EC301-Unit 1

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INTRODUCTION TO

NETWORKINGBY: PN ROSMAIZURA BINTI ABD RAZIB

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At the end of this class you should beable to:

Describe advantages of networkedcomputer relative to stand alonecomputer

Differentiate between p2p and clientserver networkDifferentiate LAN, MAN, WAN

Explain element of client servernetworkDistinguish network topologies

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Set of devices connected by media links

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COMPUTER NETWORK

A group of device,known as a nodeconnected to mediatransmission.

The computers can begeographically locatedanywhere.

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COMPUTER NETWORK

PoliteknikLocal Area

Network(LAN)

File and Print Server CD or Multimedia

Servers

Computer users

Other computer

users

Access to:Internet content &learning resources,Scoilnet etcEmail

communication

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File Sharing:

Networks offer a quick and easy way to share filesdirectly.Instead of using a disk or USB key to carry filesfrom one computer or office to another, you canshare files directly using a network.

Security:Specific directories can be password protected tolimit access to authorized users.Also, files and programs on a network can be

designated as "copy inhibit" so you don’t have toworry about the illegal copying of programs.

BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

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Resource Sharing:All computers in the network can share resources such asprinters, fax machines, modems, and scanners.

Communication:Even outside of the internet, those on the network cancommunicate with each other via electronic mail over thenetwork system.

When connected to the internet, network users cancommunicate with people around the world via the network.Flexible Access:

Networks allow their users to access files from computersthroughout the network.

This means that a user can begin work on a project on onecomputer and finish up on another. Multiple users can alsocollaborate on the same project through the network.

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Error reduction and improve consistency:

One can reduce errors and improve consistency byhaving all staff work from a single source ofinformation, so that standard versions of manualsand directories can be made available, and data canbe backed up from a single point on a scheduled

basis, ensuring consistency.

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Peer-to-peer networkClient/server network

NETWORK CONFIGURATION

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Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to shareresources and files located on their computers and to access sharedresources found on other computers.are more commonly implemented where less then ten computers areinvolved and where strict security is not necessary.

However, they do not have a file server or a centralized managementsource

PEER-TO-PEER

Peer to Peer

Network

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VIDEO

BUILDING A P2PNETWORK

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/it662%20setting%20up%20a%20peer%20to%20peer%20network%20-%20YouTube.wmv




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• are more suitable for larger networks.• A central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage

location for files and applications shared on the network

CLIENT/SERVER

File Server

Otherequipmen

t

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P2P vs C/SPEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Easy to setup. More difficult to set up.

Less expensive. More expensive to install.

Can be implemented on a wide rangeof operating systems. A variety of operating systems can besupported on the client computers, butthe server needs to run an operatingsystem that supports networking.

More time consuming to maintain thesoftware being used (as computersmust be managed individually).

Less time consuming to maintain thesoftware being used (as most of themaintenance is managed from theserver).

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P2P vs C/SPEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Very low levels of security supportedor none at all. These can be verycumbersome to set up, dependingon the operating system being used.

High levels of security aresupported, all of which are controlledfrom the server. Such measuresprevent the deletion of essentialsystem files or the changing of settings.

Ideal for networks with less than 10computers.

No limit to the number of computersthat can be supported by thenetwork.

Does not require a server. Requires a server running a server operating system.

Demands a moderate level of skill toadminister the network.

Demands that the networkadministrator has a high level of ITskills with a good working knowledgeof a server operating system.

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.

This would include networks where the computers arerelatively close together.LANs would be within the same office, a single building, or several buildings close together.

A LAN can be constructed only with two computers and oneprinter only, or can be extended in one building to includeaudio and video peripherals.

LAN size is limited to a distance of several kilometers.Common LAN topologies are bus, star and ring.LAN has a data rate of 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps.

classification of networksLAN, MAN & WAN

LAN= Local Area Network .

