Eclipse Technical Description 2014 Fan Arc One t

ECLIPSEVersion 2014.1

Technical Description

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ECLIPSE Technical Description

Table of Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1ECLIPSE features .............................................................................................................. 2ECLIPSE options ............................................................................................................. 11Ancillary programs ......................................................................................................... 17Additional programs ....................................................................................................... 18

2 Adjoint gradient screening ....................................................................... 22Keywords ......................................................................................................................... 22

Output ............................................................................................................................ 24Restrictions .................................................................................................................... 25Formulation .................................................................................................................... 25

3 Alkaline model ............................................................................................ 28Alkaline model 1 .............................................................................................................. 28

Using alkaline model 1 .................................................................................................. 31

Summary of keywords .................................................................................................... 31Example problem ............................................................................................................ 32

4 API tracking ................................................................................................ 37The API tracking facility ................................................................................................. 37

5 Aquifer modeling facilities ........................................................................ 40Numerical aquifer ............................................................................................................ 40Carter-Tracy aquifer ........................................................................................................ 42Fetkovich aquifer ............................................................................................................ 44Constant flux aquifer ...................................................................................................... 47Constant head aquifers .................................................................................................. 48Multi-component analytic aquifers ................................................................................ 48Summary of keywords .................................................................................................... 48

6 Asphaltene option ...................................................................................... 51Asphaltene formation: three-component model .......................................................... 52

Deposition - entrainment ............................................................................................... 54

Asphaltene formation: Pre-2011.1 model ..................................................................... 55Asphaltene characterization and precipitation ............................................................... 56Asphaltene flocculation-dissociation .............................................................................. 58Asphaltene deposition ................................................................................................... 59

Plugging control ......................................................................................................... 60


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Asphaltene damage (both deposition models) ............................................................ 60Oil viscosity .................................................................................................................... 61Wettability change ......................................................................................................... 62General comments on viscosity behavior ...................................................................... 63

List of keywords .............................................................................................................. 63Outputs .......................................................................................................................... 64

Asphaltene reaction number ...................................................................................... 65

Example ........................................................................................................................... 65Converting a pre-2011.1 model ...................................................................................... 66

7 Brine tracking ............................................................................................. 68The Brine Model .............................................................................................................. 68

Brine conservation equation .......................................................................................... 68Multi-component brine model ........................................................................................ 69The PVT properties of brine .......................................................................................... 72Low salinity option ......................................................................................................... 73

Low salinity option with end-point scaling .................................................................. 75Low salinity and surfactant options ............................................................................ 79

Setting the initial conditions ........................................................................................... 88Wells, rivers and aquifers .............................................................................................. 89Tracer related options .................................................................................................... 89The polymer flood option ............................................................................................... 89The surfactant flood option ............................................................................................ 90

Multi-component brine and surfactant ........................................................................ 90Solving the conservation equations ............................................................................... 90

Summary of keywords .................................................................................................... 91Examples ......................................................................................................................... 93

8 CO2 injection: geological storage, EOR and ECBM ............................... 97Geological storage .......................................................................................................... 97CO2STORE ...................................................................................................................... 98

Using CO2STORE ......................................................................................................... 98

CO2SOL ........................................................................................................................... 99Using CO2SOL ............................................................................................................ 100

CO2SOL/H2SSOL/GASSOL .......................................................................................... 101Using GASSOL ............................................................................................................ 101

GASWAT ........................................................................................................................ 102Using GASWAT for CO2 storage issues ..................................................................... 103

Boundary conditions .................................................................................................... 103Note on conversions for salinity units ........................................................................ 104

9 CO2 storage .............................................................................................. 108The CO2STORE option ................................................................................................. 108


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Using the CO2 storage model ..................................................................................... 112

Thermal CO2STORE ..................................................................................................... 113

10 CO2/H2S solution in the aqueous phase ............................................... 115Water component properties ....................................................................................... 116

11 Chemical reactions .................................................................................. 118Formulation ................................................................................................................... 118

Reaction rate ............................................................................................................... 119Reactions involving solid components ......................................................................... 120Equilibrium deviation reaction rates ............................................................................. 121Tracer dependent reaction rates ................................................................................. 122Component conservation equations ............................................................................ 123Energy conservation equation ..................................................................................... 123Non-uniqueness .......................................................................................................... 124Reaction rate units ....................................................................................................... 124Stability of thermal runs ............................................................................................... 124

