Chapter 27 Basic Tools of Finance
May 24, 2015
Chapter 27 !
Basic Tools of
Finance
Key Termsfinance present value future value compounding discounting risk aversion diversification
firm-specific risk market risk fundamental analysis efficient market hypothesis information efficiency random walk
SurveyQuestion 1
What would you prefer? !
A. Win 1,000 riyals !
B. Flip a coin: 50 percent chance you win 2,000 riyals 50 percent chance you win nothing.
SurveyQuestion 2
What would you prefer? !
A. Lose 1,000 riyals !
B. Flip a coin: 50 percent chance you lose 2,000 riyals 50 percent chance you lose nothing.
Payback?
One year?
Five years?
Ten years?
Promissory Note
Trading paper for paper
I.O. U.
10 SAR Dr. Gale
Compounding
The process of finding the future value of a
present sum of money !
multiplying
Discounting
The process of finding the present value of a future sum of money
!
dividing
compounding is the inverse of discounting
discounting is the inverse of compounding
Finance
Time and Risk
Future ValueThe amount of money in the future, using an interest rate, that a present amount will
produce
Key Formula 1
(1+r)N
r = rate N = number of periods
Future Value or FV
(1+r)N
r = 7% FV =?
1 1.070 2 1.145 3 1.225
N FV
(1+r)N
r = 10% FV =?
1 1.100 2 1.210 3 1.331 4 1.464 5 1.611
N FV
(1+r)N
r = 15% FV =?
1 1.150 2 1.323 3 1.521
N FV
(1+r)N
r = 15% N = 3 FV =?
1 1.150 2 1.323 3 1.521
N FV
Present ValueThe amount of money need today, using an
interest rate, to produce a future
amount
Key Formula 2
(1+r)N
r = rate N = number of periods
Present Value or PV1 Reciprocal
of the FV formula
(1+r)N
r = 7% N = 3 PV =?
1 .935 2 .873 3 .816
N PV
1
(1+r)N
r = 10% N = 5 PV =?
1 .909 2 .826 3 .751 4 .683 5 .621
N PV
1
Insurance
Sharing risk !
Does not eliminate risk Spread around risk
Risk Aversion
A dislike of uncertainty
ScenarioCost: 1000
Risk: 1 in 100 Expected cost =
cost x risk = 1000 x .01
=10
ScenarioExpected cost =10 Total Cost = 1000
Get 100 people to give 10 each to fund the
account 10 x 100 = 1000
Insurance Problems
Asymmetric Information Adverse Selection
Moral Hazard
Asymmetric Information
Parties to a trade do not have the same
information !
Not Equal
Adverse Selection
Making a bad choice due to asymmetric
information
Moral Hazard
Changing behavior after an agreement
!
Temptation to abuse the other party
Diversification
Replace one large risk with lots of smaller
unrelated risks
Three Risks
Firm Risk Industry Risk Market Risk
Firm Risk
Risk that affects only a single company
Industry Risk
Risk that affects all the companies in an
industry
Market Risk
Risk that affects all the companies in the stock
market
Valuation
What is it worth? !
Analyze financial statements and future
prospects
Speculative Bubble
Price is greater than fundamental value
!
Buy because everyone else is buying