Earthquakes & Earthquakes & Volcanoes Volcanoes
Dec 24, 2015
BIGBIG Ideas: Ideas:
1.1. Most geologic activity occurs at Most geologic activity occurs at the boundaries between plates.the boundaries between plates.
2.2. EarthquakesEarthquakes are natural are natural vibrations of the ground, some of vibrations of the ground, some of which are caused by movement which are caused by movement along fractures in Earth’s crust.along fractures in Earth’s crust.
3.3. VolcanoesVolcanoes develop from magma develop from magma moving upward from deep within moving upward from deep within Earth.Earth.
I. Forces Within EarthI. Forces Within Earth FaultsFaults form when the forces form when the forces
acting on rock acting on rock exceed the rock’s exceed the rock’s strength.strength.
Fault:Fault: a break or a break or crack in Earth’s crack in Earth’s crust along which crust along which movement has movement has occurred.occurred.
Most active Most active faults faults are are located at or located at or near plate near plate boundaries.boundaries.
Earthquakes Earthquakes result when result when movement movement occurs along a occurs along a fault.fault.
StressStress:: the total force acting the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit area.on crustal rocks per unit area.
StrainStrain:: the the deformationdeformation of of materials in response to stress.materials in response to stress.
Rocks that are strained past a Rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture and certain point will fracture and springspring back to original shape. back to original shape.
•a change in the shape or size of a change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied forcean object due to an applied force•misshapenmisshapen•contort, twist and press out of contort, twist and press out of shape shape
Deformation:Deformation:
Three Types of StressThree Types of Stress
1.1. compressioncompression:: decreases decreases volume of materialvolume of material
2.2. tensiontension:: pulls material pulls material apartapart
3.3. shearshear:: causes material to causes material to twisttwist
Parts of an EarthquakeParts of an Earthquake
Focus: spot within the Earth’s crust (lithosphere) where the origin of the Earthquake is located (where slippage along a fault occurs).
Epicenter: spot on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus.
C. Earthquake WavesC. Earthquake Waves
Seismic Waves:Seismic Waves: vibrations of vibrations of the ground produced during the ground produced during an earthquake.an earthquake.
Every earthquake generates Every earthquake generates three (3)three (3) types of seismic types of seismic waves…waves…
Types of Seismic Waves:Types of Seismic Waves:
1. PRIMARY Waves: 1. PRIMARY Waves: P-WAVES P-WAVES travel the fastesttravel the fastest FIRST to be recorded FIRST to be recorded travel through solid travel through solid
AND liquid AND liquid compressional waves compressional waves
that push and pull that push and pull
2. SECONDARY 2. SECONDARY Waves:Waves:
S-WAVES S-WAVES secondsecond to be to be
recordedrecorded only travel only travel
through solid through solid material (NOT material (NOT through liquid)through liquid)
shear waves shear waves that move side that move side to side (like a to side (like a rope)rope)
Which layer of Earth will Which layer of Earth will S-Waves S-Waves NOTNOT travel travel
through?through?
3. SURFACE (LAND) Waves:3. SURFACE (LAND) Waves: travel only along Earth’s travel only along Earth’s
surfacesurface slowest wave (last to be slowest wave (last to be
recorded)recorded) cause the surface of Earth to cause the surface of Earth to
move sideways move sideways andand up and up and down (like ocean waves)down (like ocean waves)
Surface WavesSurface Waves (also (also known as L-WAVES) known as L-WAVES) cause the greatest cause the greatest damage.damage.
II. Seismic Waves and II. Seismic Waves and Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior
A. A. SeismographSeismograph:: instrument instrument that detects that detects and records and records seismic seismic waveswaves
III. Measuring and III. Measuring and Locating EarthquakesLocating Earthquakes
Scientists measure the Scientists measure the strength and chart the strength and chart the location of location of earthquakes earthquakes using seismic using seismic waveswaves
A. Earthquake A. Earthquake MeasurementMeasurement
magnitude:magnitude: measure of measure of energy released by an energy released by an earthquakeearthquake
Richter ScaleRichter Scale
measures measures energy of the energy of the largest seismic largest seismic waves waves (magnitude) (magnitude) produced produced during an during an earthquakeearthquake
B. Locating EarthquakesB. Locating Earthquakes
scientists graph the arrival scientists graph the arrival times of the P and S wavestimes of the P and S waves
the longer the S wave takes the longer the S wave takes to arrive, the to arrive, the furtherfurther away away the quakethe quake
THREE (3) THREE (3) seismic graph seismic graph stations are required to stations are required to locate the epicenterlocate the epicenter
DamageDamage Ground Rupture: Damage due to Ground Rupture: Damage due to
ground motion will depend on ground motion will depend on Amplitude, Amplitude, Duration of vibrations, Duration of vibrations, Nature of material building is built on,Nature of material building is built on, Design of structureDesign of structure
Fire Fire Landslides Landslides Tsunamis Tsunamis
tidal (harbor) wave - vertical tidal (harbor) wave - vertical displacement at seafloor due to displacement at seafloor due to earthquake causes giant "ripple" in earthquake causes giant "ripple" in ocean ocean
Tsunamis:Tsunamis: Giant ocean wave or a Giant ocean wave or a series of waves usually series of waves usually associated with an undersea associated with an undersea earthquake or landslideearthquake or landslide
IV. VolcanoesIV. Volcanoes Opening where magma erupts Opening where magma erupts
onto Earth’s surface.onto Earth’s surface.
MAGMA: MAGMA: moltenmolten (liquid) (liquid) rock rock UNDERGROUNDUNDERGROUND
LAVA: LAVA: moltenmolten rock that is rock that is ON ON THE SURFACETHE SURFACE
VENT: opening VENT: opening through which through which lava flowslava flows
VOLCANO: the VOLCANO: the build up of build up of material material around the around the ventvent
A. MAJOR VOLCANIC A. MAJOR VOLCANIC ZONESZONES
Most volcanic activity is Most volcanic activity is associated with:associated with:
subduction,subduction, rifting, or rifting, or seafloor spreadingseafloor spreading
Hot Spot volcanic activity is Hot Spot volcanic activity is exceptional because…exceptional because…
this activity is this activity is NOTNOT related to related to plate boundaries!plate boundaries!
2. 2. CINDER CONE: CINDER CONE: STEEP STEEP LAYERS OF PYROCLASTIC LAYERS OF PYROCLASTIC
MATERIALMATERIAL
small, most common type of volcano
3. COMPOSITE: 3. COMPOSITE: STEEP WITH STEEP WITH LAYERS OF ALTERNATING LAYERS OF ALTERNATING LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC
MATERIALMATERIAL
Mount Saint Helens