Output ............................................................................................................................ 124Chemical reaction keywords ........................................................................................ 125Examples ....................................................................................................................... 126

12 Coal bed methane model ........................................................................ 129Adsorption/diffusion models in ECLIPSE 100 ............................................................ 131Adsorption models in ECLIPSE 300 ............................................................................ 132Time dependent diffusion in ECLIPSE 300 ................................................................. 133Instant sorption in ECLIPSE 300 ................................................................................. 135Rock compaction .......................................................................................................... 135Modeling compositional effects with ECLIPSE 100 ................................................... 136Using the ECLIPSE 100 Coal Bed Methane Model ..................................................... 138

Single gas mode .......................................................................................................... 138Two gas mode - compositional effects ........................................................................ 139

Solvent properties and adsorption data ................................................................... 139Equilibration ............................................................................................................. 140

Solvent injection .......................................................................................................... 140Summary data ............................................................................................................. 140

Summary of keywords (ECLIPSE 100) ........................................................................ 141Examples ECLIPSE 100 ................................................................................................ 143

Basic test ECLIPSE 100 .............................................................................................. 143CO2 injection example ECLIPSE 100 ......................................................................... 146

Summary of keywords (ECLIPSE 300) ........................................................................ 150Using the ECLIPSE 300 coal bed methane model ..................................................... 152

Grid data ...................................................................................................................... 152Properties data ............................................................................................................ 153


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Equilibration ................................................................................................................. 154Time-dependent sorption ......................................................................................... 154

Output and restart ........................................................................................................ 155Summary keywords ..................................................................................................... 155Examples ..................................................................................................................... 155

13 Compatibility between ECLIPSE 100 specialist extensions ................ 156Compatibility information ............................................................................................. 156

14 Convergence reports ............................................................................... 160ECLIPSE 100 Report ..................................................................................................... 160

Output of cells with convergence problems ................................................................. 163

ECLIPSE 300 Report ..................................................................................................... 164Solution change target (SCT) ...................................................................................... 165Throughput target (TPT) .............................................................................................. 165Time truncation error (TTE) ......................................................................................... 165Minimum step codes .................................................................................................... 166Maximum decrease factors ......................................................................................... 166Output of cells with convergence problems ................................................................. 167Example ....................................................................................................................... 167

15 Diffusion ................................................................................................... 168Diffusion coefficients: ECLIPSE 100 ........................................................................... 168Diffusion coefficients: ECLIPSE 300 ........................................................................... 172

Relationship between the two diffusion models ........................................................... 173Relationship between the diffusion coefficients ........................................................... 173Component flow ........................................................................................................... 174Thermal diffusion and hydrostatic equilibrium calculations ......................................... 175

The cross phase diffusion option (ECLIPSE 300) ...................................................... 175The cross phase diffusion option (ECLIPSE 100) ...................................................... 176Diffusivity calculations ................................................................................................. 177

Block center diffusivity calculations ............................................................................. 177Corner point diffusivity calculations ............................................................................. 179Radial diffusivity calculations ....................................................................................... 179Matrix-fracture diffusivity calculations .......................................................................... 181

Using the molecular diffusion option .......................................................................... 181Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 182

16 Dual porosity ............................................................................................ 184Transmissibility calculations ....................................................................................... 185Block to block transmissibility calculations .............................................................. 186Recovery mechanisms ................................................................................................. 188

Standard gravity drainage model (GRAVDR) .............................................................. 189Alternative gravity drainage model (GRAVDRM) ........................................................ 192


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Vertical discrete matrix gravity drainage model ........................................................... 193Diffusion ....................................................................................................................... 194Viscous displacement (ECLIPSE 100) ........................................................................ 194

Facilities specific to dual porosity runs ...................................................................... 196Restrictions on dual porosity runs .............................................................................. 198Keyword summary ........................................................................................................ 199Transfer functions ......................................................................................................... 200Modifying the recovery versus time response (ECLIPSE 100) ................................. 201Scaling the fracture relative permeability (ECLIPSE 100) ......................................... 202Solution of the linear equations .................................................................................. 202Calculation of fractional volumes for gravity drainage ............................................. 204Variation of the sigma factor with drainage process ................................................. 206Rock volume and cell activation in dual porosity thermal calculations .................. 206Integrated capillary pressure option ........................................................................... 207Discretized matrix model (ECLIPSE 100) .................................................................... 209

Matrix sub-grid ............................................................................................................. 210Initialization, solution method and efficiency ............................................................... 212Reporting the matrix solution ....................................................................................... 213Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 213

