East India Company

East India Company 1

East India Company

East India Company

Company flag after 1801Former type Public

Industry International trade

Fate Dissolved

Founded 1600

Defunct June 1, 1874

Headquarters London, England

Colonial India

Imperial Entities of IndiaDutch India 1604–1825

Danish India 1620–1869

French India 1759–1954

Portuguese India 1510–1961

Casa da Índia 1434–1833

Portuguese East India Company 1628–1633

British India 1613–1947

East India Company 1612–1757

Company rule in India 1757–1857

British Raj 1858–

1765–1947/48

Partition of India 1947

The East India Company (EIC), originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, and often called the Honourable East India Company, was an English and later (from 1707) British joint-stock company[1] and megacorporation formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but

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which ended up trading mainly with only the Indian subcontinent, North-west frontier province and Balochistan.The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The Company wasgranted a Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth in 1600,[2] making it the oldest among several similarly formedEuropean East India Companies. Shares of the company were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats. It was anexample of an English joint stock company.[3] The government owned no shares and had only indirect control. TheCompany eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own private armies, exercising military power andassuming administrative functions.[4] Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey andlasted until 1858 when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the BritishCrown assuming direct control of India in the era of the new British Raj.The Company was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one yearearlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless and obsolete. Its functions hadbeen fully absorbed into the official government machinery of British India and its private Presidency armies hadbeen nationalised by the British Crown.

Founding

Sir James Lancaster commanded the first EastIndia Company voyage in 1601

Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Londonmerchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission tosail to the Indian Ocean.[5] The permission was granted and on 10April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay England around the Cape ofGood Hope to the Arabian Sea and was one the earliest of the Englishoverseas Indian expeditions. One of them, the Edward Bonventure,then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula andsubsequently returned to England in 1594.[5]

In 1596, three more ships sailed east; however, these were all lost atsea.[5] Two years later, on 24 September 1598, another group ofmerchants having raised 30,133 in capital, met in London to form acorporation. Although their first attempt was not completelysuccessful, they nonetheless sought the Queen's unofficial approval,bought ships for their venture, increased their capital to 68,373, andconvened again a year later.[5]

This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queengranted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215

Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading withthe East Indies.[5] For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on tradewith all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan.[5] Sir James Lancastercommanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601[6] and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded thesecond voyage.

Initially, the Company struggled in the spice trade due to the competition from the already well established DutchEast India Company. The Company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage and imports of pepper from Javawere an important part of the Company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. Duringthis time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transitpoint in 1608.In the next two years, the Company built its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the Company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licenses to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed

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the charter given to the Company for an indefinite period, including a clause which specified that the charter wouldcease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.The Company was led by one Governor and 24 directors, who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn,reported to the Court of Proprietors which appointed them. Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors.

Foothold in India

The Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at theBattle of Swally in 1612, and made several

voyages to the East Indies.

English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch andPortuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The Company achieved amajor victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612. TheCompany decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorialfoothold in mainland India, with official sanction of both countries,and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission.[7]

Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe ofhonour watched by Sir Thomas Roe, English

ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from1615–18, and others

In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the MughalEmperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605 – 1627) to arrange for acommercial treaty that would give the Company exclusive rights toreside and build factories in Surat and other areas. In return, theCompany offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities fromthe European market. This mission was highly successful as Jahangirsent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:[7]

"Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given mygeneral command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominionsto receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjectsof my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, theymay have free liberty without any restraint; and at what portsoever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shalldare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall haveresidence, I have commanded all my governors and captains togive them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy,and to transport into their country at their pleasure.For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire yourMajesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of allsorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you bepleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that Imay rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our

friendship may be interchanged and eternal"

—Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, Letter to James I.

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Expansion

View of East India House

The Company, benefiting from the imperial patronage, soon expandedits commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado daIndia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong and Bombay(which was later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine deBraganza). The East India Company also launched a joint effort attackwith the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanishships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports inChina.[8] The Company created trading posts in Surat (where a factorywas built in 1612), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta(1690). By 1647, the Company had 23 factories, each under thecommand of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and had 90 employees in India. The majorfactories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and the Bombay Castle.

In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then in cotton, silk,indigo dye, saltpetre and tea. The Company's bright future, however, was rudely braked by the signing of the Treatyof Münster in 1648, which freed the Netherlands from Spanish control allowing it to turn its full attention toexpanding its trade both in home and distant waters[9] and enter a period recognised as Holland's 'Golden Age'. TheDutch were aggressive competitors, and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccanstraits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EICand Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars ofthe 17th and 18th centuries.Meanwhile, in 1657, Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holdingof the Company. The status of the Company was further enhanced by the restoration of monarchy in England.In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II provisioned the EIC (in a series of five actsaround 1670) with the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troopsand form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquiredareas.[10]

William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal in order to obtain a firman, animperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal empire. However, thecompany's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, interfered with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal EmperorAurangzeb to break off the negotiations.In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yakub attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrenderedin 1690, and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys had toprostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. Theemperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently reestablished itself in Bombay and set up a new base inCalcutta.[11]

Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits ofBab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making theannual voyage to Mecca. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatestin the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. Theywere spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with the Fateh Muhammedsome days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.[12]

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Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul the Ganj-i-Sawai, who put up a fearsome fight but it too waseventually taken. The ship carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources,was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and herretinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai totalled between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silverpieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer, then governor of Bombay and head of the East IndiaCompany, Gayer claims that "it is certain the Pirates...did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj-i-Sawai andAbdul Ghaffar's ship, to make them confess where their money was." The pirates set free the survivors who were leftaboard their emptied ships, to continue their voyage back to India.When the news arrived in England it caused an out-cry. In response, a combined bounty of £1,000 (consideredmassive by the standards of the time) was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company,leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had seriousconsequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub andNawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who werealmost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to putan end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan,Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue toother pirates.[13]

In 1711, the Company was given permission by the Kangxi Emperor to enter Canton (Guangzhou), China, to tradetea for silver.

An 18th centurydepiction of Henry

Every, with the Fancyshown engaging its prey

in the background

British pirates that foughtduring the Child's War engaging

the Ganj-i-Sawai.

A British pirate encounters Muslim womenfrom the Mughal Empire on board a captured

vessel.

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Forming a complete monopoly

Trade monopoly

Rear view of the East India Company's Factory atCossimbazar

The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed themto return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, andto obtain political power. The Company developed a lobby in theEnglish parliament. Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen andformer associates of the Company (pejoratively termed Interlopers bythe Company), who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, aderegulating act was passed in 1694.[14]

This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specificallyprohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that hadbeen in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, anew "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the EnglishCompany Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerfulstockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the newbody. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant shareof the trade.[14]

It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original Company faced scarcely any measurable competition. Thecompanies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state. Under this arrangement,the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next threeyears, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the United Company ofMerchants of England Trading to the East Indies.[14]

In the following decades there was a constant see-saw battle between the Company lobby and the Parliament. TheCompany sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy andso relinquish the opportunity to exploit the Company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of theCompany, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passingthrough the Company, which reasserted the influence of the Company lobby. The license was prolonged until 1766by yet another act in 1730.At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control ofcolonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extendthe deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the Company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of£1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation anddefence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.[15]

The war took place on Indian soil, between the Company troops and the French forces. In 1757, the Law Officers ofthe Crown delivered the Pratt-Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest fromthose acquired by private treaty. The opinion asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereigntyover both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown.[15]

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indiancommodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increasedavailability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experiencedhigher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand, and production had a profound influence onoverseas trade. The Company became the single largest player in the British global market. It reserved for itself anunassailable position in the decision-making process of the Government.William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

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"On the 1 March 1801, the debts of the East India Company to £5,393,989 their effects to £15,404,736 andtheir sales increased since February 1793, from £4,988,300 to £7,602,041."

Saltpetre trade

Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the majortrade goods of the Company

Sir John Banks, a businessman from Kent who negotiated anagreement between the King and the Company, began his career ina syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy, an interesthe kept up for most of his life. He knew Samuel Pepys and JohnEvelyn and founded a substantial fortune from the Levant andIndian trades.

He became a Director and later, as Governor of the East IndianCompany in 1672, he arranged a contract which included a loan of£20,000 and £30,000 worth of saltpetre — also known aspotassium nitrate, a primary ingredient in gunpowder – for theKing 'at the price it shall sell by the candle' — that is by auction— where an inch of candle burned and as long as it was alightbidding could continue. The agreement included with the price 'an

allowance of interest which is to be expressed in tallies.' This was something of a breakthrough in royal prerogativebecause previous requests for the King to buy at the Company's auctions had been turned down as 'not honourable ordecent.'

Outstanding debts were also agreed and the Company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673,Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the King and theCompany. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America, and elsewhere thatthe authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the Company was even reportedas saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.[16]

Basis for the monopoly

Colonial monopoly

Robert Clive, became the first British Governor of Bengal after hehad instated the schismatic Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal.

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) resulted in thedefeat of the French forces, limited French imperialambitions, and stunting the influence of the industrialrevolution in French territories. Robert Clive, theGovernor General, led the Company to a victoryagainst Joseph François Dupleix, the commander of theFrench forces in India, and recaptured Fort St Georgefrom the French. The Company took this respite toseize Manila[17] in 1762.

By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the fiveestablishments captured by the British during the war(Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam, andChandernagar) but was prevented from erectingfortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI).

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Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of AmericanIndependence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars withoutany military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years,French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economiccompetition for the Company.In contrast, the Company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of a disciplined and experienced army,was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, withoutfacing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.

Military expansion

The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who with hisallies fought against the East India Company

during his early years (1760–1764), onlyaccepting the protection of the British in the year1803, after he had been blinded by his enemies

and deserted by his subjects.