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LAN

Connect devices in a building

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LAN

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MAN is a network that interconnects users withcomputer resources in a geographic area or regionlarger than that covered by even a large local areanetwork ( LAN) but smaller than the area covered by awide area network (WAN) .

MAN-metropolitan area network .

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LAN

http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/WAN

http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/WAN

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LAN

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MAN

Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).

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A computer network that spans a relatively largegeographical area.consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs) .

Computers connected to a wide-area network areoften connected through public networks, such asthe telephone system.They can also be connected through leased lines or

satellites.The largest WAN in existence is the Internet .

WAN - wide-area network

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/local_area_network_LAN.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/leased_line.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/leased_line.html




http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html

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WAN

Can send data, audio and video at long distances around the world.

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INTERNETWORKS

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is a global network that links computer networks around the world

Internet is from ‘Internetworking’ word, that

meaning of communication between networks.a network of networks

INTERNET

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A contained collection of computers and networks within an organization (it may span the globe),connecting the organization's members and/or employees to a range of computer services,resources, and information.

firewall is used to separate the Intranet from the Internet and to get permission to access the source.

INTRANET

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INTERNET vs INTRANET

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1. Client A computer on the network that requests resources or services from another computer on a network; in somecases, a client could also act as a server. The term clientmay also refer to the human user of a client workstationor to client software installed on the workstation.

2. Server A computer on the network that manages sharedresources; servers usually have more processing power,memory, and hard disk space than clients. Theyrun network operating software that can manage not onlydata, but also users, groups, security, and applications onthe network

Element to all client/server networks

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3. Workstations

All of the user computers connected to a networkare called workstations.

A typical workstation is a computer that isconfigured with a network interface card,networking software, and the appropriate cables.Workstations do not necessarily need floppy diskdrives because files can be saved on the file server.

Almost any computer can serve as a networkworkstation

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4. network interface card

The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connectionbetween the network and the computer workstation.Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into an expansion slotinside the computer.Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speedand performance of a network.The three most common network interface connections are Ethernetcards, LocalTalk connectors, and Token Ring cards.

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5. Network operating system A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system thatis designed primarily to support workstation, personal computer, and, insome instances, older terminal that are connected on a local areanetwork (LAN).

A network operating system provides printer sharing, common filesystem and database sharing, application sharing, and the ability tomanage a network name directory, security, and other housekeepingaspects of a network.Unlike operating systems, such as DOS and Windows, that aredesigned for single users to control one computer, network operatingsystems (NOS) coordinate the activities of multiple computers across anetwork.

The network operating system acts as a director to keep the networkrunning smoothly.Examples include various types of UNIX and Linux operatingsystems, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or Windows Server 2008, andMac OS X Server

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6. Node A client, server, or other device that can communicate over

a network and that is identified by a unique number, knownas its network addressers.

7. Connectivity device

A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchangedata.

A client/server network can operate without connectivity

devices.However, medium- and large-sized LANs use them toextend the network and to connect with WANs.

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8. Segment

A part of a network. Usually, a segment is composed of agroup of nodes that use the same communications channelfor all their traffic.

9. BackboneThe part of a network to which segments and significantshared devices (such as routers, switches, and servers)connect. A backbone is sometimes referred to as "a

network of networks," because of its role in interconnectingsmaller parts of a LAN or WAN.

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10. TopologyThe physical layout of a computer network. Topologies vary

according to the needs of the organization and availablehardware and expertise.Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or star formation,

and the star formation is the most common.

11. Transmission mediaThe means through which data is transmitted and received.Transmission media may be physical, such as wire or cable,

or atmospheric (wireless), such as radio waves.

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

The network topology definesthe way in which computers,printers, and other devices areconnected.

A network topology describesthe layout of the wire anddevices as well as the pathsused by data transmissions.

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BUS TOPOLOGY

all the devices on a bustopology are connectedby one single cable(segment/backbone)-connects all thecomputers in the networkin a row.

Only one computer cantransmit signals or datawithin a period of time.

