Echo Digitization and Waveform Analysis in Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning 53 rd Photogrammetric Week, Stuttgart, September 2011 Dr. Andreas Ullrich, CTO Dr. Martin Pfennigbauer RIEGL LMS GmbH Contents Introduction Interaction of laser pulse with targets Discrete return versus digital signal processing Categories of waveform data Full waveform analysis and online waveform processing Multi-target capability and resolution Accessing waveform data Summary
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Echo Digitization and Waveform Analysis in Airborne and Terrestrial Laser
Scanning
53rd Photogrammetric Week, Stuttgart, September 2011
Dr. Andreas Ullrich, CTO Dr. Martin Pfennigbauer
RIEGL LMS GmbH
Contents
Introduction Interaction of laser pulse with targets Discrete return versus digital signal processing Categories of waveform data Full waveform analysis and online waveform processing Multi-target capability and resolution Accessing waveform data Summary
Discrete Return vs. Full Waveform www.riegl.com
“High resolution laser scanner with waveform digitization for subsequent full waveform analysis”, A. Ullrich, R.Reichert, SPIE Proc, 2005.
Block Diagram LIDAR Instrument www.riegl.com
LASER
amplifier bandwidth limiter
)(tPT
OPTICAL ELECTRICAL
)()()(.)( thttPkts TE (hk (t)()(.)( thtPkts EE (hk
system response
photo detector
SIGNAL PROCESSING
• analog (discrete return) • digitization and offline
analysis • digitization and online
processing • digitization, online
processing and offline analysis
)(tPT)(tPE
)(R(R
tv
R g
2v
)(tsE
k )(th
... target response, laser radar cross section
)()()( RRPRP TE (RP
)()()(.)( tthtPkts TE (t(hk
)()()( ttsts RE (ts
Examples of Convolution www.riegl.com
)(tsR )(R(R )(tsE
flat target, normal incidence Dirac delta function (approximation)
sloping target Gaussian response (approximation)
small targets at different ranges sum of Dirac delta function
small targets at nearly the same range sum of Dirac delta function
Signal Processing Tasks
point in 3D point attributes (radiometric) point precision additional information for filtering / classification
signal detection discrimination against noise threshold detection (fixed, range dependent, dynamic threshold)
signal estimation temporal position time of flight range to target signal strength amplitude laser radar cross-section / reflectance signal-to-noise ratio range noise signal shape
Radiometric calibration of small-footprint airborne laser scanner measurements: Basic physical concepts, Wagner, W., ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65, 2010.
Laser Radar Cross Section (LRCS) cross section in [m²]area-normalized cross section values in [m²m-2] or [dB]
by laser footprint area: by illuminated object area: 0
actual geometric cross- section of target
interacting with laser beam reflectance
directivity of backscattered reflection
Radiometric Calibration
www.riegl.com Calibrated Amplitude and Reflectance
Encoding by calibrated amplitude (0 dB to 50 dB above detection threshold) Brightness decreases from near objects to far objects.
DL
echodB P
PA log10AdB … calibrated amplitude [dB] Pecho .. echo signal power [W] PDL … detection limit [W]
)(,,, TW hitedBTdBTrel RAA AArel
Encoding by reflectance (-20 dB to 3 dB, with respect to diffuse white target) Brightness independent of object distance.
RT … target range
Close-up on Merging Targets
clear separation of target returns FWA perfect result OWP perfect result DRS accurate results
merging of target returns FWA perfect result OWP satisfying result DRS range error on second target
severe merging of target returns FWA nearly perfect result OWP just one target, but detection of pulse shape deviation DRS just one target, no hint to second target
FWA .. Full Waveform Analysis OWP .. Online Waveform Processing DRS .. Discrete Return System
www.riegl.com Deviation of Echo Pulse Shape
Deviation δ of echo pulse shape from emitted pulse shape Similarity of echo pulse to instrument-specific system response Measure for “reliability of range result”
δ unlimited δmax = 50 δmax = 25 δmax = 6
Rumors versus Facts www.riegl.com
LIDAR with full waveform analysis is a research topic, but not practical for real surveying in every day use at numerous service providers, mass data production, high-rel applications, but also the basis for numerous scientific papers discrete return delivers same multi-pulse resolution (it’s all about resolution) echo digitization delivers best resolution, AND a lot of additional valuable attributes you can generate / synthesize waveform data from discrete return signals no, you can‘t recover information that has been lost in the detection process
if you really have to have FW data, make use of the optional digitizer the optional digitizer is loosely coupled and provides just some data with questionable usability
Equipment and Software www.riegl.com
sdf
wfm
sdf
DIY Full Waveform
Analysis
Summary
RIEGL echo digitizing LIDAR systems are widely used in surveying (TLS, MLS, ALS, ILS) Full waveform analysis, online waveform processing, or combination of both Echo digitizing LIDAR systems provide data with
high accuracy and high precision multi-target capability calibrated amplitude data calibrated reflectance data data to „clean-up“ point clouds data to improve classification