(Earth’s inner core is solid and made of Iron & Nickel) GRANITIC – rock that hardens, flows to the surface, light, takes a long time to cool. (Continental crust generally) BASALTIC- Dense (heavy), dark rock (Ocean floor generally) (Lighter plate always breaks on top) SUBDUCTION- when one plate plunges below the other into the asthenosphere to be recycled. ASTHENOSPHERE- partially molten rock that helps move the tectonic plates. CATASTROPHISM- rejected theory of mountains occurring over night, and canyons suddenly breaking and making continents.
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(Earth’s inner core is solid and made of Iron & Nickel)
GRANITIC – rock that hardens, flows to the surface, light, takes a long time to cool.
(Continental crust generally)
BASALTIC- Dense (heavy), dark rock (Ocean floor generally)
(Lighter plate always breaks on top)
SUBDUCTION- when one plate plunges below the other into the asthenosphere to be recycled.
ASTHENOSPHERE- partially molten rock that helps move the tectonic plates.
CATASTROPHISM- rejected theory of mountains occurring over night, and canyons suddenly
breaking and making continents.
DIVERGENCE IN TECTONIC PLATES:
(Molten rock fills in the gap with lava)
(‘Subduction Zone’ creates pressure and lava pushes upward to create volcanoes)
TRENCH- deepest part of earths crust…….
3 TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENTS
PANGEAEA
Laurasia-(North) North America, Europe, Asia
Gondwana-(South) South America, Africa, India, Australia, Antarctica
‘Alfred Wegener’ a German climatologist proposed the theory of continental drift.
NORMAL FAULTS
1.) Dip-Slip Faults (Tension)
2.) Reverse Fault (Compression)
3.) ‘over’Thust Fault (Compression)
4.) Graben Fault
5.) Horst Fault
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
OBLIQUE FAULT
FAULT- a line of fracture in the earths surface where movement of rock has taken place.
SEISMOGRAPH- a sensitive instrument that can record seismic waves.
FAULT SCARP- (Fault Escarpment) topographic escarpment of an uplifted block where
vertical displacement of bedrock offsets the land surface.
PALEOMAGNETISM- the origentation of magnetism locked into rocks as they solidify,
recording the direction to magnetic North at the time of cooling.
ISLAND ARCS- Where two ocean plates meet, the older denser plate will subduct and the
less dense oceanic plate will override it, sometimes creating volcanoes between continents &
oceanic trenches. (Aleutian Islands, Alaska)
CONTINENTAL COLLISION-when two continents or land masses fuse or join together,
creating a new larger landmass. (India – Asia)
TRANSFORM FAULTS-fracture zones, common alongside mid-ocean ridges. Cross-hatched
plate boundaries along which lateral movement takes places.
HOT SPOTS-stationary molten masses that do not move with the lithospheric plate.
(Hawaiian Islands)
(‘Loihi’- now developing under-sea, the next Hawaiian island)
GREAT RIFT VALLEY- (Eastern AFRICA)
CONTINENTAL SHIELDS-ancient crystalline rock areas, core areas worn down by
hundreds of million years of erosions, far from active plate boundaries, and historically
stable. (Canadian, Scandinavian, and Siberian Shields)
ACCRETION-adding numerous chunks of crust to the main continent by collision.
MICROPLATE TERRANES-adding segments of crust, two plates merging into one.
(Alaskan Plate & North American Plate, 200 million years ago)
PALEOGEOGRAPHY-the study of past geographic environments.
-‘PALEOMAP’ – simplified models of the regions & times they represent.
- Today we are in the;
‘Holocene Epoch’ (Last 10,000 years)
‘Quaternary Period’ (Last 1.6 million years)
‘Cenozoic Era’ (Last 64 million years)
VOLCANOES: mountains or hills formed by an expulsion of molten material.
CAN HAPPEN: 1.)Divergence Zone (Iceland, Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
2.)Convergence Zone (Cascades, Paricutin)
3.)Hot Spots (Hawaiian Islands)
CALDERA-a volcano that expels so much eruptive material that its summit collapses
into its emptied magma chamber, forming a large crater.(Crater Lake & Yellowstone NP)