Discretized matrix model (ECLIPSE 300) .................................................................... 213Single medium conductive fractures (ECLIPSE 300) ................................................ 214

The single medium approach ...................................................................................... 214Using the conductive fractures model ......................................................................... 215Compatibility ................................................................................................................ 216

17 Environmental tracers ............................................................................. 217The environmental tracer model .................................................................................. 217

Treatment of adsorption .............................................................................................. 218Treatment of decay ...................................................................................................... 218Treatment of diffusion .................................................................................................. 219Partitioned tracers ....................................................................................................... 219

Using the environmental tracer option ....................................................................... 221Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 223Example problem .......................................................................................................... 224

18 Equations of state .................................................................................... 231Two-parameter equations of state ............................................................................... 231Flash calculations ......................................................................................................... 233Viscosity evaluation ...................................................................................................... 234

The Lorentz-Bray-Clark method .................................................................................. 234The modified Lorentz-Bray-Clark method .................................................................... 235


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The Pedersen method ................................................................................................. 236

Three parameter equations of state ............................................................................ 236Use of the equation of state for hydrocarbon mixtures ............................................ 237

Calculation process ..................................................................................................... 238

Calculation of phase states .......................................................................................... 239Fast flash option .......................................................................................................... 240

19 Equations of state regions ...................................................................... 241Reservoir equation of state .......................................................................................... 241Surface equation of state ............................................................................................. 242

20 File handling in ECLIPSE ........................................................................ 244File internal format ........................................................................................................ 245GRAF files ...................................................................................................................... 246

21 Flux boundary conditions ....................................................................... 248Using flux boundary conditions .................................................................................. 248

Single flux region ......................................................................................................... 248Multiple flux regions ..................................................................................................... 250Treatment of wells ....................................................................................................... 250Drainage regions ......................................................................................................... 251Aquifers ....................................................................................................................... 251Restart runs ................................................................................................................. 251Pressure boundary conditions (ECLIPSE 100) ........................................................... 252No-flow boundary conditions (ECLIPSE 100) .............................................................. 252Local grid refinement and coarsening ......................................................................... 253Reading ECLIPSE 100 flux files into ECLIPSE 300 .................................................... 253Thermal option ............................................................................................................. 253Current limitations ........................................................................................................ 254

Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 255

22 Foam model .............................................................................................. 257ECLIPSE 100 foam model ............................................................................................. 257

Gas mobility reduction ................................................................................................. 259

Using the ECLIPSE 100 foam model ........................................................................... 263The ECLIPSE 300 foam model ..................................................................................... 265Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 267Example data set for ECLIPSE 100 .............................................................................. 269Example data set for ECLIPSE 300 .............................................................................. 275

23 Formulation of the equations ................................................................. 283Description of equations .............................................................................................. 283Variable sets .................................................................................................................. 284

ECLIPSE 100 .............................................................................................................. 284


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ECLIPSE 300 .............................................................................................................. 286The fully implicit method .............................................................................................. 287

The IMPES and AIM methods ....................................................................................... 287The CFLLIMIT option for AIM and IMPES runs ........................................................... 288

Instability in IMPES ....................................................................................................... 289Convergence criteria for residual equations .............................................................. 290

ECLIPSE 100 .............................................................................................................. 290ECLIPSE 300 .............................................................................................................. 291

Flows .............................................................................................................................. 292ECLIPSE 100 .............................................................................................................. 292ECLIPSE 300 .............................................................................................................. 293

Transport coefficients ............................................................................................... 295Transport coefficients for drainage and imbibition ................................................... 295

Reservoir densities ....................................................................................................... 295Newton iteration of the non-linear residual ................................................................ 296

24 Gas field operations model ..................................................................... 298Description of the facilities .......................................................................................... 299

Seasonality profile generation ..................................................................................... 299Swing factor and DCQ adjustment .............................................................................. 300

Interpretations of the swing requirement .................................................................. 301Calculating the DCQ value ....................................................................................... 303

Control and output of sales gas rate ............................................................................ 303Estimation of delivery capacity .................................................................................... 304Automatic compressors ............................................................................................... 305

Simple and extended compressor options with GASFCOMP .................................. 306Specifying production rates for the second pass using GASFTARG andGASFDECR ................................................................................................................. 307

Applying separate gas supply contracts to individual groups ................................. 307Defining multiple contract groups ................................................................................ 307Simulating with multiple contract groups ..................................................................... 308Automatic compressors with multiple contract groups ................................................ 309

