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T he Biofertilizer Research Group is leading in advanced
composting process and waste recycling technology for agriculture
purposes. The group main focus is on effective organic wastes
recycling technology to convert organic wastes into organic
fertilizer. Currently, the researches on oil palm biomass
composting and
pyrolisis process are conducted in the group under the
collaboration between UPM
and KIT. The economic feasibility analysis also been conducted
for both researches to
promote zero discharge in oil palm industry.
BIOFERTILIZERRESEARCH GROUP
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Currently, there are four PhD and fi ve Master students under
this group. The students either registered with UPM or Kyushu
Institute of Technology (KIT).
Appropriate technology for accelerated composting treatment of
oil palm biomass, municipal and organic waste.
Application of oil palm biomass for increased methane production
and POME treatment towards zero discharge solution
Molecular screening of cellulose and xylanase enzyme from oil
palm empty fruit bunch compost
Zero discharge in palm oil industry Composting of oil palm
mesocarp fi ber and POME anaerobic sludge Composting of oil Palm
Frond and POME anaerobic sludge Composting of continuous
sterilizing oil palm empty fruit bunch and raw POME Appropriate
treatment for palm oil mill fi nal discharged wastewater as
recycled
water in the mill to replace fresh river water
RESEARCH FOCUS
PRINCIPAL RESEARCHERS
LEFT ASSOC. PROF. DR UMI KALSOM MD SHAHRIGHT DR NORAINI ABDUL
RAHMAN
101
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BIG PICTURE BIOFERTILIZER
LARGE SCALE SMALL SCALE
Mohd Kamahl Kamarudin
Dr Azhari Samsu Baharuddin
Mohd Huzairi Mohd Zainudin
Nor Hashimah Abdul Rahman
Yoshizaki Tatsuya
ECONOMIC ASPECT : ZERO
DISCHARGE
BIOCHARBIOCOMPOST
Ahmad Amiruddin Mohd Ali
Mohd Ridzuan Othman
BIOFERTILIZER
PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES
Lim Siong Hock
Mohd Najib Ahmad
102 EB GROUP RESEARCH REPORT
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Appropriate technology for accelerated composting treatment of
oil palm biomass, municipal and organic waste
MALAYSIA IS THE largest palm oil pro-ducer and exporter in the
world. Despite high economics return to the country, the industry
also generates large amount of wastes such as oil palm empty
fruit bunch (OPEFB), mesocarp fi ber, Oil palm frond (OPF), Palm
oil mill effl uent (POME) and POME sludge. Currently the solid
wastes are being treated in large open pond system before safely
discharged. In advanced, these wastes could be transformed into
high value-added product such as bio-compost using an advanced
biotechnology technique. The composting process utilizes activated
POME anaerobic sludge for nitrogen sources and microbial seeding
and oil palm biomass as carbon source. The active microbial seeding
strategy was accelerated the
composting process from 100 days to only 40 days, reducing the
overall operation cost and avoid the dependency on effective
microbes (EM) supplementation.
Furthermore, this integrated composting system produced high and
consistent qual-ity biocompost in term of nutrients value and
beneficial microbes. Based on EFB biocompost, the final matured
product comprised of satis-factory N:P:K content of 2:1:3 and
considerable amount of nutrients (calcium, magnesium, sul-fur,
iron, manganese, zinc and copper) and final C/N ratio of 12. In
addition very low level of heavy metals was detected in the
compost. The bio-compost could also be fortified with other
suitable wastes to increase the nutrients value. For the
commercialization, this environmental-friendly technology and
know-how to produce bio-compost from oil palm biomass could be
transferred to the small medium industries in the rural area for
wealth creation.
