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• ECMA
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ECMAScript
1 Paradigm(s) Multi-paradigm: prototype-based, functional, imperative, scripting
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ECMAScript
1 Influenced by Self, HyperTalk, AWK, C, Perl, Python, Java,
Scheme
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ECMAScript
1 ECMAScript is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and
ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used for client-side scripting on the web, in the form of several
well-known implementations such as JavaScript, JScript and ActionScript.
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ECMAScript - History
1 JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape under the name Mocha, later LiveScript,
and finally renamed to JavaScript. In December 1995, Sun Microsystems and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press release. In March 1996,
Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released, featuring support for
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ECMAScript - History
1 Owing to the widespread success of JavaScript as a client-side scripting language for web pages, Microsoft
developed a compatible dialect of the language, naming it JScript to avoid
trademark issues. JScript added new date methods to fix the non-Y2K-friendly methods in JavaScript, which were based on the Java Date class. JScript was included in Internet
Explorer 3.0, released in August 1996.
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ECMAScript - History
1 Netscape delivered JavaScript to Ecma International for
standardization and the work on the specification, ECMA-262, began in
November 1996. The first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma
General Assembly of June 1997. Several editions of the language
standard have been published since then.
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ECMAScript - History
1 ECMAScript is the name of the scripting language standardized in ECMA-262. The name "ECMAScript" was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially
Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Brendan Eich, the creator of JavaScript,
commented that "ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a skin
disease."
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ECMAScript - History
1 While both JavaScript and JScript aim to be compatible with ECMAScript,
they also provide additional features not described in the ECMA
specifications.
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 There are five editions of ECMA-262 published. Work on a future edition,
codenamed "Harmony", is in progress.
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 Edition Date publishedChanges from prior edition Editor
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 2 June 1998 Editorial changes to keep the specification fully aligned
with ISO/IEC 16262 international standardMike Cowlishaw
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 3 December 1999 Added regular expressions, better string handling, new control statements, try/catch
exception handling, tighter definition of errors, formatting for numeric
output and other enhancementsMike Cowlishaw
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 4 Abandoned Fourth Edition was abandoned, due to political
differences concerning language complexity. Many features proposed
for the Fourth Edition have been completely dropped; some are
proposed for ECMAScript Harmony.
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 5 December 2009 Adds "strict mode", a subset intended to provide more thorough
error checking and avoid error-prone constructs. Clarifies many ambiguities in the 3rd edition specification, and accommodates behaviour of real-world implementations that differed consistently from that specification.
Adds some new features, such as getters and setters, library support for JSON, and more
complete reflection on object properties.Pratap Lakshman, Allen Wirfs-Brock
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 5.1 June 2011 This edition 5.1 of the ECMAScript Standard is fully aligned with third edition of the international standard ISO/IEC
16262:2011 Pratap Lakshman, Allen Wirfs-Brock
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 As the first “ECMAScript Harmony” specification, it is also known as “ES6
Harmony”. Allen Wirfs-Brock
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 7 Work in progress The Seventh Edition is in a very early stage of development, but is intended to continue the themes of language reform, code isolation, control of
effects and library/tool enabling from ES6
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 In June 2004, Ecma International published ECMA-357 standard,
defining an extension to ECMAScript, known as ECMAScript for XML (E4X).
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ECMAScript - Versions
1 The HD DVD standard was one place where the ECMAScript Compact Profile was used in favour of full
ECMAScript to reduce processing and memory needs on devices.
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ECMAScript - Features
1 The ECMAScript language includes structured, dynamic, functional, and
prototype-based features, as officially summarized here.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 ECMAScript is supported in many applications, especially web
browsers, where it is implemented by JavaScript, or, in the case of Internet
Explorer, JScript
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Mozilla Firefox, the Gecko layout engine, SpiderMonkey, and Rhino[d
1] JavaScript 1.8.5[d 2] ECMA-262, edition 5, and features from
upcoming 6. [d 3]
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Internet Explorer, the Trident layout engineJScript 9.0 ECMA-262,
edition 5
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 KHTML layout engine, KDE's Konqueror, and Apple Inc.'s Safari[d
8] JavaScript[d 2] ECMA-262, edition 3
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Adobe Creative Suite products: InDesign,
Illustrator,
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 General purpose scripting language
DMDScript 1.15 ECMA-262
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Compiler-generated JavaScript applications TypeScript ECMA-262,
edition 3, 5 and features from upcoming 6.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 The Mozilla implementations, (SpiderMonkey in the C++ language, Rhino in the Java language), are used
in several third-party programs, including the Yahoo! Widget Engine (Konfabulator) and the Macintosh system-level scripting language
JavaScript OSA.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 ^ a b c d e "JavaScript" is an ECMAScript variant managed by Mozilla. All non-
Mozilla implementations using JavaScript are actually implementing ECMAScript,
rather than Javascript. "JavaScript" support generally is meant to describe
support for ECMA-262, edition 3, though some—notably Chrome, but also Opera
12 and Internet Explorer 10—target ECMA-262, edition 5.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 SpiderMonkey already supports a wide range of upcoming features: ECMAScript 6 support
in Mozilla
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 V8, the JavaScript engine created by Google and used in Chrome,
implements ECMAScript as specified in ECMA-262, 5th edition: V8
JavaScript Engine.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Chrome also implements non-ECMAScript-standard extensions to the language which are present in
WebKit, in order to maintain compatibility with JavaScriptCore
(which is itself based on the KDE KJS library) : V8 JavaScript Engine issue
tracker.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Opera's implementation includes some JavaScript and JScript
extensions: ECMAScript support in Opera Presto 2.3
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Full ECMAScript (JavaScript) 5.1 support in Opera 11.51+ : .
