ECEN 2060ECEN 2060 Fall 2010 - Electrical, Computer ...ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen2060/materials/lecture_notes/Conclusions.pdf · Power Electronics • SithdSwitched ... • Inductor

Conclusions

ECEN 2060ECEN 2060Fall 2010

ECEN 2060 Topics

• Introduction to electric power system• Photovoltaic (PV) power systems( ) p y• Energy efficient lighting• Wind power systemsp y• Hybrid and electric vehicles

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Electric Power SystemI t d ti t l t i it ti• Introduction to electricity generation, transmission and distribution

• Electric circuits, power and energyElectric circuits, power and energy DC, single-phase AC, 3-phase AC Average and RMS values of voltages and currents

T f• Transformers• Efficiency

i1 1:n i2

Background: Textbookvac

+

Rv2

+

v1

ia

Background: Textbook Chapters 1 and 2Chapter 3, Lectures 2-6, HW1-2, HW12, ME1

+–

DC-DCconverter

DC-DCconverter

VDC

IDC IR

VR R

+

VT1

+

VT2

+

Iw Rw

1 : n n : 1

va

vbvc

in

+

+ +

Ry

Ry

R

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Generator site Transmission cable Load site

ib

ic

Ry

PV power systems: Solar resource

kWhm2 day“Hours of full sun”

• Clear-sky insolation at the Earth’s surface: 1 kW/m2

m2 day

Textbook Chapter 7Lectures 6 and 7, HW 2, HW12, ME1

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, , ,

PV cell physics, and circuit model

• Photovoltaic effect in semiconductors,,hc/ > Eg, efficiency limits• PN junction• PV cell circuit modelPV cell circuit model

0 D IVII+

_

Rs

RpVD

IDISC

0 PVp

DSC IR

II

1/ TD VVoD eII

PV cell PVsDPVcell IRVV

Textbook Chapter 8Lectures 7-11, 13HW3 HW12 ME1

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HW3, HW12, ME1

PV modules and arrays5

+_

+

36IPV

3

3.5

4

4.5 • Open-circuit voltage, rated voltage, short-circuit current, rated current, rated power standard test+

_

+

35 bypassdiode

1.5

2

2.5

3Ip

v [A

] power, standard test condition

• Temperature effect • Effect of shading by pass+

_

+_

+

18

19VPV

0 5 10 15 20 250

0.5

1

Vpv [V]80

• Effect of shading, by-pass diodes

+_

+

17

1

bypassdiode

50

60

70

__

20

30

40

Ppv

[W

]

Textbook Chapter 8Lectures 12-13HW4-6, HW12, ME1

6ECEN20600 5 10 15 20 25

0

10

Vpv [V]

HW4 6, HW12, ME1

Grid-connected PV systems

AC

iac

++

IPV

PV Boost Single-phase

Energy-storagecapacitor

+

utilitygrid

vac

VPVPV

array DC-DCconverter

g pDC-ACinverter

VDCC

DC-DC control DC-AC control

• System and component functions and control• System and component functions and control• Maximum power point tracking• System design and economics

Textbook Chapter 9Lectures 14, 18-19HW6 HW12 ME1

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HW6, HW12, ME1

Power ElectronicsS it h d d t i it l idth d l ti• Switched-mode power converter circuits, pulse-width modulation

• Boost, buck, and buck-boost DC-DC converters• Inductor volt-seconds balance, DC conversion ratio, switching ripples• Power semiconductor devices• Conduction and switching losses• Averaged circuit models• Efficiency

Single phase inverter• Single-phase inverter

DMn 1)(

+

V

+

V

1:nIg IoutLectures 15-18HW5-6, HW12, ME1

DDMn

1)(

Vg

Vout

+ +1D : 1Ig Iout

RL

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+

Vg

+

VoutIsw

Stand-alone PV systems

• System and component functions and control• Battery charge control• Battery charge control• Reliability and economics

Textbook Chapter 9Lectures 20, 23-25HW7, HW12

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Lead-Acid Batteries

+

Lead dioxidePbO2

Porous leadPb

Sulfuric acidH2SO4 + H2O 1.685 eV0.356 eV

• Cell chemistry and characteristics• Capacity [Ah] depends on rate of discharge (Peukert’s law)• Energy efficiency, energy density, cost• Types of lead-acid batteriesyp• Circuit model• Charge management• Battery charge controller

Life cycles (DOD)

Textbook Sections 9.5.3-9.5.9Lectures 20, 23

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,HW7, HW12, ME2

Energy efficient lighting

• Lighting energy, luminous flux, luminous efficacy• Lighting technologies• Solid-state (LED) lighting( ) g g• Cost of light

Lectures 26-27HW 8, HW12, ME2

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Wind Power Systems• Wind resource, power in the wind• Wind turbine operation, Betz efficiency

limit, power coefficient Cp, tip speed ratio (TSR) power curveratio (TSR), power curve

• Drive trains: constant speed and variable speed architectures

• Mechanical torque speed and power• Mechanical torque, speed and power, gear box

• Variable-speed drive trains • 3 phase AC machines• 3-phase AC machines• 3-phase power electronics (rectifiers

and inverters)