Main supervisor : PROF. DR YOSHIHITO SHIRAIEducation status :
PhD, Graduated 2010Email: [email protected]
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate the performance of open and in-house windrow
composting treatment for empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill
effl uent (POME) at fi eld scale operation
2. To determine the microbial succession of empty fruit bunch
(EFB)-Palm oil mil effl uent (POME) compost in conventional open
and in-house windrow composting treatment by Denaturing Gradient
Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and PCR cloning analysis
3. To develop an accelerated and controlled composting treatment
for empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effl uent (POME) at
semi commercial scale
Dr Azhari Samsu Baharuddin
2010 PUBLICATION
Azhari Samsu Baharuddin, Mohamad Nafi s Ab Razak, Lim Siong
Hock, Mohd Najib Ahmad, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Nor'Aini Abdul Rahman,
Umi Kalsom Md Shah, Mohd Ali Hassan, Kenji Sakai and Yoshihito
Shirai. (2010). Isolation and Characterization of Thermophilic
Cellulase-Producing Bacteria from Empty Fruit Bunches-Palm Oil Mill
Effl uent Compost. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(1),
56-62. (See abstract at page 48)
The SEM image for Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) compost
Azhari Samsu Baharuddin, Lim Siong Hock, Mohd Zulkhairi Md
Yusof, Nor'Aini Abdul Rahman, Umi Kalsom Md Shah, Mohd Ali Hassan,
Minato Wakisaka, Kenji Sakai and Yoshihito Shirai. (2010). Effects
of palm oil mill effl uent (POME) anaerobic sludge from 500 m3 of
closed anaerobic methane digested tank on pressed-shredded empty
fruit bunch (EFB) composting process. African Journal of
Biotechnology, 9(16), 2427-2436. (See abstract at page 42)
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Application of oil palm biomass for increased methane production
and biogas treatment
THE PALM OIL industry represents the largest agro-economic
sector in Malaysia. However as the demand for oil palm products
increase globally, more atten-tion is being paid to
the impact of huge wastes generated from the industry such as
palm oil mill effl uent (POME), oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB),
mesocarp fi ber and oil palm fronds (OPF) towards the environment.
In the conventional system, POME is treated using expansive open
lagoons and/or tanks prior to discharge to the river or
watercourse. The solid wastes on the other hand are being utilized
as boiler fuel, mulching agent in the oil palm plantations or
incinerated. Hence this study aims to utilize these oil palm
biomass or residues specifi cally POME and EFB, which are the
largest by-products of the palm oil extraction process to increase
methane production and produce biocharcoal or more commonly known
as biochar.
The first part of the study focuses on methods for improving
methane production and yield in both batch and continuous anaerobic
fermen-tation systems of POME through utilization of added oil palm
biomass. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and
Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) will be used in tandem to
study, visualize and quantify the mi-crobes involved in both types
of fermentation systems. The second part of the study focuses on
the carbonization of EFB using relatively low cost technology. The
end-product is biochar will then be converted to higher grade
activated carbon by utilizing excess steam generated from the mill
processes. Cheap EFB biochar or activated carbon holds great
promise for the industry and environment. It can be used for
several applications such as biogas scrubbing or final discharge
POME treatment.
This study will involve the former type of ap-plication whereby
EFB activated carbon will be used to treat biogas generated from
the POME anaerobic digestion process. Normal biogas scrubbing
systems will be studied in parallel for comparison with the EFB
activated carbon system. Purified methane produced could be
converted into electricity via gas engines and used in the mill
operations. Spent EFB biochar or activated carbon wasted from the
biogas scrubbing system will then be analyzed for application as a
soil-enrichment agent in the oil palm plantations. This approach
could ulti-mately reduce if not eliminating altogether the
Ahmad Amiruddin bin Mohd Ali
1. To improve methane production and yield from palm oil mill
effl uent (POME) anaerobic batch and continuous fermentation
systems by utilizing added oil palm biomass.
2. To evaluate performance of biogas scrubbing system using mill
treated river water and biochar produced from low-cost
technology.
3. To produce biochar and activated carbon from oil palm empty
fruit bunch (EFB) using low-cost technology and excess steam.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Main supervisor : PROF. DR YOSHIHITO SHIRAIEducation status :
PhD, Semester 3Email: [email protected]
need for costly chemical fertilizers. In addition to these
potential applications, EFB biochar could also serve as a fuel
alternative to replace fossil based fuels and other oil palm
biomass resources used in the mill operations. Freed biomass and
biochar both possess great com-mercial value, which could generate
significant revenue for the mill and industry.