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Apple's Safari uses JavaScriptCore which is based on the KDE KJS
library.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 This implementation asserts to support some extensions proposed in drafts of ECMAScript edition 4 (and now ECMAScript Harmony): Ejscript
Overview.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Microsoft asserts that JScript 8.0 supports "almost all of the features
of the ECMAScript Edition 3 Language Specification" but does not
list the unsupported features.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 In addition to supporting ECMA-262 edition 3, ActionScript 3 also included
support for extensions proposed in drafts of ECMAScript edition 4: The Kiwi Project: AS3 language 101 for
C/C++ coders.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Adobe Acrobat 9.0 uses the SpiderMonkey 1.7 engine: JavaScript for Acrobat API
Reference
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 OpenLaszlo both uses an ECMAScript implementation as noted in the Developer's Guide: Appendix
B: ECMAScript and can compile down to JavaScript targeted for the browser
(the DHTML target).
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 ANT Galio Browser claims support for
JavaScript 1.5.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1 Caja emulates strict mode as specified in the ECMAScript
edition 5 draft.
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 The following table is based on tedster's history compilation forum post and Microsoft's JScript version information webpage. Items on the
same line are approximately the same language.
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 1.0 (Netscape 2.0, March 1996) 1.0
(IE 3.0 - early versions, August
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 1.1 (Netscape 3.0, August 1996) 2.0 (IE 3.0 - later
versions, January 1997)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 1.3 (Netscape 4.06-4.7x, October 1998) 3.0 (IE 4.0, Oct 1997)
Edition 1 (June 1997) / Edition 2 (June 1998)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 1.4 (Netscape Server only)4.0
(Visual Studio 6, no IE release)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 later Netscape and Mozilla releases) 5.5 (IE 5.5, July 2000) Edition 3 (December 1999)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 1.7 (Gecko 1.8.1, Firefox 2, October 2006) Edition 3 plus all
JavaScript 1.6 enhancements, plus Pythonic generators and array
comprehensions ([a*a for (a in iter)]), block scope with let, destructuring
assignment (var [a,b]=[1,2]) (New in JavaScript 1.7)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1 1.8 (Gecko 1.9, Firefox 3, June 2008)Edition 3 plus all JavaScript
1.7 enhancements, plus expression closures (function(x) x * x), generator
expressions, and more (New in JavaScript 1.8)
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 In 2010, Ecma International started developing a standards test for Ecma
262 ECMAScript. Test262 is an ECMAScript conformance test suite
that can be used to check how closely a JavaScript implementation follows the ECMAScript 5th Edition
Specification. The test suite contains thousands of individual tests, each of
which tests some specific requirements of the ECMAScript
specification.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 Development of Test262 is a project of Ecma Technical Committee 39
(TC39). The testing framework and individual tests are created by
member organizations of TC39 and contributed to Ecma for use in
Test262.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 Important contributions were made by Google (Sputnik testsuite) and Microsoft who both contributed
thousands of tests.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 The Test262 testsuite already contains more than 11,000 tests and
is being developed further as of 2013. Be aware that Test262 itself
may contain bugs which may impact some browsers' scores. So take these
figures with a grain of salt.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 The following table shows current conformance results of browser
products. Lower scores are better, although scores can not be compared
as tests are not weighted.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 Product Version tested Test262 failed Test suite version (date)Pre-release version Test262 failed
Test suite version (date)
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1 Opera 12.14 (build 1738) 10/11573ES5.1 (2013-03-24) 15.0.1147.18
10/11573 ES5.1 (2013-03-24)
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 4th Edition
1 The proposed fourth edition of ECMA-262 (ECMAScript 4 or ES4) would
have been the first major update to ECMAScript since the third edition
was published in 1999. The specification (along with a reference
implementation) was originally targeted for completion by October 2008. An overview of the language was released by the working group
on October 22, 2007.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 4th Edition
1 As of August 2008, the ECMAScript 4th edition proposal has been scaled
back into a project codenamed ECMAScript Harmony.