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Computers in this topology communicate by means of address data to a specific computer and then put the data

on the cable in the form of electronic signals.To understand how computers communicate on thenetwork you need to take the following concepts:• Transmission signal

• signal bounce • Terminator

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1. Transmission signalData in a network that is inthe form of electronic

signals, transmitted to allcomputers on the network.This information will only be

accepted by the computer that has an address that

matches the address that isencoded by the originalsignal.Only one computer cantransmit signals or data

within a period of time

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Since only one computer can transmit data at a time, then this willaffect the network performance when the number of computers inthe network increases.More and more computers are connected to the longer queue for sending computer data and networks will become increasinglyslow.But not necessarily a lot of computers connected in a networkbus, the main reason due to the number of network to be slow;but it can also be caused by other factors such as:

-The ability of computer hardware in the network-The frequency of sending computer data

-The type of application being implemented in the network-The type of cable used in networks-The distance between one computer to another computer in the network

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Bus is a passive network.Computers in a network bus lines just listen in to find outwhether there is data that is sent.This computer does not respond to send data to thecomputer next to it.If the computer fails, it does not give effect to the entire

network.

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2. Rebound signal (Signal Bounce)Data in the form of an electronic signal that is sentacross the network, will move from the base to thetip of the cable network.If this signal is not stopped, this signal will bounceforward and backward along the line.This will inflicting another computer can not sendsignals or data; so that this signal should stop after it reached the destination address.

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3. Terminator to stop this signal from bouncing, terminator is required atboth ends of the cables.it serves to absorb the transmitted signal so that it does notbounce and interfere other computer that waiting to senddata.

When the growing chain, cables can be extended with thefollowing two methods:Using a barrel connector, allowing two cableconnected.(It should be noted here: the use of connector will cause the signal to be

weakened or lost. If too much use of the connector, this can cause thewrong signal is received.

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Using a repeater: which can connect the two cables.Repeater increase signals through it before it is sent tothe destination. Repeater is better than the barrelbecause it can connect two cables length or long

distance without having to worry about the loss of data.

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Barrel Connector repeater

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Advantages and disadvantages of bus topology

Advantages disadvantagesQuick, reliable in building asmall network, easy to useand understand

a lot of network traffic caused thebus to be slow. Because anycomputer can send signals at anytime, these interfere with eachother

cable to connect thecomputer does not needmuch, so prices are cheap

Each barrel connector willweaken the signal, if too manyconnections can result in signal isnot received correctly

Easy to expand the bus. Twocables can be connected tobecome longer with BNCbarrel

difficult to be recovered

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S TAR TOPOLOGY The star topology is the most

commonly used architecture inEthernet LANs.

It connecting all the cables from thecomputer to a central location, whereeverything will be connected to a

device known as a hubEach computer in a star topologycommunicate with the central hub thatsends the message to the allcomputers (in a star networkbroadcast) or only to a certaindestination computer Hub in a star network consists of twotypes: passive and active types

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Active Hub:Re-genarate electrical signal and sends to all computers in thenetworkalso known as multiport repeaters.

Active hub and switch require a power supply to function.

Passive hub:such as wiring panel, only act as a source of connection does

not strengthen or regenerate any signal through it.It also does not require a power supply to function

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S TAR TOPOLOGY

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Advantages and disadvantages of star topology

Advantages disadvantagesEasier to update and add computersin the stars without disrupting network

If the central hub fails, thenetwork fails

Repairs of the network easily done inthe center of the stars

Requires device in the center of stars for rebroadcast, or convert(switch) network traffic

A damaged computer does notnecessarily affect the network

higher price because of all thecables must be pulled from thecenter

Can use several types of cableswithin the same network, with a hubthat can accept different types of

cables

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R ING TOPOLOGY

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Every computer connected to the next computer insequence, and the last computer will resume with the firstcomputer used to produce high-performance network, the networkthat require special bandwidth for features such as videoand audio, or high performance is required when manyusers access the network.Each computer receives the signal from the computer nextto it and send these signals to the computer further.This signal moves in one direction in a circle.Since each computer resend the signal it receives, then thering topology is an active network.

