebyebefOele veneR, Deefheleg jepeveweflekeâ, meebmke=âeflekeâ leLee meeceeefpekeâ Øeef�eâÙee Yeer nw~ veJeervelee SJeb heefjJele&ve meceÙe

keâer ceebie nesleer nw SJeb mekeâejelcekeâ heefjJele&ve keâes DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe keâne pee mekeâlee nw~ DeeOegefvekeâ yeveves keâer

FÛÚe kesâ JeMeerYetle mecemle ceveg<Ùe nw, Ûeens Jen heg®<e nes Ùee ceefnuee~ efMe#ee, veiejerkeâjCe, mebÛeej kesâ meeOeve,

DeewÅeesefiekeâerkeâjCe Deeefo mes Fme Øeef�eâÙee ceW lespeer Dee mekeâleer nw~ «eeceerCe #es$eeW keâer ceefnueeSB hejbheje SJeb

DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ mecevJeÙe keâes hemebo keâjleer nw~ kegBâpeer Meyo : «eeceerCe ceefnuee, DeeOegefvekeâlee, DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe,

hejbhejeiele keâce&keâeC[, hejbheje SJeb DeeOegefvekeâlee~


vHkh Hkh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa deZdkaMksa dk izHkqRo gSA

iz'u 6 % ^^f'k{kk** vk/kqfudhdj.k dk l'kDr ek/;e gS\

gk¡ & 45 ugha & 05

xzkeh.k efgYkk,¡ Hkh tkx:d gksrh tk jgh gSaA

iz'u 7 % /keZ ,oa :f<+;ksa ls tqM+s lHkh rjg ds ozr

,oa miokl esa fo'okl gS \

gk¡ & 30 ugha & 20

vFkkZr~ xzkeh.k efgYkk,¡ leLr izdkj ozr ,oa miokl ij

Hkjkslk j[krh gSaA

iz'u 8 % ijaijk ,oa vk/kqfudrk esa ^^leUo;** gksuk

pkfg,\

gk¡ & 45 ugha & 05

Li"V gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh efgYkk,¡ ijaijk ,oa vk/kqfudrk

nksuksa dks viukuk ilan dj jgh gSA

iz'u 9 % vki ;fn dk;ksZ esa vlQYk gks tkrh gSa] rks

fdl dkj.k ls \

vuqHko dh deh & 20

HkkX; & 04

ifjJe dh deh & 21

vU; dkj.k & 05

vFkkZr~ vlQYkrk ds ihNs ^HkkX;** ugha] cfYd ifjJe ,oa

vuqHko dh deh gksrh gSA

iz'u 10 % ijaijkxr ekU;rk,a csgrj gksrh gS D;k \

gk¡ & 30 ugha & 20

vFkkZr~ vf/kdka'k efgykvksa dks ijaijkxr ekU;rk,¡ gh vPNh

Ykxrh gSA

iz'u 11 % vki HkkX; esa Hkjkslk j[krh gS ;k deZ esa\

HkkX; ij Hkjkslk & 10

deZ ij Hkjkslk & 40

vFkkZr~ xzkeh.k efgYkkvksa dks Lo;a ds ifjJe ij fo'okl gSA

fu"d"kZ %

mijksDr leLr iz'uksa ,oa efgYkkvksa ds vfHkerksa ls Li"V gS

fd xzkeh.k efgYkkvksa ds fopkjksa esa /kkfeZd fo'okl ds izfr ifjiDork

fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=h; efgYkkvksa esa tkar&ikar dh Hkkouk

ugha gSA fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ,oa /keksZ esa leUo; gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k dh

Nki Li"V :i ls fn[k jgha gSA tkx:drk fn[kkbZ nh gSA Je ,oa

deZ dk egRo c<+k gSA

xk¡o esa Hkh ,dYk ifjokj c<+ jgs gSa] fdarq vkt Hkh deZdkaMksa

,oa ozr] mioklksa ij efgykvksa dks Hkjkslk gS] vFkkZr~ ijEijk dk

ikYku ,oa izkphu laLd`fr ls iw.kZr% tqM+h gSA

vr% Li"V gS fd xzkeh.k efgYkkvksa ij vk/kqfudhdj.k dk

izHkko /kheh xfr ls iM+ jgk gS] fdarq og bl izfØ;k ls vNwrh ugha

gSA

lq>ko %

f'k{kk] uxjhdj.k] lapkj ds lk/ku] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkfn ls

bl izfØ;k esa rsth vk ldrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh efgYkk,¡ ijaijk

,oa vk/kqfudrk ds leUo; dks ialn djrh gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ enku MkW- th-vkj- % ifjorZu ,oa fodkl dk lekt'kkL=]

foosd ifCYkds'ku] tokgj uxj] fnYYkh &7] i"B 112-

¼2½ eksgEen MkW- uwj ,oa Ykokfu;k MkW-,e-,e- % Hkkjrh;

lekt foLrr v/;;u] dkWYkst cqd fMiks] t;iqj] i"B 452&457-

¼3½ eksnh MkW-,e-ih- % , tuZYk vkQ ,f'k;k Qkj Mseksdslh ,aM

MsOgYkiesaV] i"B 94&99] Vol- XII, No-02- 2012.

Eco-Tourism as a Vehicle for Local Area Developmentresearchlink.co/wp-content/uploads/issues/133/9-Sociology.pdf · Home to over 215 species of birds, ... IBA cover a total ... reserve

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