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ECMAScript - Features under discussion
1 Features under discussion for a future edition (originally "ECMAScript
4"; now ECMAScript Harmony) include:
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ECMAScript - Features under discussion
1 Optional type annotations and static typing, probably using a structural type system
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ECMAScript - Features under discussion
1 The intent of these features is partly to better support programming in the large, and to allow sacrificing some of the script's ability to be dynamic
to improve performance. For example, Tamarin — the virtual
machine for ActionScript developed and open sourced by Adobe — has
just-in-time compilation (JIT) support for certain classes of scripts.
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ECMAScript - Bug fixes and backwards compatibility
1 In addition to introducing new features, some ES3 bugs were
proposed to be fixed in edition 4. These fixes and others, and support for JSON encoding/decoding, have
been folded into the ECMAScript, 5th Edition specification.
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ECMAScript - History
1 He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C# and ActionScript 3 respectively, both
of which are larger and more complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 5th Edition
1 After the aforementioned public sparring, the ECMAScript 3.1 and ECMAScript 4 teams agreed on a
compromise: the two editions would be worked on, in parallel, with
coordination between the teams to ensure that ECMAScript 3.1 remains
a strict subset of ECMAScript 4 in both semantics and syntax.
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 5th Edition
1 On December 3, 2009, ECMA-262 5th edition was published.
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1 In addition, other goals and ideas from ECMAScript 4 are being
rephrased to keep consensus in the committee; these include a notion of
classes based on ECMAScript, 5th Edition (being an update to ECMAScript, 3rd edition).
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1 Drafts of ES.next have been published periodically since July
2011, with a target release date of December 2013.
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to meet the needs of different audiences.
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Vocabulary, notational conventions and abbreviations
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Summary of primary and supporting markup
languages
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Conformance conditions and interoperability
guidelines
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Constraints within the Open Packaging Conventions that apply to each document
type
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 The Open Packaging Conventions (OPC), for the package model and physical package, is defined and
used by various document types in various applications from multiple
vendors.
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 It defines core properties, thumbnails, digital signatures, and
authorizations and encryption capabilities for parts or all the
contents in the package.
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 XML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using
RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Informative (non-normative) introduction to WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs, providing context and illustrating elements through examples and
diagrams
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Describes the custom XML data storing facility within a package to support integration with business
data
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Contains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared
MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute
including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 XML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using
RELAX NG
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Defines the custom XML data storing facility
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Part 5. Markup Compatibility and
Extensibility
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Describes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements and attributes by which
applications with different extensions can interoperate
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1 Later versions of the ECMA-376 standard are aligned and technically equivalent to the corresponding ISO
standard.
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Reflection (computer programming) - ECMAScript
1 // assuming that Foo resides in this
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Ecma International
1 'Ecma International' is an international, private (membership-
based) non-profit standards organization for information and
communication systems.[http://www.ecma-
international.org/memento/Ecmabylaws.htm Ecma By-laws] It acquired its
current name in 1994, when the 'European Computer Manufacturers Association' ('ECMA') changed its name to reflect the organization's global reach and activities. As a
consequence, the name is no longer considered an acronym and no longer uses full capitalization.
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Ecma International
1 The organization was originally founded in 1961 to standardize computer systems in Europe.
Membership is open to large and small companies worldwide that
produce, market or develop computer or communication
systems, and have interest and experience in the areas addressed by
the group's technical bodies. It is located in Geneva.
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Ecma International - Aims
1 Ecma publications, including standards, can be freely copied by all interested parties without copyright
restrictions
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Ecma International - Aims
1 Unlike national standardization bodies, Ecma is a membership-based
organization. It takes pride in the resulting business-like approach to standards, claimed to lead to better standards in less time, thanks to a
less bureaucratic process focused on achieving results by consensus.
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Ecma International - Aims
1 For over 50 years Ecma has actively contributed to worldwide
standardization in information technology and telecommunications.
More than 400 [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standar
ds/Standard.htm Ecma Standards] and 100 [http://www.ecma-
international.org/publications/techreports/techrep.htm Technical Reports] have been published, more than 2/3 of which have also been adopted as
international standards and/or technical reports.