No terminator is required because there is no end to theloop..

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Advantages and disadvantages of ring topology

Advantages disadvantages As each computer isgiven the same toachieve the token, not asingle computer can be a

monopoly network

The failure of a computer willcause a network failure

not easy to repair if damaged

Increase or decrease thecomputer will disrupt thenetwork

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MESH /HYBRID TOPOLOGY

In the topologiesshown, there is onlyone possible path fromone node to another

node.If any cable in that pathis broken, the nodescannot communicate.

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Mesh topology uses lots of cables to connect every nodewith every other node.

In Mesh topology, message sent to the destination cantake any possible shortest, easiest route to reach itsdestination.Similarly in the Ring topology message can travel in only

one direction i.e clockwise or anticlockwise.

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Advantages and disadvantages of hybrid/meshtopology

Advantages disadvantages

Durable, eg failure to themedia does not disrupt thenetwork compared with other

topologies.Relatively easy to berecovered

Not easy to install and reconfigure(especially if the number of computers a lot)

The cost of maintaining the(redundant link) is high

NETWORKING STANDARDS

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NETWORKING STANDARDS There are several organizations in the United States and Europe thatproduces standards for data communications and computer networks.

The role of these organizations are only suggested standards. Theorganizations are:a. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) andTelecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)d. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)f. Internet Society (ISOC)

g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and InternetCorporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

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a. American National Standard Institute (ANSI)is a private organization that coordinates all standardsorganizations in the United States.

ANSI standards are among the organizations involved incomputer and data communications

b. Electronics Industries Association (EIA)is an organization representing many of expenditures in theelectronics industry.Duties and responsibilities of EIA is more focused on

electrical standard includingEIA-232-D and EIA-499:

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c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)is a professional organization will issue a standard in their respective fields and this standard will be adopted byconsumers.In the computer world, better known in the developing

IEEE standard Local Area Network (LAN) which isdesignated as IEEE 802.

d. Internatinal Standards Organization (ISO)is a voluntary organization with membership from severalcountries.ISO to work with other organizations such as CCITT and

ANSI standards to create some standards such as HDLC(High-level data link control)

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e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU) an intergovernmental organization through which public

and private organizations develop telecommunications .The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a UnitedNations agency in 1947.It is responsible for adopting international treaties,

regulations and standards governingtelecommunications .

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/telecommunications.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/standard.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ITU.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ITU.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/standard.html

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/telecommunications.html

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Communication begins with a message, or information, thatmust be sent from one individual or device to another.People exchange ideas using many differentcommunication methods.

All of these methods have three elements in common.The first of these elements is the message source, or sender.Message sources are people,or electronic devices, that need tosend a message to other individuals or devices.The second element of communication is the destination, or

receiver, of the message. The destination receives the messageand interprets it.

A third element, called a channel,consists of the media thatprovides the pathway over which the message can travel fromsource to destination.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION IN NETWORKING :S OURCE , C HANNEL , D ESTINATION

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channel refers either to a physical transmission medium such as awire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed mediumsuch as a radio channel.

used to convey an information signal, for example a digitalbit stream , from one or several senders (or transmitters) toone or several receivers .Information sent through a communications channel has a

source from which the information originates, and adestination to which the information is delivered A channel has a certain capacity for transmittinginformation, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or itsdata rate in bits per second

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection-oriented_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transfer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_stream

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(information_theory)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signaling_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signaling_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(information_theory)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_stream

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transfer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection-oriented_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium

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Source: person with the messageDestination: target of the messageChannel: voice

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RULES OF COMMUNICATION

Attributes of a communication protocol:

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MESSAGE ENCODING

Thoughts are encoded into languageLanguage is transmitted to recipientLike language computer data is converted to bits before it issent over the wire