The Company continued to experience resistance from local rulersduring its expansion. Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj UdDaulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, Bihar, and Midnaporedistrict in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, resultingin the conquest of Bengal. This victory estranged the British and theMughals, since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally.

With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of thethree Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured Ganges-JumnaDoab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, somedistricts of Gujarat, fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (whichincluded Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princelystates of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of WestBengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to aformal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the BritishEast India Company in India.

Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore,offered much resistance to the British forces. Having sided with theFrench during the war, the rulers of Mysore continued their struggleagainst the Company with the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Mysorefinally fell to the Company forces in 1799, with the death of TipuSultan.

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The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate ofMysore, during the Battle of Seringapatam in the

year 1799.

The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northernregions of Delhi, Oudh, Rajputana, and Punjab, where the Company'spresence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protectionamong the remaining princes. Coercive action, threats, and diplomacyaided the Company in preventing the local rulers from putting up aunited struggle. The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for theCompany, which began to function more as a nation and less as atrading concern.

A cholera pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during thispandemic.[18] Between 1736 and 1834 only some 10% of East IndiaCompany's officers survived to take the final voyage home.[19]

Opium trade

The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battleof Chuenpee, 7 January 1841, by Edward Duncan

In the 18th century, Britain had a huge trade deficitwith Qing Dynasty China and so in 1773, the Companycreated a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal.As the opium trade was illegal in China, Companyships could not carry opium to China. So the opiumproduced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on conditionthat it be sent to China.[20]

Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports, reaffirmedin 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor, the drug was smuggledinto China from Bengal by traffickers and agencyhouses such as Jardine, Matheson & Co and Dent &Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year. Theproceeds of the drug-smugglers landing their cargoes atLintin Island were paid into the Company's factory atCanton and by 1825, most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade.

The Company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the StraitsSettlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy. The Settlements were also used aspenal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners.

In 1838, with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed adeath penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. Thisresulted in the First Opium War (1839–1842). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treatyof Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. A Second Opium Warfought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin.

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Regulation of the company's affairs

WritersThe Company employed many junior clerks, known as "writers", to record the details of accounting, managerialdecisions, and activities related to the Company, such as minutes of meetings, copies of Company orders andcontracts, and filings of reports and copies of ship's logs. Several well-known British scholars and literary men hadCompany writerships, such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England.

The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor, 1773

Financial troubles

Though the Company was becomingincreasingly bold and ambitious inputting down resisting states, it wasgetting clearer that the Company wasincapable of governing the vastexpanse of the captured territories. TheBengal famine of 1770, in whichone-third of the local population died,caused distress in Britain. Military andadministrative costs mounted beyondcontrol in British-administered regionsin Bengal due to the ensuing drop inlabour productivity.

At the same time, there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe. The directors of thecompany attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help. This led to the passing of theTea Act in 1773, which gave the Company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies, andallowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay.When the American colonists, who included tea merchants, were told of the act, they tried to boycott it, claiming thatalthough the price had gone down on the tea when enforcing the act, it also would help validate the Townshend Actsand set a precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future. The arrival of tax-exempt Company tea,undercutting the local merchants, triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, one of themajor events leading up to the American Revolution.

Regulating Acts of Parliament

East India Company Act 1773

By the Regulating Act of 1773 (later known as the East India Company Act 1773), the Parliament of Great Britainimposed a series of administrative and economic reforms and by doing so clearly established its sovereignty andultimate control over the Company. The Act recognised the Company's political functions and clearly establishedthat the "acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right."Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders the Act waspassed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed the land to be formally under the control of theCrown, but leased to the Company at £40,000 for two years. Under this provision governor of Bengal WarrenHastings became the first Governor-General of Bengal, and had administrative powers over all of British India. Itprovided that his nomination, though made by a court of directors, should in future be subject to the approval of aCouncil of Four appointed by the Crown – namely Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir GeorgeMonson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.[21]

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Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judicial personnel would also be sent to India toadminister the British legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers.The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and wasobligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by thecompany. These provisions were initially welcomed by the Company, but with the annual burden of the payment tobe met, its finances continued steadily to decline.[21]

East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act)

The East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act) had two key aspects:• Relationship to the British government: the bill differentiated the East India Company's political functions from

its commercial activities. In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British governmentdirectly. To accomplish this, the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India, usually referredto as the Board of Control. The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary ofState, and four Privy Councillors, nominated by the King. The act specified that the Secretary of State "shallpreside at, and be President of the said Board".

• Internal Administration of British India: the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic Britishadministration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during thegovernor-generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon.

Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government controland the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond tohumanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former EastIndia Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Billin 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill'srecommendations for the appointment of councillors.

Act of 1786

The Act of 1786 (26 Geo. 3 c. 16) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor-Generalbe enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own specialresponsibility. The Act enabled the offices of the Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief to be jointly heldby the same official.This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functionedas a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage ofexpansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continuedto expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century,the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth ofthe world's population was under its trading influence.

East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act)

The Company's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793. In contrast with thelegislative proposals of the past two decades, the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure, and madeonly minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the Company's activities.