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Ecma International - Standards
1 Ecma International is currently responsible for several standards, including the following:
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-119 – CD-ROM volume and filestructure
(later known as ISO 9660)
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-262 – ECMAScript Language Specification (often referred to as JavaScript)
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-334 – C Sharp (programming
language)|C# Language Specification
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-335 – Common Language Infrastructure|Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI)
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-341 – Environmental
design considerations for electronic products
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-363 – Universal 3D|
Universal 3D File Format
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-367 – Eiffel: Analysis, design and programming Language (See
Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel programming language)
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-372 – C++/CLI Language Specification[ http://www.ecma-
international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-372.htm Standard ECMA-
372]
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-377 – Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) Recordable
Cartridges[ http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standar
ds/Ecma-377.htm Standard ECMA-377]
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-378 – Read-Only Memory Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD-
ROM)[ http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standar
ds/Ecma-378.htm Standard ECMA-378]
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-388 – Open XML Paper Specification[ http://www.ecma-
international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-388.htm Standard ECMA-
388]
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Ecma International - Standards
1 * ECMA-404 - JSON[ http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-404.htm
Standard ECMA-404]
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Ecma International - Java programming language
1 Although Sun Microsystems submitted its Java (programming
language)|Java programming language to Ecma, Sun subsequently withdrew the submission. Thus, Ecma
is not responsible for the standardization of Java.
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Ecma International - Office Open XML formats
1 Ecma is involved in the standardization of the Office Open XML|Ecma Office Open XML format based on the XML office document
formats by Microsoft. The Ecma Office Open XML maintenance
process is currently performed by technical committee 45
([http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC45.htm
TC45]).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Ecma International - Eco Declaration
1 In [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-370.htm Ecma International
Standard 370], Ecma joined forces with the Scandinavian IT Eco
Declaration organisation to put forward a guideline for informing
consumers about the environmental practices of the manufacturers of ICT and consumer electronics products.
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Ecma International - Eco Declaration
1 The IT Eco Declaration includes information on the environmental
practices of the manufacturer as well as product features, such as
environmentally conscious design, batteries, acoustic noise, electrical
safety, energy consumption, chemical emissions, substances and materials included, and packaging
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List of aircraft engines - SNECMA
1 (Société Nationale d'Étude et de
Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation)
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Presto (layout engine) - ECMAScript engines
1 When released it was the fastest engine around, but in 2008 a new generation of ECMAScript engines
from Google (V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8), Mozilla (TraceMonkey) and Apple
Inc.|Apple (SquirrelFish) took one more step, introducing native code
generation
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Presto (layout engine) - ECMAScript engines
1 In early 2009, Opera began to use the Carakan engine. It features
register-based bytecode, native code generation, automatic object
classification and overall performance improvements. Early
access in the Opera 10.50 pre-alpha showed that it is as fast as the
fastest competitors, being the winner in 2 out of the 3 most used Benchmark (computing)|
benchmarks.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 An 'ECMAScript engine' is a program that executes source code
written in a version of the ECMAScript language standard, for
example, JavaScript.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 These are new generation ECMAScript engines for web
browsers, all implementing just-in-time compilation (JIT) or variations of that idea. The performance benefits for just-in-time compilation make it
much more suitable for web applications written in JavaScript.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript engines|Carakan: A JavaScript engine
developed by Opera Software ASA, http://labs.opera.com/news/2009/02/05/ included in the Opera 10#10.50|
10.50 http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blo
g/ release of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser, until switching to V8 (JavaScript engine)|
V8 with Opera 15 (released in 2013). http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/300-
million-users-and-move-to-webkit http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/opera
-14-for-android-is-out
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Chakra (JScript engine)|Chakra: A JScript engine used in Internet
Explorer. It was first previewed at MIX (Microsoft)#MIX 10|MIX 10 as part of
the Internet Explorer 9 Platform Preview.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *SpiderMonkey (JavaScript engine)|SpiderMonkey: A JavaScript engine in Mozilla Gecko (layout engine)|Gecko
applications, including Mozilla Firefox|Firefox. The engine currently
includes the IonMonkey and JägerMonkey compilers, has
previously included the TraceMonkey compiler (first javascript JIT), and is planned to include the forthcoming
OdinMonkey compiler.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
List of ECMAScript engines
1 *SquirrelFish (JavaScript engine)|SquirrelFish: The JavaScript engine for Apple Inc.'s WebKit. Also known
as Nitro. http://www.apple.com/safari/whats-
new.html
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Tamarin (JavaScript engine)|Tamarin: An ActionScript and ECMAScript engine used in
Adobe Flash.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8: A JavaScript engine used in Google Chrome, Node.js, and .