50-L Bioreactor Methane Fermentation System
Biogas Scrubbing System
104
BIOFERTILIZEREB GROUP RESEARCH REPORT
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Isolation and characterization of cellulase and xylanase from
oil palm empty fruit bunch compost
MALAYSIA HAS become the largest oil palm producer with the
production of about 18 million tonnes per year and about 47% of
worlds supply. Besides producing oil, it has generates abundant
of waste such as Palm oil mill effl uent (POME), Empty fruit
bunch (EFB), Mesocarp fi ber and Palm kernel shell. EFB is one the
largest waste produce in the mill. Previously, EFB has been
dumped for soil mulching in the plantation area. One way to
create value added product from these waste are through the
compositing using EFB with anaerobic sludge POME.
EFB compost is manageable product which can be use as soil
amendment and organic fertilizer. In composting, lignocellulose
ma-terial breaks down due to the existence of aerobic thermophilic
bacteria. The microbial population and microbes capable of
produc-ing cellulase and xylanase was investigated. In this study,
DNA was extracted and purified from EFB compost by DNA soil
extraction
kit. The isolated DNA was used for determining the microbial
Main supervisor : PROF. DR MOHD ALI HASSANEducation status :
PhD, Semester 3Email: [email protected]
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the microbial community during the oil palm
empty fruit bunch compost process
2. To isolate and characterize the expressed cellulase and
xylanase from isolated microbes
3. To screen and identify cellulase and xylanase gene through
metagenomic approach
Mohd Huzairi b. Mohd Zainudin
population through microbiota analysis by us-ing
culture-independent of 16s rRNA gene amplified directly from the
compost. 1500-bp 16S rRNA PCR products were cloned and sequenced.
Subsequently, with regard to the results obtained from microbiota
analysis, screening and isolation of bacteria produc-ing cellulase
and xylanase was done. Several microbes that are able to express
cellulase and xylanase have been isolated. In order to identify
potential cellulase and xylanase enzyme from nonculturable
microbes, metagenomic of EFB compost was done. Metagenome involves
the extraction of metagenomic DNA from EFB compost. The DNA is
subsequently cloned into vector (fosmid) to construct the
metagenomic library. From the metagenomic library, the genes
encoding cellulase and xylanase were screened and identified by
polymerase chain reaction or activity screening.
The findings of this study helped to under-stand the microbial
population throughout the composting process and identify the
microbes that can produce cellulase and xylanase. It is also helped
to find the lignocellulosic enzyme by isolating genes encoding
cellulase and xylanase which was screened from metagemonic library.
Hopefully in the future, these finding will pro-vide the good
enzyme to improve the feasibil-ity of lignocellulose biomass
conversion.
Screening of xylanase producing bacteria
Screening of cellulase producing Bacteria
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis of EFB compost
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Zero discharge on palm oil industry
FOR LONG TIME, palm oil industry has described as a high
environment burden industry. By producing crude palm oil (CPO) from
Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB), a big amount of Palm
Oil Mill Effl uent (POME) which contains high COD/BOD and
exhausting methane that is 21 times as effective to Greenhouse
effect as CO2 is discharged. Under status quo, producing CPO and
keeping environment in mill are the relationship of Trade-Off. That
arranges and optimizes several technologies as a whole mill in
order to achieve the balance between economic and keeping
environment. The idea for zero discharge is to introduce 2 ways.
First one is the POME treat-ment and biogas capture system. In this
POME
treatment process, methane is captured, and that is used for
electric generating. And the electricity is expected to be used for
mills operation. But this technology is economically-unattractive.
Therefore, second way, bio charcoal is introduced. Bio charcoal is
made from excess biomass like Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), shell and fi
ber. And the biocharcoal is expected not only to make waste water
clean-up but also to sell as fertilizer in markets. These two ways
should be integrated and support subsidiary each other.