East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act)

The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India(except for the Punjab and Sindh), and the kingdom of Nepal. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813

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which, among other things:•• asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company;•• renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years, but

•• deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China•• required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts

•• opened India to missionaries

One Rupee coin issued by the East IndiaCompany, 1835 (reverse)

Government of India Act 1833

The Industrial Revolution in Britain, the consequent search formarkets, and the rise of laissez-faire economic ideology form thebackground to the Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4 c. 85).The Act:

•• removed the Company's remaining trade monopolies and divested itof all its commercial functions

•• renewed for another twenty years the Company's political andadministrative authority

• invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over theCompany. As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma,[22] "ThePresident of the Board of Control now became Minister for IndianAffairs."

•• carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor-General inCouncil with, full power and authority to superintend and, control the Presidency Governments in all civil andmilitary matters

•• initiated a machinery for the codification of laws•• provided that no Indian subject of the Company would be debarred from holding any office under the Company

by reason of his religion, place of birth, descent or colour• vested the Island of St Helena in the CrownBritish influence continued to expand; in 1845, Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar. TheCompany had at various stages extended its influence to China, the Philippines, and Java. It had solved its criticallack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian-grown opium to China. China's efforts to end the trade led to theFirst Opium War (1839–1842).

English Education Act 1835

The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 to reallocated funds from the East India Company tospend on education and literature in India.

Government of India Act 1853

This Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 95) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the Company intrust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise.

Indian Rebellion of 1857The Indian Rebellion of 1857 resulted in widespread devastation in India and condemnation of the East IndiaCompany for permitting the events to occur. One of the consequences of the Indian Mutiny was that the BritishGovernment nationalised the Company. The Company lost all its administrative powers; its Indian possessions,including its armed forces, were taken over by the Crown pursuant to the provisions of the Government of India Act1858.

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The Company continued to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government (and the supply of SaintHelena) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect, on 1 January 1874. The Actprovided for the dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874, after a final dividend payment and the commutation orredemption of its stock.[23] The Times reported, "It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the humanrace no other company ever attempted and as such is ever likely to attempt in the years to come."

The expanded East India House, Leadenhall Street, London, as rebuilt1796–1800, Richard Jupp, architect (as seen c. 1817; demolished in

1861–62)

Establishments in Britain

The Company's headquarters in London, fromwhich much of India was governed, was EastIndia House in Leadenhall Street. It wascompleted in 1729, and significantly expanded in1796–1800. The building was put up for sale in1858 and demolished in 1861–62.

In 1607, the Company decided to build its ownships and leased a yard on the River Thames atDeptford. By 1614, the yard having become toosmall, an alternative site was acquired atBlackwall: the new yard was fully operational by1617. It was sold in 1656, although for someyears East India Company ships continued to bebuilt and repaired there under the new owners.

In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, withthe aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India.The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dockwas built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The dockswere taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for "writers" (i.e. clerks) in the Company'sservice. It was initially located in Hertford Castle, but moved in 1809 to purpose-built premises at Hertford Heath,Hertfordshire. In 1858 the college closed; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school, now Haileybury andImperial Service College.

Addiscombe Seminary, photographed in c.1859,with cadets in the foreground.

The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 atAddiscombe, near Croydon, Surrey, to train young officers for servicein the Company's armies in India. It was based in Addiscombe Place,an early 18th-century mansion. It was taken over by the government in1858, when it was renamed the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861,however, it was closed, and the site subsequently redeveloped.

The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of theCompany. The Club still exists today as a private Gentlemen's clubwith its club house situated at 16, St. James's Square, London.[24]

East India Company 14

LegacyThe East India Company has had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent. Although dissolved following therebellion of 1857, it stimulated the growth of the British Empire. Its armies after 1857 were to become the armies ofBritish India and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India.The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea in which it ledto the development of Earl Grey tea.[25]

The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the British andIndian civil service[26]

Flags

Downman (1685) Lens (1700) Rees (1820) Laurie (1842)

NationalGeographic

(1917)

Prior to the Acts of Union whichcreated the Kingdom of Great

Britain, the flag contained the StGeorge's Cross in the cantonrepresenting the Kingdom of

England

The flag had a Union Flagin the canton after the

creation of the Kingdom ofGreat Britain in 1707

After 1801 the flagcontained the Union Flag of

the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Ireland in

the canton (1810)

The English East India Company flag changed over time. From the period of 1600 to the 1707 Acts of Unionbetween England and Scotland the flag consisted of a St George's cross in the canton and a number of alternatingRed and White stripes. After 1707 the canton contained the original Union Flag consisting of a combined St George'scross and a St Andrew's cross. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the UnitedKingdom, the canton of the East India Company's flag was altered accordingly to include the new Union Flag withthe additional Saint Patrick's Flag. There has been much debate and discussion regarding the number of stripes on theflag and the order of the stripes. Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes, withsome images showing the top stripe being red and others showing the top stripe being white.At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was identical to the Grand Union Flag. SirCharles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes.[27]