Textbook, Chapter 6Lectures 29-36

v abc

3ac grid

variable-frequency

statorwindingsn1 Permanent-magnet

synchronousgenerator

AC-AC

asbscs

constant frequency

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HW 9, 10, 12, ME2variable frequencyvariable-amplitude

3ac

3-phase AC machines

• Rotating magnetic fieldM hi i di l• Machine windings, poles, generation of magnetic flux

• Generation of torque, torque l t tangle, motor or generator

operation• Synchronous machine• Induction (asynchronous)

machine

Textbook Section 6.6Lectures 33-36

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HW10, HW12, ME2

HEV’s, PHEV’s and EV’s• Vehicle traction power and performance specs• HEV efficiency improvements• Series drive train: sizing of components, battery energy storage, g p , y gy g ,

electric drives, efficiency, fuel economy and economics• HEV, PHEV and EV drive train architectures

Lectures 39-43

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HW 11,12

Final exam

Tuesday, Dec 14, 7:30-10:00pm in class• Comprehensive exam, covering materials from the entire

semestersemester• Review class notes, textbook, HW, sample exams and

midterm exam problemsp• Calculators are allowed, but no devices with network or

information storage capabilities are allowed• Prepare notes

You are allowed to have notes on both pages of one sheet (letter size)

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Electrical Energy Engineering

• In the late 19th century Electrical Engineering started the revolution in generation, transmission and distribution of Electric PowerElectric Power

Nikola Tesla

• In the 20th century, Electrical Engineering revolutionized C C

Tesla’s polyphase ac power distribution, and motors/generators based on rotating magnetic field

Communication and ComputingWilliam Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain

2007 quad-core processor, more than 500 million transistors

Transistor, Bell Labs, Dec 1947than 500 million transistors

• Electrical Engineering is now at the core of many existing

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g g y gand emerging green energy technologies

ECEN 2060 Objectives and OutlineI d i El i l E E i iIntroduction to Electrical Energy Engineering

Improve generation Reduce consumption

Energy EfficiencyRenewable Energy Sources

Transmission, Distribution, Conversion

Sources

• Photovoltaic power systems

• Energy efficient lightingConversion

and Storage

• Wind power systems • Drives in hybrid and electric vehicles

• Understanding of electrical engineering fundamentals in renewable sources and energy efficient systemsP i l k l d f i i d i i i l

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• Practical knowledge of engineering design issues in system examples• Background and motivation for follow-up studies

Related and follow-up courses

EE/ECE core courses

2260 Circuits as Systems, 2270 Electronics Design Lab, 3250 Microelectronics

2350 Digital Logic 3350 Programming of Digital Systems 3360 Digital Design Lab2350 Digital Logic, 3350 Programming of Digital Systems, 3360 Digital Design Lab

3300 Linear Systems

3400 EM Fields

Renewable Energy Track

ECEN3170 Energy Conversion 1 (electromechanical and power systems)

ECEN4167 Energy Conversion 2 (electric machines)

Power Electronics Track

ECEN4797 Introduction to Power Electronics

ECEN4517 Renewable Energy and Power Electronics Lab

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Beyond coursework• Undergraduate research, teaching and service opportunities,

CU College of Engineering “Active Learning”http://engineering.colorado.edu/activelearning/index.htm

Research• Discovery Learning Apprenticeship• Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP)

Teaching and service• Earn-Learn Apprenticeship

• Summer Internshipsp• ECEE Department BS/MS program

Efficiently earn MS degree http://ecee.colorado.edu/academics/grad/BS MS.htmlp g _

Teaching Assistantship opportunities Research Assistantship opportunities

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Research Project ExampleGrid-Interactive DC-Link PV Charging Station

Satcon & CU-Boulder collaboration project sponsored by Hawaii Renewable Energy Development Venture p j p y gy pCU-Boulder PI: Dragan Maksimovic (ECEE Department)

Grid-interactive inverter

Fast (Level-3)

DC Chargers

EVUtility Control

PHEV

Objectives• Ultra high-efficiency, fast (Level 3) DC

charging of EV’s and PHEV’s directly from the PV array and/or from the grid 80

90

100

System from the PV array and/or from the grid• PV smoothing via built-in energy

storage: vehicle-to-DC (V2DC) and four-quadrant grid-interactive inverter O ti tili ti

40

50

60

70

80

power output without

energy storage

• Optimum resource utilization• Effective oil displacement, minimum

carbon footprint0 5 10 15 20 25

0

10

20

30

with V2DC

Research Project Example Field Study of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

http://cupluginhybrid.org

Data Collection, Modeling and Analysis

Study Partners• University of Colorado at Boulder• Toyota Motor Sales USA

Vehicle data

• Toyota Motor Sales, USA• Xcel Energy• NREL

Fleet of

Electricity dataand charge management

Fleet of18 Toyota Prius PHV’s

in Boulder SmartGridCityTM

The study’s purpose is to learn about vehicle performance integrationThe study s purpose is to learn about vehicle performance, integration of the vehicles on the electric power grid, and the perceptions, preferences, and experiences of households with the PHVs

Thank you and good luck in the finals

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