Earthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability Earthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability by Ronald H. Dunn, SE Paul W. McMullin, SE, PhD Salt Lake Sustainable Building Conference April 29, 2008
May 22, 2015
Earthquakes, Codes, &
Sustainability
Earthquakes, Codes, &
Sustainability
byRonald H. Dunn, SE
Paul W. McMullin, SE, PhDSalt Lake Sustainable Building Conference
April 29, 2008
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Sustainable Design?Sustainable Design?
State of California (2005)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Outline
Life Safety to a Structural Engineer
Effect of Architectural Design Decisions on Structural Material Consumption
Seismic Design OptionsPerformance Based DesignBase Isolation
Life Safety to a Structural Engineer
Effect of Architectural Design Decisions on Structural Material Consumption
Seismic Design OptionsPerformance Based DesignBase Isolation
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Hazard Examples
FireFire EarthquakeEarthquake
krudesign (2007)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
College Academic Building:
3 Story, 26,000 SF3-story- 26,000 sf.
% of
DIVISION Cost/SF Cost Total
O1 General Requirements 19.01 494,260 5.52%
O3 Concrete 13.55 352,300 3.94%
O4 Masonry 14.81 385,060 4.30%
O5 Metals 20.28 527,280 5.89%
O6 Wood & Plastics 13.54 352,040 3.93%
O7 Moisture Protection 35.91 933,660 10.43%
O8 Openings 48.63 1,264,380 14.12%
O9 Finishes 43.04 1,119,040 12.50%
1O Specialties 4.52 117,520 1.31%
11 Equipment 0.50 13,000 0.15%
12 Furnishings 7.31 190,060 2.12%
14 Conveying Systems 5.09 132,340 1.48%
15 Mechanical 74.00 1,924,000 21.49%
16 Electrical 36.18 940,680 10.51%21 Fire Suppression /Protect 7.95 206,700 2.31%
Totals $344.32 $8,952,320 100.00%
Structural totals 48.64 $1,264,640 14.13%
Increase structural system cost by 23% $202,303
Increase total cost by only 2.2% $1,466,943 16.39%
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Life Safety Through the Eyes of an SE
GET PEOPLEOUT THE
DOOR ALIVE
GET PEOPLEGET PEOPLEOUT THE OUT THE
DOOR ALIVEDOOR ALIVE
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Life Safety Through the Eyes of an SE
Structural Code generally does not consider:
Building economics
Business interruption losses
Sustainability
Structural Code generally does not consider:
Building economics
Business interruption losses
Sustainability
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Building State After a Major Earthquake
Northridge EarthquakeMagnitude 6.7Estimated Economic
Loss $49.3 billion
Northridge EarthquakeMagnitude 6.7Estimated Economic
Loss $49.3 billion
PEER (2000)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Building State After a Major Earthquake:
Northridge
SDEDC (1994)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Building State After a Major Earthquake:
Northridge
FEMA (2000)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Life Safety Through the Eyes of an SE
The purpose of this code is to establish the minimum requirements to
safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare…
(IBC 2006, 101.3)
The purpose of this code is to establish the minimum requirements to
safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare…
(IBC 2006, 101.3)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Life Safety Through the Eyes of an SE
Misconception:A structure built to Code is earthquake proof.
Misconception:A structure built to Code is earthquake proof.
American (2004)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Life Safety Through the Eyes of an SE
KS
L (2
007)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
The Question Matters
Never ask a Structural Engineer if something is possible. He will get a
twinkle in his eye and say YES!
ASK HOW MUCH IT WILL COST(Christensen 2004)
Never ask a Structural Engineer if Never ask a Structural Engineer if something is possible. He will get a something is possible. He will get a
twinkle in his eye and say YES!twinkle in his eye and say YES!
ASK HOW MUCH IT WILL COSTASK HOW MUCH IT WILL COST(Christensen 2004)(Christensen 2004)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Plan & Vertical Irregularities
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Plan & Vertical Irregularities
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Plan Irregularity
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Vertical Irregularity
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Plan & Vertical Irregularities
Code requires increased force for irregular framing
Force increases 25-300%with a materialincrease of 12-300%
Code requires increased force for irregular framing
Force increases 25-300%with a materialincrease of 12-300%
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Redundancy Deficient
Code penalty for non-redundant structures
Non redundant structures have:
Less load sharing abilityHigher forcesLower toughness
Increase of 1.3 factor ( ρρρρ)on seismic forces
Code penalty for non-redundant structures
Non redundant structures have:
Less load sharing abilityHigher forcesLower toughness
Increase of 1.3 factor ( ρρρρ)on seismic forces
FE
MA
(20
00)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Architectural Effect on Structure:
Redundancy Deficient
Net result of non-redundant structure:
1/3 increase in seismic force =net material increase (16-33%)
Net result of nonNet result of non --redundant structure: redundant structure:
1/3 increase in seismic force =1/3 increase in seismic force =net material increase (16net material increase (16 --33%)33%)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Improved Seismic
Design Options
Performance Based DesignAllows owner to pairground shaking with post-earthquake condition
Performance Based DesignAllows owner to pairground shaking with post-earthquake condition
Base IsolationProtects both structureand contents
Base IsolationProtects both structureand contents
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Performance Based Seismic Design:
Basics
Next generation seismic design methodology
Originally developed by FEMA for existing buildings
Applicable for new design
Considers each element’s energy dissipation capacity
Next generation seismic design methodology
Originally developed by FEMA for existing buildings
Applicable for new design
