Dr.NNCE ECE/IVSEM LIC LAB-LM 1 EC2258 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY LABORATORY MANUAL FOR IV SEMESTER B.E (ECE) ACADEMIC YEAR(2013-2014) (FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY) ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600 025 (REGULATION 2008) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THOLUDUR – 606303, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
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Dr.NNCE ECE/IVSEM LIC LAB-LM
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EC2258 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY
LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR IV SEMESTER B.E (ECE)
ACADEMIC YEAR(2013-2014)
(FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY)
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600 025
(REGULATION 2008)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THOLUDUR – 606303, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
CRO (30/60 MHz)
FUNCTION GENERATOR (1 MHz Range)
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (0-30)
DUAL POWER SUPPLY (±15V/± 12V)
BREAD BOARD
TRANSFORMER & CONSUMABLES
ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT : 20 MARKS
PRACTICAL EXAM : 80 MARKS
TOTAL : 100 MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT (20 MARKS)
SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS
OBSERVATION : 3 MARKS
RECORD NOTE : 7 MARKS
CIA I : 2 MARKS
CIA II : 2 MARKS
MODEL EXAM : 3 MARKS
ATTENDANCE : 3 MARKS
TOTAL : 20 MARKS
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The Exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be converted to 80 marks.
ALLOCATION OF MARKS
Aim and Result : 10 marks
Circuit diagram and Tabulation : 20 Marks
Connection : 30 Marks
Output : 30 Marks
Viva Voce : 10 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES
Enter the Lab with CLOSED FOOTWEAR.
Boys should “TUCK IN” the shirts.
Students should wear uniform only.
LONG HAIR should be protected, let it not be loose especially near ROTATING
MACHINERY.
Any other machines / equipments should not be operated other than the prescribed one
for that day.
POWER SUPPLY to your test table should be obtained only through the LAB
TECHNICIAN.
Do not LEAN and do not be CLOSE to the rotating components.
TOOLS, APPARATUS and GUAGE sets are to be returned before leaving the lab.
HEADINGS and DETAILS should be neatly written
Aim of the experiment
Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required
Procedure / Theory / Algorithm / Program
Model Calculations
Neat Diagram / Flow charts
Specifications / Designs Details
Tabulations
Graph
Result / discussions.
Before doing the experiment, the student should get the Circuit / Program approval by
the FACULTY -IN -CHARGE.
Experiment date should be written in the appropriate place.
After completing the experiment, the answer to the viva-voce questions should be neatly
written in the workbook.
Be PATIENT, STEADY, SYSTEMATIC AND REGULAR.
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers.
2. Integrator and Differentiator.
3. Instrumentation amplifier.
4. Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters.
5. Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using Op-Amp.
6. Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using Op-Amp.
7. Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 timer.
8. PLL characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier.
9. DC power supply using LM317 and LM723.
10. Study of SMPS.
11. Simulation of Instrumentation amplifier using PSpice.
12. Simulation of Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters using PSpice.
13. Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using
PSpice.
14. Simulation of Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using PSpice.
15. Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators using PSpice.
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Ex. No Name of the Experiment Page No.
01 Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers
02 Integrator and Differentiator
03 Instrumentation amplifier
04 Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters
05 Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger
using Op-Amp
06 Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using Op-Amp
07 Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 timer
08 PLL characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier
09 DC power supply using LM317 and LM723
10 Simulation of Instrumentation amplifier using PSpice
11 Simulation of Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters
using PSpice
12 Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators and
Schmitt trigger using PSpice
13 Simulation of Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using
PSpice
14 Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators using
PSpice
15 Study of SMPS
CONTENTS
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PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
MODEL GRAPH:
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Exercise/Experiment Number: 1
Title of the exercise/experiment : Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers
Date of the experiment :
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXERCISE/EXPERIMENT
To construct and test the performance of an Inverting, Non-inverting amplifier and
Differential amplifier using IC µA 741
ACQUISITION
A. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
B. DESIGN:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Let A = -5; R1 = 1KΩ
A = − Rf / R1
Rf = 5 KΩ
Rcomp = R1 Rf / R1 + Rf
= 833 Ω
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Let A = 6; R1 = 1KΩ
A = 1 + (Rf / R1)
Rf = 5 KΩ
Rcomp = R1 Rf / R1 + Rf
= 833 Ω
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Let A = 100; R1 = 1KΩ
A = R2 / R1
R2 = 100 KΩ
S. No. Name Range Quantity
1 Dual Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 Resistors 1KΩ;5 KΩ;100 KΩ Each 2
3 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1
4 IC µA 741 - 1
5 Voltmeter (0-50)V 1
6 Connecting Wires - -
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER: MODEL GRAPH:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
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C. THEORY:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
The fundamental component of any analog computer is the operational
amplifier or op-amp and the frequency configuration in which it is used as an inverting amplifier. An
input voltage Vin is applied to the input voltage. It receives and inverts its polarity producing an
output voltage. this same output voltage is also applied to a feedback resistor Rf, which is connected to
the amplifier input analog with R1. The amplifier itself has a very high voltage gain.
If Rf = R1 then Vo=Vi
NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Although the standard op-amp configuration is as an inverting amplifier,
there are some applications where such inversion is not wanted. However, we cannot just switch the
inverting and non inverting inputs to the amplifier itself. We will still need negative feedback to
control the working gain of the circuit .Therefore, we will need to leave the resistor structure around
the op-amp intact and swap the input and ground connections to the overall circuit.