East India Company 15

ShipsShips of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply "Indiamen".[28] Some examples include:• Red Dragon (1595)• Royal Captain (before 1773)• HMS Grosvenor Lost 1782• General Goddard (1782)• Earl of Abergavenny (1797)• Earl of Mornington (1799); packet ship• Lord Nelson (1799)• Kent (1825): Lost on her maiden voyage• Nemesis (1839): first British built ocean-going iron warship• Agamemnon (1855)During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vesselssuch as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannons to fend off warships, privateers and pirates ontheir voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have theopportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, anEast India Company packet ship of only six guns too sailed under a letter of marque.The company also had its own navy, the Bombay Marine, equipped with warships such as the Grappler. Thesevessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions, such as the Invasion of Java (1811).At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance,Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with aFrench squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, underCaptain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam,Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and hissquadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without anyshots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of sevenDutch East Indiamen off St Helena.The HEIC's ships were well built, with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert towarships and transports. The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake. Other examples include:• HMS Calcutta (1795)• HMS Glatton (1795)• HMS Hindostan (1795)• HMS Hindostan (1804)• HMS Malabar (1804)• HMS Buffalo (1813)

RecordsUnlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the IndiaOffice) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are stored by the British Library in London as part ofthe Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collection: see India Office Records. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access toArchives catalogues.[29] Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement thatthe Families in British India Society have with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Companyships’ journals and logs, 1600–1834;[30] and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East IndiaCompany College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.[31]

East India Company 16

ReferencesNotes[1] The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock.[2] The Register of Letters &c. of the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, 1600–1619 (http:/ / books.

google. com/ books?id=sc0NAAAAIAAJ& printsec=titlepage& source=gbs_summary_r& cad=0). On page 3, a letter written by Elizabeth Ion 23 January 1601 ("Witnes or selfe at Westminster the xxiiijth of Ianuarie in the xliijth yeare of or Reigne.") states, "Haue been pleased togiue lysence vnto or said Subjects to proceed in the said voiadgs, & for the better inabling them to establish a trade into & from the said EastIndies Haue by or tres Pattents vnder or great seale of England beareing date at Westminster the last daie of december last past incorporated or

said Subjecte by the name of the Gournor & Companie of the merchaunts of London trading into the East Indies, & in the same tresPattents haue geven them the sole trade of theast Indies for the terme of XVteen yeares ..."

[3] Baladouni, Vahe (1983). "Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company" (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 40697780). TheAccounting Historians Journal 10 (2): 63–80. . Retrieved November 13, 2012.

[4][4] This is the argument of Robins 2006.[5][5] Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908, p. 454[6] Gardner, Brian (1972). The East India Company: a History. McCall Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8415-0124-6.[7] Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 A.D (http:/ / www. fordham. edu/ halsall/ india/ 1617englandindies.

html)[8] Tyacke, Sarah (2008). "Gabriel Tatton's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies, 1620–1621: Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum, Admiralty Library

Manuscript, MSS 352". Imago Mundi 60 (1): 39–62.[9] Bernstein, William J.,A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008, p. 238.[10] "East India Company" (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Volume 8, p.835[11] Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopaedia of the Early Modern World (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ topic/ Asia. aspx)[12][12] Burgess, Douglas R. (2009). The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-147476-4[13][13] Fox, E. T. (2008). King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every. London: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-4718-6.[14] The British East India Company—the Company that Owned a Nation. George P. Landow (http:/ / victorianweb. org/ history/ empire/ india/

eic. html)[15] Thomas, P. D. G. (2008) " Pratt, Charles, first Earl Camden (1714–1794) (http:/ / www. oxforddnb. com/ view/ article/ 22699)", Oxford

Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, online edn, accessed 15 February 2008 (subscription or UK public librarymembership (http:/ / www. oup. com/ oxforddnb/ info/ freeodnb/ libraries/ ) required)

[16] SALTPETER the secret salt – Salt made the world go round (http:/ / salt. org. il/ frame_saltpet. html)[17] Company incursion, Manila 1762–1763. See the Bib. for the citation of Sirs Draper and Cornish; see also Cushner's citation. (http:/ / 64.

233. 167. 104/ search?q=cache:tYGeFq3ByEAJ:www. regiments. org/ wars/ 18thcent/ 56philip. htm+ British+ East+ India+ Company+invasion+ of+ Manila& hl=en& client=firefox-a)

[18] Cholera's seven pandemics (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ health/ story/ 2008/ 05/ 09/ f-cholera-outbreaks. html). CBC News. 2 December 2008[19] Holmes, Richard (2005). Sahib: the British soldier in India, 1750–1914. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-713753-2.[20] EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library, LondonPart 1: China and Japan (http:/ / www. ampltd.

co. uk/ collections_az/ EIC-Factory-1/ description. aspx)[21][21] Anthony, Frank. Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo Indian Community. Second Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg

Press, 2007 Pages 18- 19, 42, 45.[22] Kapur (http:/ / www. houseofdavid. ca/ Ind_uni. htm#Kapur)[23] East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict. 17) s. 36: "On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and

seventy-four, and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein-beforementioned in pursuance of the directions herein-before contained, the powers of the East India Company shall cease, and the said Companyshall be dissolved." Where possible, the stock was redeemed through commutation (i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money) onterms agreed with the stockholders (ss. 5–8), but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorilyredeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £200 for every £100 of stock held (s. 13).