Considers each element’s energy dissipation capacity
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Performance Based Seismic Design:
Pairing
Target Building Performance Levels
Ope
ratio
nal P
erfo
rman
ce
Leve
l (1-
A)
Imm
edia
te O
ccup
ancy
P
erfo
rman
ce L
evel
(1-
B)
Life
Saf
ety
Per
form
ance
Le
vel (
3-C
)
Col
laps
e P
reve
ntio
n P
erfo
rman
ce L
evel
(5-
E)
Ear
thqu
ake
Haz
ard
Leve
l
Once every 100 years Once every 250 years Once every 500 years Once every 2500 years
a e i
m
b f j n
c g k o
d h l p
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Performance Based Seismic Design:
Levels & Acceleration
Performance levelsOperationalImmediate OccupancyLife Safety (IBC)Collapse Prevention
Performance levelsOperationalImmediate OccupancyLife Safety (IBC)Collapse Prevention
Acceleration OptionsTypical
50%/50 (1/100 year)20%/50 (1/250 year)10%/50 (1/500 year)2/3 of 2%/50 (IBC)2%/50 (1/2500 year)
Any probability between those listed above
Acceleration OptionsTypical
50%/50 (1/100 year)20%/50 (1/250 year)10%/50 (1/500 year)2/3 of 2%/50 (IBC)2%/50 (1/2500 year)
Any probability between those listed above
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
TotalTotalTotalTotal1111
Option Force Lateral % Lat Cost % Cost% Cost% Cost% Cost
Increase Cost Increase IncreaseIncreaseIncreaseIncrease
Typical Office 1.00 $1,378,000 0.00%
Hospital 1.50 $1,643,325 19.25% 1.08%
10%/50- IO 2.15 $1,916,725 32.78% 2.18%
5%/50- IO 3.40 $2,216,700 43.76% 3.40%
1. Based on $125/SF2. Gravity Frame
$38.25
$2,239,395
PBD
IBC
Performance Based Seismic Design:
Cost Example
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Performance Based Seismic Design:
Cost Example
Mur
phy
(200
5)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Performance Based Seismic Design:
Cost Example
0.45% of 1 year’s Gross Revenue
(1.6 days)
0.45% of 1 year0.45% of 1 year ’’s s Gross RevenueGross Revenue
(1.6 days)(1.6 days)
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Base Isolation
Innovative designInnovative design
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Base Isolation
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
Summary
Recycled steel and fly ashshould not be where our
thinking or creativity stops.
Recycled steel and fly ashRecycled steel and fly ashshould not be where ourshould not be where our
thinking or creativity stops.thinking or creativity stops.
Earthquakes, Codes, &
Sustainability
Earthquakes, Codes, &
Sustainability
byRonald H. Dunn, SE
Paul W. McMullin, SE, PhDSalt Lake Sustainable Building Conference
April 29, 2008
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
References
American (2004). Earthquake-Proofing project still shaky in Utah, American Library Association, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2 1752826_ITM, last accessed April 28, 2008.
Center (2002). Strategic Insight, Center for Conte mporary Conflict, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/contact.asp , last accessed April 28, 2008.
Christensen (2004). Gary Christensen, personal com munication.CNNMoney (2001). NY attack may cost $105B,
http://money.cnn.com/2001/10/04/news/wtc_cost/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.
FEMA (2000). Recommended Seismic Design Criteria f or New Steel Moment Frame Buildings, FEMA-350, Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency, Washington D.C.
krudesign (2007). http://flickr.com/photos/krudesign/1006339582/ , last accessed April 29, 2008.
American (2004). Earthquake-Proofing project still shaky in Utah, American Library Association, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2 1752826_ITM, last accessed April 28, 2008.
Center (2002). Strategic Insight, Center for Conte mporary Conflict, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/contact.asp , last accessed April 28, 2008.
Christensen (2004). Gary Christensen, personal com munication.CNNMoney (2001). NY attack may cost $105B,
http://money.cnn.com/2001/10/04/news/wtc_cost/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.
FEMA (2000). Recommended Seismic Design Criteria f or New Steel Moment Frame Buildings, FEMA-350, Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency, Washington D.C.
krudesign (2007). http://flickr.com/photos/krudesign/1006339582/ , last accessed April 29, 2008.
Earthquakes, Codes, & SustainabilityEarthquakes, Codes, & Sustainability© Dunn Associates Inc, 2008
References
KSL (2007). Capitol Building Renovations are Earth quake Proof, http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=1192949, last acces sed April 28, 2008.
Murphy (2005). http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamiemurphey/56000489/, last accessed April 29, 2008.
PEER (2000). Strong Motion Database, Pacific Earthq uake EngieneringResearch Center, http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.
SCEDC (1994). Southern California Earthquake Data C enter, http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northshow.htm l, lasted accessed April 28, 2008.
State of California (2005). Guidelines for Earthqu ake Bracing of Residential Water Heaters, State of California, http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/dsa/pubs/waterheate rbracing_11_30_05.pdf , lasted accessed April 28, 2008.
WTC (2008). World Trace Center Photos, http://jeffreymunro.com/worldtradecenterphotos/slid es/0126.html , last accessed April 28, 2008.
KSL (2007). Capitol Building Renovations are Earth quake Proof, http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=1192949, last acces sed April 28, 2008.
Murphy (2005). http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamiemurphey/56000489/, last accessed April 29, 2008.
PEER (2000). Strong Motion Database, Pacific Earthq uake EngieneringResearch Center, http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/ , last accessed April 28, 2008.
SCEDC (1994). Southern California Earthquake Data C enter, http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northshow.htm l, lasted accessed April 28, 2008.
State of California (2005). Guidelines for Earthqu ake Bracing of Residential Water Heaters, State of California, http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/dsa/pubs/waterheate rbracing_11_30_05.pdf , lasted accessed April 28, 2008.
WTC (2008). World Trace Center Photos, http://jeffreymunro.com/worldtradecenterphotos/slid es/0126.html , last accessed April 28, 2008.