Afifa Sattar M Phil Zoology Roll No 07 Ebola Virus Disease
Afifa Sattar M Phil Zoology Roll No 07
Ebola Virus Disease
EBOLA Virus Disease Hemorrhagic Fever
Content1. Introduction 2. History 3. Distribution4. Symptoms5. Diagnosis6. Life cycle
7. Treatment
8. . Recommendation
Ebola virus disease is a severe, often-fatal disease caused by infection with species of Ebola virus.
Family Filoviridae nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded
RNA virus Hot Virus kills as many as 90% of the people it infects
Diameter is about 80nm
Filamentous 970 nm long
What is Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)?
Ebola Subtypes Ebola-Zaire Ebola-Sudan Ebola Ivory-Coast Ebola-Reston Bundibugyo According to the
Public Health Agency of Canada, the Zaire and Sudan viral strains have a 90 percent fatality rate
Endemic areas: Central and West Africa
Until the 2014 epidemic in West Africa, all outbreaks of Ebola virus disease occurred in Central Africa
• The first Ebola virus species was discovered in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River.
• Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically.
1976- First Major Outbreak (ZEBOV) 1976- Sudan (SEBOV) Occur Sporadically
OUTBREAK
Updated: August 19, 2014 Suspected and Confirmed Case Count: 2240 Suspected Case Deaths: 1229
Current Situation
Fruit bats reservoir of virus - Drop partially eaten fruits
•Bats infect chimpanzees, gorillas, forest antelopes, porcupines
•Humans handle and eat bush meat (bats, chimpanzees, gorillas)
•Infected human passes from person to person
Reservoir and transmission to humans
Where does Ebola hide? 2002- Fruit Bats Ebola Gene sequences
in liver and spleen Fruit bats do not show
any symptoms Best candidate to be
the reservoir More research needs
to be done
The link between human infection by the Ebola virus and their proximity to primates is clear.
-Outbreaks occurred in countries that house 80 percent of the world’s remaining wild gorilla and chimpanzee populations.
- The outbreaks coincided with the outbreaks in wild animals.
- The same distinct viral strains were isolated in animal carcasses and in the bodies of those who handled those carcasses.
- These outbreaks were preceded by an abnormally large death in wild Gorilla populations.
Geography
Direct contact with bodily fluids from infected person or contaminated objects (e.g. needles)
breast milk feces saliva semen sweat urine Vomit There is no evidence that Ebola virus can spread from
person to person by the respiratory route
Incubation period: usually 8-10 days (range 2-21 days) an spread quickly in health care settings
Transmission
Early signs non-specific: Sudden onset of fever Intense weakness Muscle pain Headache Sore throat
Signs and Symptoms
Then followed by: Vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired
kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding
Laboratory findings show low counts of white blood cells and platelets as well as elevated liver enzymes.
EBOLA VICTIM
Complicated by non-specific early symptoms Diagnostic tests available
Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Virus isolation
Diagnosis
Virus enters the body via infected blood/body fluid in contact with a mucosal surface or a break in intact skin.
•Virus replicates preferentially in monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells which facilitate dissemination of the virus throughout the body via lymphatic system.
Pathogenesis
Ebola virus docks with cell membrane Viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm
where it directs the production of new viral proteins and genetic material◦These viral cores stack up in the cell and
migrate to the cell surface ◦Transmembrane proteins are produced
which are transport to the cell surface.
Life Cycle
Cores push their way through the cell membrane becoming enveloped in cell membrane and collecting their transmembrane proteins as they do so
Ebola virus infects many different cell types. replicate readily within these cells, causing their necrosis and releasing large numbers of new viral particles into extracellular fluid
•Trading, industry, agriculture, tourism •Worsening poverty •Hunger •Orphans •School closures
Impact on social determinants of health
For people with Ebola, treatment involves providing relief of Ebola symptoms while the body fights the infection.◦ Supportive Care◦ intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and oxygen.
Treatment may also include the use of medications to control fever, help the blood clot, and maintain blood pressure
Treatment
Vaccine
avoiding direct contact with the body fluid of infected people. Also, it's important to avoid direct contact with the body of an Ebola victim who has died
PREVENTION
Hospitals must follow precautionary methods, such as:
1. wearing gloves 2. isolating infected individuals 3. practicing nurse barrier techniques 4. proper sterilization and disposal of all
equipment b. Burials must be done correctly 1. no washing or touching carcass 2. put into body bags and bury outside
city c. Report any questionable illness to officials
Recommendations