[24] East India Club (http:/ / www. eastindiaclub. com/ )[25] Bringing back John Company (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ mp/ 2002/ 09/ 16/ stories/ 2002091600060300. htm)[26] "The Company that ruled the waves", in The Economist, December 17–30, 2011, p. 111.[27] The Striped Flag Of The East India Company, And Its Connexion With The American "Stars And Stripes" (http:/ / www. crwflags. com/

fotw/ flags/ gb-eic2. html)[28] Sutton, Jean (1981) Lords of the East: The East India Company and Its Ships. London: Conway Maritime[29] A2A – Access to Archives Home (http:/ / www. a2a. org. uk/ )[30] Farrington (ed.), Anthony (1999). Catalogue of East India Company ships’ journals and logs: 1600–1834. London: British Library.

ISBN 0-7123-4646-5.[31] Farrington (ed.), Anthony (1976). The Records of the East India College, Haileybury, & other institutions. London: H.M.S.O..

East India Company 17

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Empire, 1480–1630. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25760-3.• Bowen, H. V. (1991). Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics, 1757–1773. Cambridge,

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Rochester, NY: Brewer. ISBN 0-85115-877-3.• Brenner, Robert (1993). Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London’s

Overseas Traders, 1550–1653. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05594-7.• Carruthers, Bruce G. (1996). City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution. Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04455-2.• Chaudhuri, K. N. (1965). The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company,

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Library. ISBN 0-7123-4756-9.• Furber, Holden (1976). Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota

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google. com/ books?id=XpdgQt6Tc54C). HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0-00-739554-5. Retrieved 24 September2011.

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East India Company 18

External links• East India Company (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ programmes/ p0054906) on In Our Time at the BBC. ( listen now

(http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ iplayer/ console/ p0054906/ In_Our_Time_East_India_Company))• The Twilight of the East India Company: The Evolution of Anglo-Asian Commerce and Politics, 1790–1860

(http:/ / www. boydell. co. uk/ 43834758. HTM): Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, 2009• From Trade to Colonization (http:/ / india_resource. tripod. com/ eastindia. html): Historical Dynamics of the East

India Companies• Seals and Insignias of East India Company (http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ itc/ mealac/ pritchett/ 00routesdata/

1600_1699/ eastindiacompany/ eastindiacompany. html)• The Secret Trade (http:/ / salt. org. il/ india. html) The basis of the monopoly.• Trading Places (http:/ / www. bl. uk/ learning/ histcitizen/ trading/ tradingplaces. html) – a learning resource from

the British Library• Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia (http:/ / www. fathom. com/ course/ 21701760/ index. html), a

free seminar from the British Library on the history of the British East India Company.• Port Cities: History of the East India Company (http:/ / www. portcities. org. uk/ london/ server/ show/

ConNarrative. 136/ The-East-India-Company. html)• Ships of the East India Company (http:/ / www. eicships. info/ index. html)•• [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/themes/empires_landing.html Plant Cultures: East India Company in India]• Library of Congress Federal Research Division Country Studies (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ cshome. html)• The British East India Company (http:/ / www. thebritisheastindiacompany. com/ )• History and Politics: East India Company (http:/ / www. sscnet. ucla. edu/ southasia/ History/ British/ EAco.

html)• English Expansionism (http:/ / www. skyminds. net/ civilization/ 02_english_expansionism. php)• Nick Robins, New Statesman, 13 December 2004, "The world's first multinational" (http:/ / www. newstatesman.

com/ 200412130016. htm)• Karl Marx, New York Tribune, 1853–1858, The Revolt in India (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ archive/ marx/

works/ 1857/ india/ index. htm)• East India Company: Its History and Results (http:/ / www. marxists. org/ archive/ marx/ works/ 1853/ 07/ 11.

htm) article by Karl Marx, MECW Volume 12, p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive• East India Club (http:/ / www. eastindiaclub. com/ ) Gentlemen's club originally for officers and former officers

of the Company, now open to others.• Text of East India Company Act 1773 (http:/ / projectsouthasia. sdstate. edu/ Docs/ history/ primarydocs/

Political_History/ ABKeithDoc009. htm)• Text of East India Company Act 1784 (http:/ / projectsouthasia. sdstate. edu/ Docs/ history/ primarydocs/

Political_History/ ABKeithDoc013. htm)• John Stuart Mill and The East India Company, Vinay Lal's review of Lynn Zastoupil's 1994 book (http:/ / www.