Using the gas field operation model ........................................................................... 309Specifying the wells ..................................................................................................... 310Setting up the network ................................................................................................. 311Group control instructions ............................................................................................ 311Advancing the simulation ............................................................................................. 312Examining the results .................................................................................................. 314Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 314


25 Gas lift optimization ................................................................................. 317Optimizing gas lift to individual wells ......................................................................... 317


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Optimizing gas lift within a group ............................................................................... 319Optimizing gas lift within a network ............................................................................ 320Treatment of wells that can only flow under gas lift .................................................. 321Using the gas lift optimization facility ......................................................................... 323Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 326

26 Gas plants and NGLS .............................................................................. 327The recovery plant option ............................................................................................ 328

27 GASSOL solution in the aqueous phase ............................................... 330Aqueous phase properties ........................................................................................... 331

28 GASWAT option ....................................................................................... 333Equation of state modifications ................................................................................... 334

The conventional Peng-Robinson equation of state .................................................... 334Modifications for the vapor-aqueous system ............................................................... 335

Calorific values .............................................................................................................. 337Salinity ........................................................................................................................... 337Relative permeability tables ......................................................................................... 338Initialization ................................................................................................................... 338Summary items ............................................................................................................. 338

29 Gas calorific value control ...................................................................... 339Adjusting guide rates to control mean calorific value .............................................. 340

Action when calorific value target cannot be met ........................................................ 342

Controlling the energy production rate ...................................................................... 343Using the facility ........................................................................................................... 345

Defining the calorific value ........................................................................................... 345Controlling the mean calorific value ............................................................................. 346Calculating guide rates on the basis of calorific value ................................................. 346Controlling the energy production rate ........................................................................ 346Economic limits ............................................................................................................ 347Use with the gas field operations model ...................................................................... 347Satellite groups ............................................................................................................ 347Energy injection ........................................................................................................... 347Output .......................................................................................................................... 348Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 348


30 Geomechanics ......................................................................................... 349Geomechanics external to ECLIPSE ........................................................................... 349

The VISAGE workflow in ECLIPSE ............................................................................. 350Summary of keywords ................................................................................................. 351

Geomechanics internally within ECLIPSE Compositional ........................................ 351


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Elastic stress equations ............................................................................................... 352Gridding ................................................................................................................... 353Fluid component conservation, rock volume conservation and volumebalance equations .................................................................................................... 353Interaction between the fluid and the rock ............................................................... 353Variables and solution of the equations ................................................................... 354Boundary conditions and initialization ...................................................................... 354Plasticity ................................................................................................................... 354User Interface .......................................................................................................... 355Initial in-situ stress ................................................................................................... 355

Using the coupled geomechanics model ..................................................................... 356Summary of keywords ................................................................................................. 357

31 Gi pseudo-compositional model ............................................................ 361Using the Gi pseudo-compositional model ................................................................ 364Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 364Example problem .......................................................................................................... 365

32 Gradient option ........................................................................................ 371Example ......................................................................................................................... 374Data file overview .......................................................................................................... 375

RUNSPEC section overview ....................................................................................... 375Summary section overview (ECLIPSE 100 only) ........................................................ 376

Gradient calculation performance keywords ............................................................ 376Special extensions ................................................................................................... 377

Output from the Gradient option ................................................................................. 380Gradient option formulation ......................................................................................... 388

Obtaining gradients in ECLIPSE ................................................................................. 388Regression in SimOpt using ECLIPSE gradients ........................................................ 389Explicit gradients (ECLIPSE 100 only) ........................................................................ 390

Instantaneous gradients ............................................................................................... 390Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 391

Parameter specification keywords ............................................................................... 392Parameter modifier keywords ...................................................................................... 393SUMMARY keywords .................................................................................................. 395Miscellaneous keywords .............................................................................................. 395

Example problem (ECLIPSE 100 only) ........................................................................ 395

33 Group production rules ........................................................................... 403Drilling new wells .......................................................................................................... 403Opening new connections (re-perforating) ................................................................ 404Reducing the THP limit ................................................................................................. 405Changing VFP table numbers (retubing) .................................................................... 406


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Changing well ALQ values (applying lift) ................................................................... 406Activating compressors ............................................................................................... 407The effect of closing wells during drilling and workovers ........................................ 408Using production rules with the network option ....................................................... 408

34 Hysteresis ................................................................................................. 410Using the hysteresis option ......................................................................................... 410Relative permeability hysteresis in the non-wetting phase ...................................... 411

