Page 1
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Eastview Terrace Housing Rendering
Welcome Everyone…Welcome Everyone…
Page 2
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
♦ Project Design and Construction Considerations
♦ Alternative Project Delivery Systems Research
♦ Implementing Short Interval Production (SIP) Schedule
♦ Prefabricated Bathroom Units
♦ Alternative Chillers – Absorption & Adsorption
Page 3
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
OwnerPenn State Office of Physical Plant
ArchitectHayes Large Architects
Construction ManagerTurner Construction Company
Project CostsTotal - $75,000,000Construction - $65,000,000
Project OverviewProject Overview
Page 4
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Location & SiteLocation & Site
Page 5
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
ArchitectureArchitecture
EastmeetsWest
Page 6
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Project ScheduleProject Schedule
1) Fast-tracked intense schedule – 23 month duration
Page 7
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Mechanical SystemMechanical System
♦ Eastview Terrace Housing HVAC System Life Cycle Study
♦ Hot and chilled water fan coil units serviced from central utilities
♦ Three 400-ton centrifugal chiller plant
2) Find an optimized HVAC system w/respect to life cycle costs
Page 8
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Goals:
“Alternative Project Delivery from Owner’s Prospective…”
2) What should an owner concern them self with when considering alternative delivery systems?
♦ Case Study: Georgia State Financing and Investing Commission
♦ Delivery selection for Eastview Terrace & OPP
1) Why is this important to an owner?
3) How can owner effectively use alternative delivery systems?
Page 9
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Why this is important to owners?
♦ Proper allocation of project risks
♦ Desire for owner to find a “best value” for the facility
♦ Reduce litigation, schedule/cost run-ons, and poor quality
♦ Traditional delivery – Contractor has less identity with project
♦ Establish a relationship with contractor – looks after interests of the project
Page 10
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Mike Kenig – Holder Construction Company
Page 11
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Case Study: Georgia State Financing and Investing Commission
♦ “Selecting the Appropriate Project Delivery Method”♦ “…intended to assist the Using Agency during the development of their Implementation Plan during Predesign Phase”
♦ Project deliveries defined♦ Contractor selection criteria♦ Decision factors for delivery selection♦ Decision “tree” – none exists
♦ Manual outline:
Page 12
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission
Page 13
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Penn State Office of the Physical Plant – Selection Procedures
♦ OPP produced a shortlist of three construction managers
♦ Based on previous experience with work on campus
♦ Picked on the merits of project team selection and prior work experience
♦ Interview process
♦ Decisions are based on team approach
♦ Contractor selection – competitive qualifications based
Page 14
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Project Delivery ResearchAlternative Project Delivery Research
Alternative Project Delivery Summary
♦ Establish a “team” approach
♦ Effectively make value-based decisions
♦ Put own agenda behind the best interests of the project
♦ Establish and maintain trust among all participants
♦ Understanding alternative delivery is crucial to success
♦ Educating mangers on all delivery types
♦ Understanding when appropriate
Page 15
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Production ScheduleProduction Schedule
Production Principles within Construction
♦ Production control consists of work flow control and production unit control
♦ “Control…means causing a desired future rather than identifying variancesbetween plan and actual” – Lean Construction Institute
♦ Increase process transparency
♦ Area-based short interval production (SIP) schedule
♦ Buildings are divided into specific work “areas”
♦ Explicit and fixed amount of time is allotted to each area
♦ Activities flow through the areas in a predetermined sequence
Page 16
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Production ScheduleProduction Schedule
SIP Schedule in Practice
♦ CM should sit down with all bidders - explain the expectations of using a SIP schedule ♦ Formulate a plan to complete the tasks on time
♦ Balancing crews, equipment, and materials is essential for this schedule to work smoothly
♦ SIP schedule is given to every sub and superintendent ♦ Subcontractor, architect, engineer, and superintendent perform “space ready” sheets
Page 17
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Production ScheduleProduction Schedule
Page 18
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Production ScheduleProduction Schedule
Benefits
♦ Transparent control of whole process
♦ Prefabrication work well within the schedule
♦ Subcontractor accountability to quality and schedule
♦ Significant amounts of time can be saved – however not in this case
Page 19
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Prefabricated Bathroom UnitsPrefabricated Bathroom UnitsIntroduction
♦ “Simplify by minimizing the number of steps, parts, and linkages”
♦ Walter Gropius and Buckminster Fuller
♦ Manufactured housing gains
♦ Asia and Europe – main use of prefabricated bathroom units
♦ Adaptation from ship building industry
♦ Over 800 bathrooms in Eastview Terrace
♦ Optimize use of SIP schedule
Page 20
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Composition
Prefabricated Bathroom UnitsPrefabricated Bathroom Units
♦ Come panelized or complete sealed unit
♦ All sanitary fixtures, fittings, accessories, and all electrical, heating, air-conditioning and ventilation connections in place
♦ Four types of structural composition:1) lightweight concrete 2) fiber reinforced plastic 3) combination of galvanized steel wall panels and concrete floor panel 4) combination of cement board wall panels and either concrete or fiber reinforced plastic floor panel
Page 21
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Prefabricated Bathroom UnitsPrefabricated Bathroom Units