sscnet. ucla. edu/ southasia/ History/ British/ jsmill. html)• The Richest East India Merchant: The Life and Business of John Palmer of Calcutta, 1767–1836 (Worlds of the

East India Company) by Anthony Webster (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 1843833034)• "The East India Company – a corporate route to Europe" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ radio4/ history/ inourtime/

inourtime_20030626. shtml) on BBC Radio 4’s In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen, Linda Colley and MariaMisra

• A timeline of India in the 1800s (http:/ / history1800s. about. com/ od/ thebritishempire/ tp/ indiatimeline01. htm)• HistoryMole Timeline: The British East India Company (http:/ / www. historymole. com/ cgi-bin/ main/ results.

pl?theme=10006825)

Article Sources and Contributors 19

Article Sources and ContributorsEast India Company  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=537756871  Contributors: 10metreh, 172, 193.133.134.xxx, 21655, A.Eriksen, A8UDI, ALargeElk, AMPERIO,Aarchiba, Aayush18, Abecedare, Abhijitkh, Abhijitkhopkar, Abhishek, Abrech, Absolutelyamazin, Abulfazl, Acad Ronin, Adam Keller, AdamBMorgan, Advil, Agent Smith (The Matrix),Ahoerstemeier, Ahseaton, Airunp, Akerans, Al.locke, Alansohn, Aldis90, Alex.tan, Alexius08, AlexiusHoratius, Algr, AliveFreeHappy, Alren, Altetendekrabbe, Amarnath Chakravarty, Amaury,Amr.rs, Ancheta Wis, Andrejj, Andrevan, Andrew Gray, Andrew Gwilliam, Andries, Andy Marchbanks, Angusmclellan, Anotherclown, Antandrus, Anwar saadat, AnwarInsaan, Aodhdubh,Appu2254082, Archaic man, Archaic21, Arjunm, Artaxus, Arthasnanda, Asdfdsa, AshLin, Asnatu wiki, Aude, Austin Hair, AxelBoldt, Ayreej, Backslash Forwardslash, Bandishhh, BarretB, Bartdankaerts, Baseballbaker23, BashBrannigan, Beetstra, Ben Ben, Ben-Velvel, Betawarrior60, Bhadani, Bharatveer, Billinghurst, Biofoundationsoflanguage, Bkonrad, Blacher, BlackAndy,Blankfaze, Bletch, Bluebethley, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bodhisattva2008, Bookandcoffee, Bradby, Bsskchaitanya, Budgee, Buster7, C.Fred, C628, CERminator, Calydon, Camerong, Camira,Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianCaesar, CapitalLetterBeginning, Carcharoth, Casey.liss, Catsmeat, Centhil.chellappan, [email protected], Chancemill, Charivari, Chemg11, Chrisd87,Christchurch, Chuthya, Cjrother, Classicalclarinet, Clawed, CliffC, Closeapple, Closedmouth, Cock100, Cock90, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, ContinueWithCaution, Conversion script,Copana2002, Crazymerc, Crosbiesmith, Crt101, Cutler, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DJ Clayworth, DVD R W, DaGizza, Dabbler, DanKeshet, Danski14, Dar book, Darth Panda, Darth Stabro, Darthproged, Dave1185, Dave6, David Gerard, David Newton, David Parker, Davidsteinberg, DavisGL, Dbachmann, Dbnull, Dcfleck, De728631, Decltype, Deeptrivia, Delpino, DerHexer, Dgies,Diannaa, Dirtybutclean, Dirtyharree, Discospinster, DivineLady, Djse7en, Doalfe, DocWatson42, Doctor Boogaloo, DonnieSwanson, Doublesquish, Dougweller, Doulos Christos, Downtown danseattle, Dpaajones, Dragon guy, DragonHawk, Dsamir, Dudesleeper, Duffman, DuncanBCS, DuncanHill, DutchTreat, Dwaipayanc, Dwarf Kirlston, EICHistory, EJSawyer, ESkog,EamonnPKeane, Earth, Ebdonaldson, Eclecticology, Edevil26, Edward, Egarobar, El C, El Gato Gordo, Elendil's Heir, EleoTager, Eljusto1, Eltharian, Em Mitchell, Encephalon, Enric Naval,Entirelybs, Epbr123, Ephebi, Eraserhead1, EricSRodrigues154, ErikHaugen, Erwin, EverSince, Exitr, Extra999, FIVE ANCESTORS, Faehiir, FaerieInGrey, Fang Aili, Fat pig73, Fatbuu,Fconaway, Felix Folio Secundus, Feydey, Ficusindica, Filiep, FiveColourMap, Flauto Dolce, Fleminra, Fowler&fowler, Fraggle81, Fram, Francs2000, Frazzydee, Fredrik, Fusionmix,Futureairman10, Fuzheado, Fyrael, GCarty, GGT, GNJC, GabrielF, Gadha, Gaius Cornelius, Ganeshk, Gary King, Gauravkashyap212, Gazpacho, Gbeckstrom, Gbinal, George Burgess, Ghepeu,Gillian Tipson, Givegains, Glane23, Gnowor, Goethean, Gohan999222, GormtheDBA, GraemeLeggett, Graham87, GrahamAsher, Greenshed, Greyisgood, GrindtXX, Grunt, Guroadrunner,HLGallon, Hadal, Hadlock, HaeB, Hairy Dude, Hajenso, Haldraper, Hameedalkhersan, Hamtechperson, Happenstancial, Harinisanthosh, Harrias, Harry Potter, Harryzcool, Harshad.thakur,Haseeb Naz, Hashar, Hawjam, Hda3ku, Henry Flower, HenryLi, Henrygb, Hephaestos, Herk1955, Hild, Hiram K Hackenbacker, Hires an editor, Historian932, Hlynur.bjorn, Hmains, Howcheng,Howsa12, Hpfan1, Huaiwei, Hugo999, Humansdorpie, Humongor, Hunnjazal, Huntthetroll, Hydrogen Iodide, I am Agent X, Ibbn, Iluvcapra, Imnotminkus, Indon, Inferno, Lord of Penguins,Inomyabcs, InterestedpartyON, Intwizs, Isaac Rabinovitch, Isis07, Isnow, Isomorphic, Ispasvetka, Istabraq, Isthmus, Itai, Itsmine, J S Ayer, J.delanoy, JNW, Jacklee, Jagged 85, James500,Jaraalbe, Jazqas, Jbyham, Jdforrester, Jeff G., Jengod, Jeronimo, Jethwarp, Jiang, Jihadcola, JimRattray, Jitu7983, Joanet, Joansmith112, JoeCool59, John K, John Quiggin, John Quincy AddingMachine, JohnOwens, Johnbibby, Johnbod, Johnkendall1, JohnnyFelix, Jonas Poole, Jonathan Hall, Jooler, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jperrylsu, Jsan, Julia Rossi, K.C. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Abjiklam, Cycn, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Mattes, Peeperman, Yaddah, 1 anonymous editsFile:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edinburgh Geographical Institute; J. G. Bartholomew and Sons.File:Jameslancaster.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jameslancaster.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Harrias, Sir Gawain, VictuallersFile:Reddragonship.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reddragonship.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Harrias, Jacklee, StunteltjeFile:Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour watched by Sir Thomas Roe, English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615-18, and others.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe,_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18,_and_others.jpg License: unknown  Contributors: Perumalism, Roland zh, Sridhar1000File:View of East India House.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:View_of_East_India_House.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: M0tty, Sridhar1000Image:Henry Every.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Every.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: PiratedanImage:Every engaging the Great Mogul's Ship.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul's_Ship.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Charles EllmsFile:Captain Every (Works of Daniel Defoe).png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Captain_Every_(Works_of_Daniel_Defoe).png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:ConcertoFile:Rear view of the East India Company's Factory at Cossimbazar.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company's_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NeverDoING, Sridhar1000File:Potassium nitrate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Potassium_nitrate.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27, Jynto, WalkermaFile:Clive.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clive.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ashrf1979, Bogomolov.PL, Dancingwombatsrule, Flominator, Jappalang,Jungpionier, Madmedea, Materialscientist, Nikkimaria, Podzemnik, Ranveig, Thuresson, 5 anonymous editsFile:Shah Alam II, 1790s.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shah_Alam_II,_1790s.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ekabhishek, Materialscientist, Rolandzh, Sridhar1000, Sridharbabu58, UtcurschFile:Tipu death.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tipu_death.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Henry Singleton (1766 - 1839)