VO/VI = (Rf / Ri) +1
From the calculations, we can see that the effective voltage gain of the
non-inverting amplifier is set by the resistance ratio. Thus, if the two resistors are equal value, then the
gain will be 2 rather than 1.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
A circuit that amplifies the difference between two signals is called as a
differential amplifier. This type of amplifiers is very useful in instrumentation circuits. From the
experimental setup of a differential amplifier, the voltage at the output of the operational amplifier is
zero. The inverting and non-inverting terminals are at the same potential. Such a circuit is very useful
in detecting very small differences in signals. Since the gain can be chosen to be very large. For
example, if R2=100R1, then a small difference V1-V2 is amplified 100 times.
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TABULATION:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
S.No Input Voltage (in volts) Output Voltage (in volts)
1
1
−9.93
NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
S.No Input Voltage (in volts) Output Voltage (in volts)
1
1
11.2
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
S.No Input Voltage (in volts) Output Voltage (in volts)
1
2
V1 V2
9.74
9.80
3 2
2 3
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D. PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the EXPERIMENTAL SETUP.
The supply is switched ON.
Output is connected to anyone channel of CRO.
The V1 and V2 voltages are fixed and measured from the other channel of CRO
and the corresponding output voltages are also noted from the CRO.
The above step is repeated for various values of V1 and V2.V1 and V2 may be
AC or DC voltages from function generator or DC power supply.
Readings are tabulated and gain was calculated and composed with designed
values.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define an operational amplifier.
An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high gain amplifier consisting of one or more differential
amplifier. By properly selecting the external components, it can be used to perform a variety of
mathematical operations.
2. Mention the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
* Open loop voltage gain is infinity. *Input impedance is infinity. *Output impedance
is zero. *Bandwidth is infinity. *Zero offset.
3. Define input offset voltage.
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the two input
terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
4. Define input offset current.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called as input offset
current.
RESULT
Thus the Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifier using op-amp was designed and
tested.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
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Exercise/Experiment Number: 2
Title of the exercise/experiment : Integrator and Differentiator
Date of the experiment :
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXERCISE/EXPERIMENT
To construct and test the performance of an Integrator and Differentiator using IC µA
741
ACQUISITION
A. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
B. DESIGN:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
Let fa = 50 Hz; C1 = 0.1μF
fa = 1 / 6.28 Rf C1
Rf = 31.8KΩ
Rf = 10R1
R1 = 3.1 KΩ
INTEGRATOR:
Let fb = 50 Hz; Cf = 0.1μF
fb = 1 / 6.28 R1 Cf
R1 = 10KΩ
Rf = 10R1
Rf = 100 KΩ
S. No. Name Range Quantity
1 Dual Power Supply (0-30)V 1
2 Resistors 31.8KΩ;3.1KΩ;10KΩ;100KΩ;
1KΩ
Each 1.
3
3 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 1
4 IC µA 741 - 1
5 AFO (0-1)MHz 1
6 Capacitor 0.1μF 1
7. CRO (0-20)MHz 1
8. Connecting Wires - -
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INTEGRATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
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C. THEORY:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
Op-amps allow us to make nearly perfect integrators such as the
practical integrator the circuit incorporates a large resistor in parallel with the feedback capacitor. This
is necessary because real op-amps have a small current flowing at their input terminals called the "bias
current". This current is typically a few nanoamps, and is neglected in many circuits where the
currents of interest are in the microamp to milliamp range. The feedback resistor gives a path for the
bias current to flow. The effect of the resistor on the response is negligible at all but the lowest
frequencies.
INTEGRATOR:
One of the simplest of the operational amplifier that contains capacitor is
differential amplifier.As the suggests, the circuit performs the mathematical operation of
differentiation.the output is the derivative of the given input signal voltage.The minus sign indicates a
1800 phase shift of the output waveform Vo with respect to the input signal.
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TABULATION:
Amplitude (Volts)
Time Period (ms)
Input
3.6
1
Differentiator Output
20
1
Integrator Output
18
1
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D. PROCEDURE:
The connections are given as per the experimental setup.
The supply is switched ON after checking the circuit connections.
The input wave form is applied from the function generator and the
corresponding output waveform is noted from the CRO.
The above mentioned procedure is repeated for differentiator also.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of current sources?
Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and as load
devices for amplifier stages.
2. Justify the reasons for using current sources in integrated circuits.
*superior insensitivity of circuit performance to power supply variations and temperature.
*more economical than resistors in terms of die area required to provide bias currents of small
value.
*When used as load element, the high incremental resistance of current source results in high
voltage gains at low supply voltages.
3. What is the advantage of wilder current source over constant current source?
Using constant current source output current of small magnitude (micro amp range) is not
attainable due to the limitations in chip area. Wilder current source is useful for obtaining small output
currents. Sensitivity of wilder current source is less compared to constant current source.
4.Mention the advantages of Wilson current source.
*provides high output resistance.
*offers low sensitivity to transistor base currents.
RESULT
Thus the Integrator and Differentiator using op-amp was designed and tested.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
MODEL GRAPH:
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Exercise/Experiment Number: 3
Title of the exercise/experiment : Instrumentation amplifier
Date of the experiment :
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXERCISE/EXPERIMENT
To design and verify the operation of instrumentation amplifier using IC µA 741