Page 22
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Prefabricated Bathroom UnitsPrefabricated Bathroom UnitsDelivery and Installation
♦ Conjunction with the structure
♦ Prior to the erection of the successive floor
♦ 17’ X 7’- 8”
♦ 53’ Flatbed trailer – 3 units each
♦ 270 units = 90 truckloads
♦ Can arrive just-in-time for erection
Page 23
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- ExistingExisting
♦ Three 400-ton centrifugal chillers♦ Electric powered centrifugal compressor to drive the vapor/compression refrigeration cycle
♦ Use R-134a refrigerant ♦ Need 0.6 to 0.88 kWh per ton of cooling
Page 24
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- CogenerationCogeneration
♦ Waste steam from the production of power can be used for energy
♦ 13-psig steam is the byproduct of the electric generators used at the west campus steam plant
♦ Absorption or adsorption chillers both use steam/hot water for energy sources
Page 25
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- AbsorptionAbsorption
♦ Same refrigeration cycle principles as a vapor compression chiller
♦ Combination of a generator and absorber to replace the compressor
♦ “Refrigerant” used in these is a solution of lithium bromide and water
♦ Indirect and direct-fired
♦ Require only 0.02 kWh per ton of cooling
♦ CFCs or HCFCs – environmentally friendly
Page 26
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- AbsorptionAbsorptionConcerns
♦ Significant downfalls of using in a cogeneration setup♦ Hot water flow rates and temperatures can fluctuate with heat recovery applications♦ Chillers become less efficient as heat input drops below 185°F and prefer a stable input condition to operate♦ Lithium bromide is highly corrosive and can cause hassles with crystallization / cost around $1,200 per 30 gallon♦ Absorption chillers must reject more heat than a centrifugal chiller♦ Larger cooling tower sizes
Page 27
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- AdsorptionAdsorption♦ The accumulation of gases, liquids, or solutes on the surface of a solid or liquid♦ Collection of water vapor in the air by a hydroscopic material - dehumidification♦ Hydroscopic material is a silica gel♦ After water vapor has been adsorbed by the silica gel, the inlet hot water is used to then condense the water again, in what is called regeneration♦ Silica gel can easily adsorb and release the water vapor an unlimited amount of times
Page 28
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- AdsorptionAdsorptionBenefits
♦ Perform well over a broad range of hot water input temperatures (122°F to 194°F)
♦ Capacity output remains stable even as input temperatures drop
♦ Can maintain capacity even when flow rate varieties +/- 50%
♦ No lithium bromide solution and no corrosion and crystallization problems
♦ Silica gel is expected to last upwards of 30 years
♦ Much smaller in size then absorption chillers
Page 29
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- AdsorptionAdsorption
Page 30
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- AdsorptionAdsorptionConcerns
♦ First invented in Japan in 1986 – relatively new technology
♦ Only found two manufacturers – Japan & Germany
♦ Only one supplier in the USA – Houston, TX
♦ Availability – not manufactured in United States, but soon
♦ Significant costs difference
♦ Limited capacities – 600 Ton used for Eastview
Page 31
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers -- ComparisonComparisonCentrifugal Absorption Adsorption
Size (3) 400T (3) 400T (2) 600TCost $143,000 $187,000 $250,000Volts 480V - 3phase 460V - 3phase 200V - 3phasekWhr/ton 0.7 0.02 0.004kWhr 240 24 4.8Yearly kWhr 403200 40320 8064Price per kWhr (¢) 3.763 3.763 3.763Electric Cost (per year) $15,172.42 $1,517.24 $303.45
Cost $59,400 $103,950 $69,500Flow Rate (GPM) 3,600 4,800 4,224Motor Size (h.p.) 20 30 30Full Load Amps 27 40 40Volts 460 460 460
Quantity/Size n/a n/a (2) 1200 GPMCost n/a n/a $133,000
Quantity/Size (6) 600 GPM (6) 800 GPM (7) 600 GPMCost $14,100 $15,000 $16,400
Chiller Type
Cooling Tower
Condenser Water Pumps
Chillers
Heat Exchanger (Steam to HW)
Page 32
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Alternative Chillers Alternative Chillers –– Life Cycle CostLife Cycle CostCentrifugal Absorption Adsorption
Intital Costs $216,500 $305,950 $468,9001st Year Costs $231,672 $307,467 $469,2032nd Year Costs $246,845 $308,984 $469,5073rd Year Costs $262,017 $310,502 $469,8104th Year Costs $277,190 $312,019 $470,1145th Year Costs $292,362 $313,536 $470,4176th Year Costs $307,534 $315,053 $470,7218th Year Costs $322,707 $316,571 $471,0249th Year Costs $337,879 $318,088 $471,3283rd Year Costs $353,052 $319,605 $471,63110th Year Costs $368,224 $321,122 $471,93411th Year Costs $383,397 $322,640 $472,23812th Year Costs $398,569 $324,157 $472,54113th Year Costs $413,741 $325,674 $472,84514th Year Costs $428,914 $327,191 $473,14815th Year Costs $444,086 $328,709 $473,45216th Year Costs $459,259 $330,226 $473,75517th Year Costs $474,431 $331,743 $474,05918th Year Costs $489,603 $333,260 $474,36219th Year Costs $504,776 $334,778 $474,66620th Year Costs $519,948 $336,295 $474,969
Chiller Type
Page 33
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
♦ Project delivery selection for Eastview correlates to a “team”
♦ CM chose on merits of experience and team selection
♦ Owner chose contractor they could trust
♦ Area-based SIP schedule provides for better schedule control
♦ Increase in quality control
♦ Better subcontractor accountability
Project Delivery
Production Scheduling
Page 34
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Prefabricated Bathroom Units
♦ Address principles of production – less steps, parts, and linkages
♦ Work well within a SIP schedule – more efficient jobsite
♦ No domestic manufactures – huge logistics problem
Adsorption Chiller Alternative♦ Solves problems seen by absorption in cogeneration setup
♦ Silica gel used in regenerative process – lasts upwards of 30 years
♦ Expensive due to newness of technology – should go down
Page 35
Joshua Nicholson Senior Thesis 2003
Eastview Terrace Housing ProjectEastview Terrace Housing Project
Construction Management
Penn State University Penn State University -- University Park, PAUniversity Park, PA
Questions?Questions?