Carlsons method for relative permeability hysteresis ................................................. 413Killoughs method for relative permeability hysteresis ................................................. 413Jargons method for relative permeability hysteresis ................................................... 414

Differences in hysteresis treatment in three-phase cases ....................................... 414Consistency requirements ........................................................................................... 415

Relative permeability hysteresis in the wetting phase .............................................. 415Modeling oil wet systems ............................................................................................. 419Capillary pressure hysteresis ...................................................................................... 419

Water capillary pressure .............................................................................................. 419Gas capillary pressure ................................................................................................. 422

35 Hysteresis in WAG floods ....................................................................... 423Using the WAG hysteresis option ............................................................................... 423Conventional and WAG hysteresis ............................................................................. 424WAG hysteresis saturation regions ............................................................................ 426Non-wetting phase model (Gas) .................................................................................. 429

Two-phase model ........................................................................................................ 429Dynamic trapped saturation ......................................................................................... 431Three-phase model ..................................................................................................... 431Modification to the residual oil ..................................................................................... 433

Wetting phase model (Water) ....................................................................................... 434

36 Independent reservoir regions ............................................................... 437Using the option ............................................................................................................ 437Merging two or more corner point grids ..................................................................... 437Examples ....................................................................................................................... 438

37 Initializing the study ................................................................................ 440Equilibration .................................................................................................................. 440

Basic hydrostatic equilibration ..................................................................................... 440Equilibration regions .................................................................................................... 441Contact and datum depths .......................................................................................... 441Density calculations ..................................................................................................... 442

Black oil composition with respect to depth ............................................................. 442Initial composition with respect to depth .................................................................. 442


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Calculating the initial conditions .................................................................................. 444Consistency and overlapping transition zones ......................................................... 445Heavy oil .................................................................................................................. 445

Accurate fluids in place calculation .............................................................................. 445The threshold pressure option ..................................................................................... 446The quiescence option ................................................................................................ 446Reservoir temperature ................................................................................................. 447Phase pressures in ECLIPSE 300 ............................................................................... 448Equilibration keywords ................................................................................................. 448

Enumeration .................................................................................................................. 449Specifying the initial state of a run in ECLIPSE 300 .................................................... 450Enumeration keywords ................................................................................................ 451

Mixed hydrostatic equilibration ................................................................................... 452Single phase states in EoS compositional models ................................................... 453

38 Licenses .................................................................................................... 454License Overview .......................................................................................................... 454

Licenses used by specific simulators .......................................................................... 455Which keywords invoke which features? ..................................................................... 455

Special Cases ................................................................................................................ 457Open ECLIPSE ............................................................................................................ 457Parallel ......................................................................................................................... 457Block Parallel ............................................................................................................... 457Multiple Realization ..................................................................................................... 458Lagrangian Tracer Solver ............................................................................................ 458Listing of available licenses ......................................................................................... 458

License compatibility .................................................................................................... 4592014.1 license retirements ........................................................................................... 459

39 Local grid refinement and coarsening ................................................... 460Local grid refinement .................................................................................................... 460

Radial refinement in a single column ........................................................................... 460Radial refinement in a box of four columns (ECLIPSE 100) ........................................ 462Placing wells in local grids ........................................................................................... 463Cartesian refinements ................................................................................................. 464Defining local grid block sizes ..................................................................................... 465Defining local grid rock properties ............................................................................... 466Amalgamating Cartesian local grids (ECLIPSE 100) .................................................. 467Editing local grids ........................................................................................................ 469Grid and solution reports ............................................................................................. 470Tuning .......................................................................................................................... 470Timing reports .............................................................................................................. 470Vertical equilibrium (ECLIPSE 100) ............................................................................. 470Good practice in designing LGRs ................................................................................ 471


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Dual, multiple and triple porosity ................................................................................. 471Unstructured local grid refinements ............................................................................. 471Region data and end point scaling .............................................................................. 472Switching refinements on and off (ECLIPSE 100) ....................................................... 472Summary files .............................................................................................................. 473Transmissibility calculations ........................................................................................ 474Timesteps .................................................................................................................... 475Restrictions on the use of local grids ........................................................................... 476Treatment of wells in local grids .................................................................................. 477Parallel load balancing with LGRs ............................................................................... 479Gravity and grid effects ................................................................................................ 479