This study is done in a region as well under Bornean
Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation (BBEC) Program with Japan
International Company Agency (JICA) in Sandakan. This projects
objective is to improve wet lands pollution at this site and
achieve the water quality with Ramsar Conservation. The reason why
the wet land is polluted is because of mills POME discharge located
at upstream.
Then, this study will contribute to persuade mills owner to
participate the project through making their mills economy
ef-ficiency improve. As a result, that will contribute to
environment protection as well.
Tatsuya Yoshizaki
1. To improve methane production and yield from palm oil mill
effl uent (POME) anaerobic batch and continuous fermentation
systems by utilizing added oil palm biomass.
2. To evaluate performance of biogas scrubbing system using mill
treated river water and biochar produced from low-cost
technology.
3. To produce biochar and activated carbon from oil palm empty
fruit bunch (EFB) using low-cost technology and excess steam.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Main supervisor : PROF. DR YOSHIHITO SHIRAIEducation status :
PhD, Semester 1Email: [email protected]
TOP Biogas capture
RIGHT Bio charcoal
106
BIOFERTILIZEREB GROUP RESEARCH REPORT
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Composting of oil palm mesocarp fiber by enhancement of palm oil
mill effluent anaerobic sludge.
OIL PALM MESO-CARP FIBER (OPMF) is one of the most abundant
lignocellu-losic wastes produced throughout the year in palm oil
industry. The current utilization of OPMF however has
created huge environmental pollution to the environment. Due to
this reasons, this research was done to utilize OPMF in a better
way as composting substrate for biocompost production. POME
anaerobic sludge also been used as nitro-gen source and microbial
seeding for composting process. The addition of POME anaerobic
sludge gradually led to prolonged thermophilic condition (50 - 68C)
for about 40 days. This eventually led to feasible composting of
OPMF within 50 days with fi nal C/N ratio of 12.6 and considerable
amount of nutrients in the fi nal compost. For
succession and phylogenetic profi le of microbial communities
during composting process, Poly-merase Chain ReactionDenaturant Gel
Gradient Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis has been done. It has
been observed that strong hydrolytic microbes have been dominance
in thermophillic phase of composting process.
Moreover, beneficial microbes for agricul-tural purpose also
have been observed in the later phase. For structural changes,
Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) exhibited the struc-tural view
of OPMF throughout composting process. The composting process could
be ac-celerated with advanced processing system and the research
outcome could improve the degra-dation as well as nutrient content
in compost product. Throughout this study, the production of
biocompost from co-composting of OPMF and POME anaerobic sludge in
large scale could fully utilize wastes material in the mill as
sub-strates in environmental friendly manner.
Main supervisor : PROF. DR MOHD ALI HASSANEducation status :
Master, Semester 5Email: [email protected]
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the feasibility of biocompost production from
co-composting of oil palm mesocarp fi ber with POME anaerobic
sludge in pilot scale.
2. To determine the microbial succession and structural
degradation throughout composting process.
Lim Siong Hock
The SEM image of mesocarp compost after 50 days. The active
microbial degradation had been observed
OPMF biocompost after grinding and sieving
The DGGE result for composting of mesocarp fi ber. The
predominant microbes had been identifi ed in different composting
period
OPMF Biocompost after 50 days of degradation
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Appropriate treatment of palm oil mill final discharge
wastewater as recycled water for the mill to achieve zero
discharge
IN PALM OIL industry, huge amount of water have been utilized
for palm oil sterilization and ex-traction process. The processing
system has been applying widely in Malaysia for year.
It has been estimated that around one ton of fresh water was
needed for processing every ton of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). As a
return, huge amount of wastewater has been generated, treated and
discharged to the river every day. Current treatment system
applying in oil palm industry is using river water to use for mill.