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 20

File:Destroying Chinese war junks, by E. Duncan (1843).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Destroying_Chinese_war_junks,_by_E._Duncan_(1843).jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Edward Duncan (1803–1882)File:Boston Tea Party Currier colored.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NathanielCurrierFile:One Rupee East India Company.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: RanjithsijiFile:East India House THS 1817 edited.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:East_India_House_THS_1817_edited.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:AdamBMorgan, Bwwm, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Merchbow, Oxyman, Sridhar1000, Vincent Steenberg, 2 anonymous editsFile:Addiscombe Seminary photo c.1859.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Unknown(Life time: Unknown, photo c1859)File:British East India Company Flag from Downman.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Original uploader was Dbnull at en.wikipediaFile:British East India Company Flag from Lens.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: B. Lens. Original uploader was Dbnull at en.wikipediaFile:British East India Company Flag from Rees.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Rees.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ree. Original uploader was Dbnull at en.wikipediaFile:British East India Company Flag from Laurie.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: R. H. Laurie. Original uploader to Wikipedia was Dbnull.File:NatGeog1917EastIndiaCompanyFlag.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NatGeog1917EastIndiaCompanyFlag.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:National Geographic Society. Original uploader was Dbnull at en.wikipediaFile:British East India Company flag.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_East_India_Company_flag.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:WdflakeFile:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1707).svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Abjiklam, Fry1989, Mattes, Selket, Yaddah, 1 anonymous edits

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