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MESSAGE FORMATTING

Messages must follow a particular format —like a letter or phone callMessages are encapsulated (addressed) before beingsent to the appropriate location

On a network messages are formatted into frames

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MESSAGE S IZE

Messages have size restrictions depending on thechannel usedMessages must be of a particular sizeEthernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500 bytes

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MESSAGE TIMING

Access methodDetermines when a message can be sentThis helps avoid collisions

Flow control

Determines how much information can be sent at anygiven time

Response timeoutDetermines what action to take if there is no response in a

reasonable time period

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NETWORKING HARDWARE

1. NICNICs provide computers with a connection tothe network & it's also handle an importantdata-conversion function. Each computer onthe network, including the servers, is required

to have one.

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T YPES OF NIC C ARD :

Those that are installed on an expansion boardinside a computer.

PCI NIC PCI Express NIC

THOSE ARE INSTALLED TO THE COMPUTER 'S BUS

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EXTERNALLY :

- PCMCIA A DAPTER , USB P ORT , F IRE WIRE ,COMPACT FLASH NIC.

ON-BOARD NIC - U SUALLY AN ETHERNET PORT AND MODEM JACK ARE PROVIDED

INTO THE MOTHERBOARD .W IRELESS NIC - IS A NETWORK INTERFACE

CONTROLLER WHICH CONNECTS TO A RADIO - BASED .T HIS CARD USES AN ANTENNA TO COMMUNICATE THROUGH MICROWAVES .JUST LIKE OTHER NIC S ,WORKS ON THE LAYER 1 AND LAYER 2 OF THE OSI M ODEL .

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Network_interface_controller





http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Radio

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Antenna_(radio)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Microwaves

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/OSI_Model




http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Microwaves

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Antenna_(radio)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch7623/wiki/Radio






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COMPACT FLASH CARD

WIRELESS NIC

REPEATERS

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Repeater is a device that hastwo port signal amplifiers

It is used in BUS topology toextend the network cableconnections in excess of thepermitted maximum.Signal strength will be

diminished as it passes througha long cable, if it exceeds thelimit the possibility of the signalwill continue to shrink anddisappear.

Repeater will receive the digitalsignal from one of the port thenamplifies the signal beforesending the signal out.

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HUB

A hub has two different jobs:to provide a central point of connection for all of thecomputers on the network. Every computer plugs intothe hub (multiple hubs can be daisy chained together if necessary in order to accommodate more computers).to arrange the ports in such a way so that if a PCtransmits data, the data is sent over the other computer’s receive wires.

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HUB

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SWITCH

– A devicethat links device suchas computers,terminals, printers &

provides amechanism toconnect one deviceto another &communicate directly

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BRIDGE

– a device thatconnects two similarnetwork together.

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A netwok interconnection device &associated software that links two networks.The networks being linked can be diffrerent,but they must use a common routing protocol.

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ROUTERS

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1. Devices may be arranged in a _____ topology.

A) mesh B) ring C) bus D) all of the above2. A _______ is a data communication system within a building, plant,

or campus, or between nearby buildings.A) MAN B) LAN C) WAN D) none of the above

3. A ______ is a data communication system spanning states,countries, or the whole world.

A) MAN B) LAN C) WAN D) none of the above

4. ________ is a collection of many separate networks.

A) A WAN B) An internet C) a LAN D) None of the above

.

QUIZ

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YOUR TASK:

IDENTIFY TYPES OF NETWORKINTERFACE CARD:

1. Card on an expansion board insidea computer (PCI NIC, PCI expressNIC)

2. Card installed to the computer’s busexternally (PCMCIA adapter, USBport, Firewire, Compact flash NIC)

3. Onboard NIC4. Wireless NIC

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http://uis.georgetown.edu/software/documentation/winxp/winxp.network.printer.html http://help.chem.upenn.edu/helpdesk/netprtinst/networkprintersetupxp.htm

http://uis.georgetown.edu/software/documentation/winxp/winxp.network.printer.html




EC301-Unit 1

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