In present study, the effect of coagulant and activated carbon
application as appropriate treatment of palm oil mill fi nal
discharge wastewater have been evaluated in order to recycled water
for
the mill to replace fresh river water. Current chemical
treatment used at the mill will be used to treat fi nal discharge
to achieve zero discharge. Activated carbon is used as absorbent
material due to its large number of cavernous pores that provide a
large surface area relative to the size of the actual carbon
particle and its visible exterior surface. A Jar Test Method is
used to stimulate the coagulation and fl occulation processes that
encourage the removal of COD, color, suspended colloids and organic
matter in fi nal discharge wastewater which can lead to turbidity,
odor and taste problems. In this research Jar Test is used to
determine the optimum operating conditions
Mohd Ridzuan bin Othman
1. To study an effective dosing of organic and inorganic
coagulant usage for the treatment of palm oil mill fi nal discharge
wastewater to achieve zero discharge in the mill
2. To develop low cost environmental friendly methods by using
organic coagulant to treat palm oil mill fi nal discharge
wastewater
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Main supervisor : PROF. DR MOHD ALI HASSANEducation status :
Master, Semester 1Email: [email protected]
FAR LEFT Activated carbon from palm oil shell
LEFT Zeolite for fi nal discharge wastewater treatment BOTTOM
Final discharge treatment using alum with jar test equipment
for fi nal discharge wastewater by optimizing value of pH,
dosage of coagulant and activated carbon used and mixing time to
improve the performance and/or capacity of existing treatment
systems and to reduce capital expenditure on new treatment
systems.
108
BIOFERTILIZEREB GROUP RESEARCH REPORT
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Isolation and characterization of ligninolytic bacteria strains
from oil palm plantation soils
LIGNINOCELLULOSE are mainly consists of lignin, hemicellulose
and cellulose (Betts et al.,1991; Sun and Cheng, 2002). Lignin is
well-known for resistance to microbial degradation because
of its high molecular weight and presence of various
biologically stable carbon-to-carbon and ether linkages. Generally,
lignin contains three aromatic alcohols which are coniferyl
alcohol, sinaply and p-coumaryl and there are many problems and
diffi culty in dissolving lignin without destroying it and some of
it subunits because of its exact chemical structure is diffi cult
to ascertain. Lignin iss the most recalcitrant to degrade because
of its highly ordered crystalline structure is more resistant to
hydrolysis than hemicellulose. Thus, lignin breakdown is thought to
occur by concomitant action of ligninolytic enzymes.
Microorganisms that degrade lignin through an oxidative process
are fungi, actinomycetes and to a lesser extent, bacteria. In the
literature review, white rot fungi have received extensive
attention in research for ligninolytic enzymes because of their
powerful lignin-degdrading enzymatic systems (Hatakka, 1994). Even
so, fungi are unstable in practical treatment under extreme
environmental and substrate conditions such as, oxygen limitation,
high extractive, higher pH and lignin concentration (Nagarathnamma
et. al., 1999). Hence, in some studies, it shows evidence about the
bacterial strains can degrade the low molecular weight portion of
lignin, but are unable to depolymer-ize the high molecular weight
backbone of the lignin polymer because the bacterial cells do not
secrete lignin-depolymerizing enzymes unlike fungi which secrete
extracellular enzymes called ligninases (Vicuna, 1988). Still,
bacterial lignin degradation systems have ligninolytic potential
because it consists of many unique and specifi c enzymes with the
ability to catalyze the produc-
tion of various useful compounds. Bacteria are important to be
studied for ligninolytic potential because of their immense
environmental adapt-ability and biochemical versatility (Lisboa
et.al., 2005).
Main supervisor : DR NOR AINI BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN Education
status : Master, Semester 1Email: [email protected]
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To determine bacterial populations from oil palm plantation
soils for ligninolytic bacteria strains by using microbiota
analysis
2. To isolate and characterize potential ligninolytic bacteria
strains for production of lignin-degrading enzymes based on
microbiota analysis
Nor Hashimah binti Abdul Rahman
FAR LEFT DNA extraction from POME sludge
BOTTOM LEFT Palm Oil Mill Effl uent (POME) anaerobic sludge
There are several types of oil palm plan-tation soils in Felda
Serting Hilir, Negeri Sembilan were chosen as samples in this
project for screening and isolation of potential ligninolytic
bacteria strains. The observation that several soils bacteria with
the ability to degrade aromatic compounds are also able to degrade
lignin provides a possible link between aromatic degradation and
lignin degradation (Timothy et. al., 2010).