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *WebKit#JavaScriptCore|JavaScriptCore: A JavaScript
interpreter originally derived from KJS (KDE)|KJS. It is used in the WebKit
project and applications such as Safari (web browser)|Safari.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Nashorn (JavaScript engine)|Nashorn: A JavaScript engine used in
Oracle Corporation|Oracle Java (programming language)|Java Java
Development Kit (JDK).
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 The following engines use runtime interpreters, which do not compile
into native machine code and generally run more slowly.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Continuum: A self-interpreter that supports recent iterations of the draft ECMAScript 6 specification. Uniquely,
the engine is implemented in ECMAScript 3, which makes it
possible to run ES6 in browsers as old as IE6.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript engines|Futhark: The ECMAScript
engine of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser versions 9.50 to
10.10.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *InScript (JavaScript engine)|InScript: An obsolete proprietary software|proprietary library used for iCab 2
and 3
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *JScript: The engine that is used in Internet Explorer for versions up to
IE9, and one component of the Trident (layout engine)|Trident layout
engine.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *KJS (KDE)|KJS: The engine used in Konqueror, and one component of
KHTML, a predecessor to JavaScriptCore.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript engines|Linear B: The ECMAScript
engine of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web browser versions 7.0 to
9.50, exclusive.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Narcissus (JavaScript engine)|Narcissus: JavaScript implemented in
JavaScript (a meta-circular evaluator), intended to run in another JavaScript engine, of
theoretical and educational nature only.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *[https://github.com/NeilFraser/JS-Interpreter JS-Interpreter] A
lightweight JavaScript interpreter implemented in JavaScript with step-
by-step execution.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Rhino (JavaScript engine)|Rhino: One of several JavaScript engines
from Mozilla, using the Java (software platform)|Java platform.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *YAJI: An ECMAScript engine based on the FESI implementation by Jean-Marc Lugrin in 1999, using the Java (software platform)|Java platform,
currently being developed to support the latest standards (Spec 262,
v5.1).
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List of ECMAScript engines
1 *Duktape: a small footprint, easily embeddable Ecmascript
E5/E5.1 engine.
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TypeScript - ECMAScript 6 support
1 TypeScript adds support for features proposed classes, modules and an arrow function syntax as they are
proposed in the upcoming ECMAScript 6 standard.
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TypeScript - ECMAScript 6 support
1 Although the standard is not ready, Microsoft has said that it aims to
align TypeScript's features with the proposed standard.
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ECMAScript for XML
1 'ECMAScript for XML' ('E4X') is a programming language extension that adds native XML support to
ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, JavaScript, and JScript)
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ECMAScript for XML
1 E4X is standardized by Ecma International in the
[http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-357.htm ECMA-357 standard]. The first edition
was published in June 2004, the second edition in December 2005.
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ECMAScript for XML - Browser support
1 E4X is supported by Mozilla's Rhino (JavaScript engine)|Rhino, used in OpenOffice.org and several other projects. It is also supported by
Tamarin (JavaScript engine)|Tamarin, the JavaScript engine used in the
Adobe Flash|Flash virtual machine. It is not supported by other common
engines like SquirrelFish|Nitro (Safari (web browser)|Safari), V8 (JavaScript
engine)|V8 (Google Chrome), Carakan (script engine)|Carakan
(Opera (web browser)|Opera), nor Internet Explorer.
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ECMAScript for XML - Browser support
1 In Firefox 10, E4X syntax was no longer accepted in SpiderMonkey
when ECMAScript#Versions|ECMAStrict 5 strict mode is enabled
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ECMAScript for XML - sales.item.(@type
1 oranges).@quantity = 4;
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Comparison of layout engines (ECMAScript)
1 The following tables compare ECMAScript (particularly JavaScript)
support for several popular Web browser engine|layout engines.
Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in
footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-
ons, extensions or external programs.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 ) operator, which brought it closer to being ECMA-262-
compliant
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 The next major revision of the language, ActionScript 2.0, was
introduced in September 2003 with the release of Flash MX 2004 and its corresponding player, Adobe Flash
Player|Flash Player 7. In response to user demand for a language better
equipped for larger and more complex applications, ActionScript
2.0 featured compile-time type checking and class-based syntax of
programming languages|syntax, such as the keywords class and extends.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 (While this allowed for a more structured object-oriented
programming approach, the code would still be compiled to
ActionScript 1.0 bytecode, allowing it to be used on the preceding Flash
Player 6 as well.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 In other words, the Class-based programming|class-based
inheritance syntax of programming languages|syntax was a layer on top
of the existing prototype-based system.) With ActionScript 2.0,
developers could constrain variable (programming)|variables to a specific type by adding a type annotation so that type mismatch errors could be
found at compile-time.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 ActionScript 2.0 also introduced class-based inheritance syntax of
programming languages|syntax so that developers could create classes and interfaces, much as they would in class-based languages such as
Java (programming language)|Java and C++. This version conformed partially to the ECMAScript Fourth
Edition draft specification.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 In June 2006, ActionScript 3.0 debuted with Adobe Flex|Adobe Flex
2.0 and its corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 9
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 The update to the language introduced
several new features:
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Compile-time and Run time (program lifecycle phase)|run-time type checking—type information exists at both compile-time and
runtime.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Support for Java package|packages, namespaces, and
regular expressions.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Unified event handling system based on the DOM Events|DOM event handling standard.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Integration of ECMAScript for XML (E4X) for purposes of XML processing.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Direct access to the Flash run-time system|runtime display list for complete control of what gets
displayed at Run time (program lifecycle phase)|runtime.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Completely conforming implementation of the ECMAScript fourth edition draft
specification.
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ActionScript - With the release of Flash 5 in September 2000, the actions from Flash 4 were enhanced once more and named
ActionScript for the first time.Note that the name ActionScript 1.0 is a retronym, coined after the release of ActionScript 2.0. This was the first version of ActionScript with influences from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the said standard's
object model and many of its core data types. Local variable (programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement,
and user-defined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer science)|parameter passing and return
statement|return values can also be created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather than being
assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor
changes, such as the addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
1 * Limited support for dynamic 3D objects. (X, Y, Z rotation, and texture mapping)
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ECMA-262
1 'ECMAScript' is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the 'ECMA-262'
specification (technical standard)|specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The
language is widely used for client-side scripting on the World Wide
Web|web, in the form of several well-known implementations such as
JavaScript, JScript and ActionScript.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ECMA-262 - History
1 JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape Communications Corporation|
Netscape under the name Mocha, later LiveScript, and finally renamed to JavaScript. In December 1995, Sun
Microsystems and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press
release. In March 1996, Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released, featuring
support for JavaScript.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ECMA-262 - History
1 ECMAScript is the name of the scripting language standardized in ECMA-262. The
name ECMAScript was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially
Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Brendan Eich, the creator of JavaScript,
commented that ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a skin
disease.
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ECMA-262 - Versions
1 The HD DVD standard was one place where the ECMAScript Compact Profile was used in favour of full
ECMAScript to reduce processing and memory needs on devices.
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ECMA-262 - Features
1 The ECMAScript language includes structured programming|structured,
dynamic programming language|dynamic, functional programming|
functional, and prototype-based programming|prototype-based
features, as officially summarized here.
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ECMA-262 - Conformance tests
1 The Test262 testsuite already contains more than 11,000 tests and is being developed further . Be aware
that Test262 itself may contain [https://bugs.ecmascript.org/buglist.c
gi?order=Importancequery_format=advancedbug_status=CONFIRMEDbug_status=IN_PROGRESScomponent=ECM
A-262%20Testsproduct=Test262 bugs] which may impact some browsers' scores. So take these
figures with a grain of salt.
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ECMA-262 - ECMAScript, 4th Edition
1 The proposed fourth edition of ECMA-262 ('ECMAScript 4' or 'ES4') would have been the first major update to ECMAScript since the third edition
was published in 1999. The specification (along with a reference
implementation) was originally targeted for completion by October
2008. An [http://www.ecmascript.org/es4/spec/
overview.pdf overview] of the language was released by the
working group on October 22, 2007.
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1 Features under discussion for a future edition (originally ECMAScript
4; now #ECMAScript Harmony|ECMAScript Harmony) include:
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1 * class (computer science)|Classes
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1 * modular programming|A module system
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1 * Optional type annotations and static typing, probably using a structural type system
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1 * generator (computer science)|Generators and
iterators
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ECMA-262 - History
1 He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C Sharp (programming language)|C#
and ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which are larger and more
complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.
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ECMA-262 - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1 In addition, other goals and ideas from ECMAScript 4 are being
rephrased to keep consensus in the committee; these include a notion of
classes based on ECMAScript, 5th Edition (being an update to ECMAScript, 3rd edition).
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ECMA-262 - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1 Wiki.ecmascript.org
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Browser speed test - ECMAScript Test 262
1 ECMA International is a standardization authority for JavaScript. test262 is a
benchmark that composes enormous number of individual tests to test the conformance.
The individual test in this suit is developed by member organizations of TC39, the technical committee tasked with standardization of the
ECMAScript programming language. Currently test262 suite comprises 10,000+
tests and yet under more tests are scheduled to be included in future.