Geometry and grid data in LGRs ................................................................................. 479Transmissibility data .................................................................................................... 479Pore volumes ............................................................................................................... 480Radial refinements ....................................................................................................... 480Alphabetical list of GRID section keywords allowed within a local grid ....................... 482

Local grid coarsening ................................................................................................... 484Implementation ............................................................................................................ 485Upscaling ..................................................................................................................... 486

Automatic refinement (ECLIPSE 100) ......................................................................... 488Treatment of wells in automatically refined grids ......................................................... 489Current restrictions ...................................................................................................... 490

Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 490Example LGR problem .................................................................................................. 493

40 Miscible flood modeling .......................................................................... 499Model formulation ......................................................................................................... 499

Relative permeability model ........................................................................................ 500Effect of water saturation ............................................................................................. 500Viscosity model ............................................................................................................ 501Density model .............................................................................................................. 502Todd and Longstaff mixing parameter ......................................................................... 503The control of miscibility with pressure ........................................................................ 503

Control of numerical diffusion in miscible flow simulation ...................................... 504Using the ECLIPSE miscible flood option .................................................................. 506Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 507

41 Mixed water relative permeability modeling .......................................... 509

42 Multiphase flash ....................................................................................... 511Using multiphase .......................................................................................................... 511Multiphase keywords .................................................................................................... 511


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43 Multi porosity ........................................................................................... 513Using the multi porosity option ................................................................................... 513

Matrix-matrix transmissibility and diffusivity ................................................................. 515Matrix discretization (NMATOPTS) ............................................................................. 515

Coal in multi porosity ................................................................................................ 517Triple porosity .............................................................................................................. 517

Transmissibilities ...................................................................................................... 518PROPS, REGION and SOLUTION sections ............................................................... 518Output .......................................................................................................................... 519

Examples ....................................................................................................................... 519Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 519

44 Multisegment wells .................................................................................. 520The multisegment well model ...................................................................................... 521

Segment structure ....................................................................................................... 521Inflow performance ...................................................................................................... 523The pressure loss calculation ...................................................................................... 525The top segment .......................................................................................................... 526External sources and sinks .......................................................................................... 526Secondary wells .......................................................................................................... 526Looped flow paths ....................................................................................................... 527

Pressure drops from VFP tables ................................................................................. 530The drift flux slip model ................................................................................................ 532

Model formulation for gas-liquid slip ............................................................................ 533The profile parameter .................................................................................................. 534The drift velocity .......................................................................................................... 535Three-phase flow and oil-water slip ............................................................................. 537Friction ......................................................................................................................... 539Acceleration pressure loss .......................................................................................... 539

Downhole separators (ECLIPSE 100) .......................................................................... 540Thermal multisegment well model .............................................................................. 544

Conductive heat transfer ............................................................................................. 544Heat transfer along the well ..................................................................................... 545Heat transfer between the well and the reservoir or to an external temperature ..... 545Heat transfer from the tubing to the casing .............................................................. 547

Using the multisegment well model ............................................................................ 548Defining the flow model ............................................................................................... 549Modifying pressure drops and segment properties ..................................................... 550Workovers ................................................................................................................... 550Heat loss ...................................................................................................................... 550Output .......................................................................................................................... 551Performance ................................................................................................................ 552Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 553


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Converting friction wells to multisegment wells ........................................................ 554Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 555

45 Network option ......................................................................................... 558Using the standard network option ............................................................................. 562

Keywords required ....................................................................................................... 565

The extended network model ....................................................................................... 567Automatic compressors ............................................................................................... 570Automatic chokes ........................................................................................................ 570Well and group efficiency factors ................................................................................. 572Using the extended network model ............................................................................. 573

The network model in ECLIPSE 300 ............................................................................ 575Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 577

46 Nine-point schemes ................................................................................. 579The nine-point scheme based on diagonal NNC transmissibilities ......................... 579

47 Non-Darcy flow ......................................................................................... 582Forchheimer models ..................................................................................................... 584Velocity-dependent relative permeabilities ................................................................ 586

Capillary number model ............................................................................................... 587Alternative model for capillary number effects ............................................................. 589

48 Non-Newtonian fluid flows ...................................................................... 592Simulation of Non-Newtonian fluid flows ................................................................... 592

49 Optimization ............................................................................................. 596Non-linear gradient-based optimization ..................................................................... 596Adjoint gradient calculations ....................................................................................... 599Optimizer search direction ........................................................................................... 601Line search .................................................................................................................... 602Reservoir optimization ................................................................................................. 603Guidelines on using the reservoir optimization feature ............................................ 605