In order to explore the full potential of ligninolytic bacteria
strains contained in oil palm plantation soils, a clear and
complete understanding of bacterial communities in the samples will
be investigated by using culture-based techniques of microbiota
analysis. Based on the lists of the total microbial community in
the environmental samples, isolation of poten-tial ligninolytic
bacteria strains can be conduct and classifi ed according to
phylogenetic analy-sis (Fleske et. al.,1998; Fritsche et.
al.,1999).
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Composting of oil palm frond by enhancement of palm oil mill
effluent anaerobic sludge
A TOTAL OF 54.44 million tons of oil palm fronds had been
gener-ated from the palm oil industry in 2008. Real-izing the
potential and abundance of fronds as sources of renewable raw
materials, research
to produce Biocompost from oil palm frond (OPF) had been
initiated. Co-composting of palm biomass into microbial based
biofertilizer is essential to reduce the impact of environmental
pollution and generation of waste in oil palm sector and to
increase palm oil productivity. In composting, providing a stable
product that is high in nutrients which are easily accessible by
plants is essential. The basic process control objective is to
maximize microbial activity at the expense of the waste being
treated. This is
equivalent to maximize metabolic heat output. In the
self-heating ecosystem, temperature is a function of the
accumulation of heat generated metabolically and determinant of
metabolic activ-ity. The compost was entering a thermophilic phase,
with temperature recorded at 52 C after 6 days of composting. The
thermophilic condi-tion encourages the composting process with the
carbon to nitrogen ratio decrease from 80 to 15.3 during 60 days of
composting. Process stability is favored by moderate thermophilic
temperatures via an investigation of bacterial species diversity at
different composting temperatures by using denature gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE). The result of DGGE analysis revealed that
the main microbes dur-ing co-composting of chipped frond and POME
anaerobic sludge belong to group of Gammaproteobacteria.
Mohd Najib Ahmad
1. To study the microbial population during production of palm
biomass biofertilizer
2. To develop rapid open system for oil palm fronds (OPF)
composting.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Main supervisor : PROF. DR MOHD ALI HASSANEducation status :
Master, Semester 5Email: [email protected]
Biocompost Pilot Plant at Taman Pertanian Universiti (TPU), UPM
Serdang
110
BIOFERTILIZEREB GROUP RESEARCH REPORT
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Improvement in co-composting process of pressed-shredded empty
fruit bunch and raw palm oil mill effluent from continuous
sterilizer system
THE CONTINUOUS sterilizer system is a high performance system in
palm oil extraction. In future trend, more and more mills in
Malaysia will installing such fresh fruit bunch (FFB)
processing system. However, The non-ponding system in continuous
sterilization system has generated huge amount of empty fruit bunch
(EFB) and raw POME that had create problem to the mills. Therefore,
composting of continuous sterilizer EFB with the addition of raw
POME was an option to solves wastes accumulation problems in the
mills. Currently composting technology on empty fruit bunch (EFB)
and raw POME still in the infrant stages. The decomposition of
empty fruit bunch (EFB) in acidic condi-
tion may inhibit microbial decomposition rate. Therefore,
further study regarding microbial decomposition on empty fruit
bunch (EFB) was important for utilizating continuous sterilizing
empty fruit bunch (EFB). In order to get better understanding on
physicochemical in continuous sterilizing empty fruit bunch, detail
study on chemical and structural properties has been conducted. The
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) give a full picture on structural disrup-tion
under sterilization. For composting process, microbial seeding
method play an important role in effective composting since raw
POME lack
Main supervisor : PROF. DR MOHD ALI HASSANEducation status :
Master, Semester 2Email: [email protected]
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the effect of various OPF bulking size in
composting of POME under different FFB sterilization process
2. To investigate the feasibility of biocompost production from
co-composting of oil palm EFB with raw POME
Mohd Kamahl Kamarudin
of microbes. Hence, effectively utilizing microbial seeding was
a key for success-ful composting process. This study was targeting
to deliver a good composting process for raw POME and empty fruit
bunch (EFB) for industrial application.
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