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List of Ecma standards
1 This is a list of standards published by Ecma International, formerly the European Computer
Manufacturers Association.
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1 * ECMA-1 – Standard for a Six-bit character code#Example of sixbit ASCII variants|6-bit Input/Output
character code
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1 * ECMA-6 – 7-bit coded character set (same as ISO/IEC 646/ITU-T T.50)
(successive editions in 1965, 1967, 1970, 1973, and 1984)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1 * ECMA-10 – Data Interchange on punched tape (Nov 1965)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1 * ECMA-13 – File Structure and Labelling of
Magnetic Tapes (later ISO 1001)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1 * ECMA-35 – Character Code Structure and
Extension Techniques (ISO/IEC 2022)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1 * ECMA-74 – Measurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by
Information Technology and Telecommunications Equipment
(same as ISO 7779)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-100 – ECMA-199
1 * ECMA-146 – 4mm Digital Audio Tape|DAT data cartridges (same as ISO/IEC 11321)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-100 – ECMA-199
1 * ECMA-167 – Universal Disk Format (same as
ISO/IEC 13346)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-100 – ECMA-199
1 * ECMA-182 – Cyclic redundancy check
polynomial CRC-64-ECMA-182
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-200 – ECMA-299
1 * ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented Functionality Class for Security Evaluation
(COFC)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-200 – ECMA-299
1 * ECMA-206 – Association Context Management including Security Context
Management
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-200 – ECMA-299
1 * ECMA-219 – Authentication and Privilege Attribute Security Application with related Key
Distribution Functions - Part 1, 2 and 3
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-307 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks -
Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Generic Functional
Protocol for the Support of Supplementary Services
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-308 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks -
Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Transfer
Supplementary Services
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-309 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks -
Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Diversion
Supplementary Services
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-319 – Linear Tape-Open|Ultrium-1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-326 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks -
Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Call Completion
Supplementary Services
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-332 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks -
Signalling Interworking between QSIG and H.323 - Basic Services
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-355 – Corporate Telecommunication Networks - Tunnelling of QSIG over SIP
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-360 – Corporate telecommunication networks -
Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call diversion
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-361 – Corporate telecommunication networks -
Signalling interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call transfer
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-380 – Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1 * ECMA-381 – Procedure for the Registration of Assigned Numbers for ECMA-368 and
ECMA-369
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1 The SDI rail gun investigation, called the Compact High Energy Capacitor
Module Advanced Technology Experiment (CHECMATE), had been able to fire two projectiles per day
during the initiative
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1 A hypervelocity railgun works very much like a particle accelerator insofar as it converts electrical
potential energy into kinetic energy imparted to the projectile
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1 Rail guns face a host of technical challenges before they will be ready for battlefield
deployment
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1 In addition to being considered for destroying ballistic missile threats,
rail guns were also being planned for service in space platform (sensor and battle station) defense. This potential
role reflected defense planner expectations that the rail guns of the future would be capable of not only rapid fire, but also of multiple firings (on the order of tens to hundreds of
shots).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Standardization of Office Open XML - Standardization within Ecma International
1 Ecma formed in December 2005 a technical committee (TC45) in order
to produce and maintain a formal standard for office productivity
applications that is fully compatible with the Office Open XML Formats,
submitted by Microsoft”
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Standardization of Office Open XML - Standardization within Ecma International
1 During standardisation within Ecma the specification grew to
approximately 6,000 pages. It was approved as an Ecma standard
(ECMA-376) on December 7, 2006. The standard can be downloaded
from Ecma free of charge.[http://www.ecma-
international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-376.htm Standard ECMA-
376]https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ECMAScript Harmony - History
1 Microsoft delivered JScript to Ecma International for standardization and the work on the specification, ECMA-262, began in November 1996. The
first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma General
Assembly of June 1997. Several editions of the language standard have been published since then.
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ECMAScript Harmony - History
1 He also pointed out that Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C Sharp (programming language)|C#
and ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which are larger and more
complex than ECMAScript Edition 3.
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WiMedia Alliance - ECMA
1 In December 2008, Ecma International released specification (ECMA-368 and ECMA-369) for UWB technology based on the WiMedia Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Common
Radio Platform.