Checking your modified model .................................................................................... 608Tracking the progress and results of the optimizer ...................................................... 609

Summary of keywords (ECLIPSE 300) ........................................................................ 611Example ......................................................................................................................... 611

50 Parallel option .......................................................................................... 613Activating a parallel run ............................................................................................... 613Partitioning .................................................................................................................... 614

ECLIPSE 100 .............................................................................................................. 614Options to improve performance .............................................................................. 614Efficiency and performance estimation .................................................................... 615


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ECLIPSE 300 .............................................................................................................. 616

Running LGRs in parallel (ECLIPSE 100) ................................................................... 618Performance bottlenecks ............................................................................................. 618Memory scaling ............................................................................................................. 619Output (ECLIPSE 100) ................................................................................................... 619Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 620

51 Petro-elastic model .................................................................................. 622Assumptions ................................................................................................................. 622The petro-elastic model ................................................................................................ 623

Level 1: Impedances and velocities ............................................................................. 623Level 2: Effective bulk/shear modulus and density ...................................................... 624Level 3: Rock properties and fluid properties .............................................................. 625

Effective porosity ...................................................................................................... 625Effective fluid density ............................................................................................... 626Effective bulk modulus of the fluid ........................................................................... 626Effective bulk modulus of the minerals .................................................................... 627Effective shear modulus of the minerals .................................................................. 627Effective bulk modulus of the frame ......................................................................... 627Effective shear modulus of the frame ...................................................................... 627

Level 4: Individual fluid phase properties .................................................................... 628Bulk modulus of oil ................................................................................................... 628Bulk modulus of water .............................................................................................. 628Bulk modulus of gas ................................................................................................. 629

Implementation of the petro-elastic model ................................................................. 630Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 631

52 Polymer flood model ............................................................................... 633The ECLIPSE 100 polymer flood simulation model ................................................... 634

Treatment of fluid viscosities ....................................................................................... 636Treatment of polymer adsorption ................................................................................. 637Treatment of permeability reductions and dead pore volume ..................................... 637Treatment of the non-Newtonian rheology .................................................................. 638

Model 1 description .................................................................................................. 639Model 3 description .................................................................................................. 641

Temperature effects .................................................................................................... 644Temperature-sensitive popping polymer microgels ..................................................... 644The polymer flood model and wells ............................................................................. 645Using the polymer flood model .................................................................................... 646Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 647

The ECLIPSE 300 polymer flood model ...................................................................... 648Treatment of fluid viscosities ....................................................................................... 648Treatment of polymer adsorption ................................................................................. 648Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 649


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Summary of ECLIPSE 100 keywords .......................................................................... 649Summary of ECLIPSE 300 keywords .......................................................................... 652ECLIPSE 100 examples ................................................................................................ 654

Example 1 .................................................................................................................... 654Example 2 .................................................................................................................... 658

ECLIPSE 300 examples ................................................................................................ 661Example 1 .................................................................................................................... 661Example 2 .................................................................................................................... 667Example 3 .................................................................................................................... 673

53 Potential calculations .............................................................................. 680Phase potentials ............................................................................................................ 680Well potentials ............................................................................................................... 682

54 Recovery mechanisms ............................................................................ 684Solution gas drive ......................................................................................................... 685Water drive ..................................................................................................................... 686Summary output ............................................................................................................ 687Details of the recovery calculation .............................................................................. 687

55 Reservoir coupling .................................................................................. 689Coupling and synchronization ..................................................................................... 691Group control ................................................................................................................ 692Flowlines and surface networks .................................................................................. 693Reservoir coupling files ............................................................................................... 694Current restrictions ....................................................................................................... 695Using the reservoir coupling facility ........................................................................... 696

The master reservoir ................................................................................................... 696The slave reservoirs .................................................................................................... 698Reading a reservoir coupling file in the master reservoir ............................................ 700Driving a slave reservoir with a reservoir coupling file ................................................. 700Using the gas field operations model in coupled reservoirs ........................................ 701

Sharing licenses with the slaves ................................................................................. 702Reservoir coupling file structure ................................................................................. 703Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 707

56 Restarts ..................................................................................................... 708Fast restarts from a SAVE file ...................................................................................... 708Flexible restarts from a data file .................................................................................. 709Requesting RESTART files .......................................................................................... 710SCHEDULE section data not stored on the RESTART file ........................................ 711Notes .............................................................................................................................. 712


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57 Rivers ........................................................................................................ 713The river model ............................................................................................................. 714