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ECMAScript 4 - Conformance tests
1 Also, be aware that Test262 itself is likely to contain
[https://bugs.ecmascript.org/buglist.cgi?
order=Importancequery_format=advancedbug_status=CONFIRMEDbug_status=IN_PROGRESScomponent=ECM
A-262%20Testsproduct=Test262 bugs] which may impact a browser's
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ECMA
1 * Ecma International, an international standards organization for
information communication technology and consumer
electronics
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ECMA
1 * Engineering College Magazines Associated, a group of student-run engineering-based
publications
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ECMA
1 * East Coast Music Association|East Coast Music Awards, an annual
awards ceremony for music appreciation on the east coast of
Canada
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ECMA
1 ** East Coast Music Association, a non-profit association that hosts the East Coast Music
Awards
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Snecma
1 'Snecma S.A.' is a French Multinational corporation|multinational aircraft and rocket
engine manufacturer headquartered in Courcouronnes, France. Alone or in
partnership, Snecma designs, develops, produces and markets engines for civil and
military aircraft, launch vehicles and satellites. The company also offers a
complete range of engine support services to airlines, armed forces and other operators.
Snecma is a subsidiary of Safran.
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Snecma - Name
1 Snecma used to be an acronym for 'Société nationale d'études et de
construction de moteurs d'aviation' (in English, National Company for the Design and Construction of Aviation
Engines) until 27 Aprilth 2004.
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Snecma - 1960s
1 In 1961, Snecma and Bristol Siddeley agreed to a joint venture to produce the power plant for the Concorde,
which would become the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593. the
main body of the engine came from the Bristol Olympus with the
refinements being the addition of the variable intakes necessary for
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Snecma - 1960s
1 In 1968, Snecma took control of Hispano-Suiza, EADS Socata|Socata
and Bugatti. Snecma valued Bugatti's automobile background
(turbochargers and engines). In a subsequent reorganisation, all aero-engine maintenance services would
be grouped as Sochata-Snecma.
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Snecma - 1970s and 1980s
1 In 1970, Messier and Snecma agreed to merge their landing gear
businesses. The following year, Messier-Hispano was formed in which Snecma held a stake. Snecma took
full control of Messier-Hispano in 1973.
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Snecma - 1970s and 1980s
1 In 1977, the landing gear business was further consolidated by the
creation of Messier-Hispano-Bugatti (later renamed Messier-Bugatti).
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Snecma - 1970s and 1980s
1 Snecma and GE-Aviation|General Electric (GE) created a joint venture
in 1974, CFM International, beginning a long term relationship which
continues today. Testing of FADEC, a joint development of the two companies, began in 1985.
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 1990, Snecma announced its participation in the General Electric GE90 engine
programme.
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Snecma - 1990s
1 Messier-Dowty was formed in 1994 following the merger of the landing
gear businesses of Snecma (Messier) and the British TI Group (Dowty).
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 1997 Snecma acquired 100 per cent of Société européenne de
propulsion.
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 1998, Snecma took full control of
Messier-Dowty.
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 1999, Snecma Services was created to consolidate all
maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) operations (including Sochata-
Snecma).
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 2000, Snecma became a holding company and the propulsion
business was reformed as Snecma Moteurs. Later in the year Snecma
acquired Labinal, along with its Turbomeca and Microturbo
subsidiaries.
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 2001, Hurel-Hispano (now renamed and known as Aircelle) was created to consolidate the group's engine nacelle and thrust reverser
businesses.
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Snecma - 1990s
1 In 2005, Snecma merged with Sagem to form SAFRAN. Snecma was divided, with the company's
subsidiaries contributing to the propulsion and equipment divisions of the new group. Snecma moteurs
was then renamed Snecma.
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Snecma - Products
1 The company's major civil aircraft engine is the CFM International
CFM56. Produced by a partnership between Snecma and General
Electric, CFM56s power more than 4,900 aircraft around the world.
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Snecma - Products
1 Snecma is also the main partner for the General Electric CF6|General
Electric CF6-80 and GE90 programs. Snecma recently increased its
presence in the high-thrust turbofan segment by joining the Engine
Alliance GP7000 program managed by the Engine Alliance, a 50/50 joint venture of General Electric and Pratt
Whitney. This engine is one of two options available to power the Airbus
A380.
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Snecma - Products
1 The company has entered into the PowerJet partnership with NPO Saturn
of Russia to provide PowerJet SaM146|SaM146 engines for the
Sukhoi Superjet 100.
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Snecma - Commercial engines
1 * CFM International CFM International LEAP|LEAP
(50%) (under development)
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Snecma - Commercial engines
1 * General Electric CF6 (10–20% share of production, depending on engine model)
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Snecma - Commercial engines
1 * Snecma Silvercrest (under
development)
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Snecma - Commercial engines
1 * 5,000 Horsepower|shp turboprop (under study) for 70–90 seater regional airliners
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Snecma - Sites
1 * Melun Villaroche Aerodrome
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