The Saint-Venant equations ........................................................................................ 714Coupling of river and groundwater flow ....................................................................... 715

Model one ................................................................................................................ 715Model 2 .................................................................................................................... 717

Using the river option ................................................................................................... 718Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 718Example: A simple river ............................................................................................... 721

58 Rock compaction ..................................................................................... 724Tabulated compaction curves ..................................................................................... 724

Output .......................................................................................................................... 727

Water induced compaction (ECLIPSE 100) ................................................................ 728Palmer-Mansoori rock model ....................................................................................... 729Compositional coal swelling/shrinkage model (ECLIPSE 300) ................................ 730

59 Saturation functions ................................................................................ 732Saturation table keywords ........................................................................................... 733Saturation table lookup ................................................................................................ 735Tolerance for critical saturations ................................................................................ 736Water saturation properties ......................................................................................... 736Gas saturation properties ............................................................................................ 737

Three phase gas relative permeability models ............................................................ 738

Oil saturation properties .............................................................................................. 739Three phase oil relative permeability models .............................................................. 741

Default formula ......................................................................................................... 741Stones first model (modified) .................................................................................. 742Stones first model exponent .................................................................................... 746Stones second model (modified) ............................................................................. 747

Three phase relative permeability models .................................................................. 747Baker method .............................................................................................................. 747IKU method .................................................................................................................. 748ODD3P method ........................................................................................................... 750

ODD3P model definition .......................................................................................... 753ODD3P saturation functions .................................................................................... 753End-point scaling ..................................................................................................... 756Capillary pressure calculation control ...................................................................... 756End-point scaling calculation control ........................................................................ 759Saturation direction indicators .................................................................................. 759Reporting facilities .................................................................................................... 760

Table end points ............................................................................................................ 760


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Consistency requirements ........................................................................................... 761Near critical oil and gas relative permeabilities ......................................................... 762

60 Saturation table scaling .......................................................................... 766Scaling of capillary pressure functions ...................................................................... 768Scaling of relative permeability functions .................................................................. 768Miscellaneous points .................................................................................................... 772

Combined grid-block and temperature-dependent table end-points ........................... 774Output of scaled end-points ......................................................................................... 775

The initial fluid mobility correction ............................................................................. 776End-point variations through a transition zone ......................................................... 778Leverett J-function ........................................................................................................ 779Matching initial water distribution ............................................................................... 780Consistency requirements ........................................................................................... 781Example of end-point scaling ...................................................................................... 782

With multiple tables ..................................................................................................... 782

61 Shale gas .................................................................................................. 784Simulating shale gas reservoirs .................................................................................. 784

Time-dependent sorption ............................................................................................. 784Instant sorption ............................................................................................................ 786Coal and pore volumes ................................................................................................ 786Examples ..................................................................................................................... 787

62 Solid phase ............................................................................................... 788Summary of keywords .................................................................................................. 788Solid properties ............................................................................................................. 790

Solid phase properties ................................................................................................. 790Solid saturations .......................................................................................................... 791Adsorption model of deposition and erosion ............................................................... 792Adsorption of dissolved water components ................................................................. 794Permeability reduction caused by plugging ................................................................. 795Solid wettability effects ................................................................................................ 795Transport of suspended solids .................................................................................... 796Initial solids .................................................................................................................. 796Chemical reactions ...................................................................................................... 797Solid production ........................................................................................................... 798

63 Solution of the linear equations ............................................................. 799Material balance ............................................................................................................ 799Nested factorization preconditioning .......................................................................... 800Initialization for nested factorization preconditioner ................................................ 802Solution procedure for nested factorization .............................................................. 802


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Orthomin ........................................................................................................................ 803Convergence criteria .................................................................................................... 804Treatment of wells ......................................................................................................... 805Nested factorization for LGRs ..................................................................................... 806The ECLIPSE 300 WARP linear solver ........................................................................ 807

WARP sub-grids .......................................................................................................... 808WARP solution procedure for sub-grids ...................................................................... 810Generalized minimum residual method (GMRES) ...................................................... 811

The Constrained Pressure Residual (CPR) Preconditioner ...................................... 812

64 Solvent model .......................................................................................... 815Model formulation ......................................................................................................... 817

Relative permeability model: miscible case ................................................................. 818Transition between miscible and immiscible cases ..................................................... 818Pressure effect on relative permeability and capillary pressure miscibility .................. 820Effect of water saturation ..............

Eclipse Technical Description 2014 Fan Arc One t

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