Earthquake Earthquake Science Science (Seismology) (Seismology)
Dec 24, 2015
EarthquakEarthquake Sciencee Science
(Seismology)(Seismology)
• Quick review of last lecture Quick review of last lecture (fault, epicentre, seismic (fault, epicentre, seismic waves, magnitude)waves, magnitude)
• Earthquake Intensity Earthquake Intensity
• Elastic-rebound theoryElastic-rebound theory
• Fault classification Fault classification
• Earthquakes and plate Earthquakes and plate boundariesboundaries
• Benioff-Wadati zoneBenioff-Wadati zone
Fault: A surface across which two blocks can move relative to each other.
Focus: The location on a fault where earthquake rupture initiates.
Hypocentre: The calculated position of an earthquake focus.
Epicentre: That point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocentre.
Earthquake Terminology
Magnitude: A measure of the strength of an earthquake, as determined by seismographic observations.
Surface waves: travel around the surface of Earth.
Body waves: travel through Earth.
Seismic Waves 101
P waves
S waves
Love waves
Rayleigh waves
Primary (or compressional)
Secondary (or shear)
Fast
Slow
MS = log10(A) + 1.656log10() + 1.818
Surface-wave magnitude formula(most common)
A = amplitude in microns (m)
= epicentral distance in degrees
(divide by 111 to go from km to degrees)
672 m
A =672 m (measured)
~ 1000*6.6 - 1500 = 5100 km
~ 5100/111 ~ 46 degrees
MS = log10(A) + 1.656log10() + 1.818
= 7.4
Intensity• Intensity is a measure of the effects of an earthquake on the natural and built environment.
• While the magnitude of an earthquake is constant, the intensity changes with epicentral distance.
• In N.A., the Modified Mercalli intensity scale is used (I-XII)
Earthquake Intensity Map
A map of earthquake intensity is also called an isoseismal map.
New Madrid Earthquake sequence of 1811-1812
http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html
http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html
http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html
http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html
http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html
Recently, intensity measurements have been carried out using the web.
Internet Intensity Map
A map of earthquake intensity is also called an isoseismal map.
Parkfield, CA, 28 Sept., 2004 M = 6
Produced using web response forms.
Elastic Rebound Theory
Fault
Original position
Fence
Stress Accumulates
Earthquake: stress released
Rebound to original shape
1. Stress on a fault slowly accumulates
2. During an earthquake, stress on the fault is released
3. After an earthquake, stress begins to re-accumulate
Elastic Rebound Theory
Elastic Rebound Theory:The Earthquake Cycle
For an active fault, earthquakes will repeat periodically.
Turakirae Head, New Zealand
1855
1460
Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
More than 90% of earthquakes occur near plate boundaries
… in fact the earthquake distribution can be used to outline tectonic plates ...
Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
Although there are exceptions … rare earthquakes do occur in stable continental regions
New Madrid Earthquake sequence of 1811-1812
Seismic Intensity Map
Three basic categories of faults
Normal fault: upper block drops down
Thrust (reverse) fault: upper block pushes up
Strike-slip fault: blocks slide past each other
Normal fault
• Occurs where plates are pulling apart under tension
• Divergent plate boundary
• Example: Iceland
Strike-slip fault
• Occurs where plates are sliding past each other
• Transform plate boundary
• Example: San Andreas Fault, California
Thrust (reverse) faults
• Occurs where plates are pushing together under compression
• Convergent plate boundary
• Example: Japan
Benioff-Wadati Zone
• Dipping zone of earthquakes
• Occurs at a convergent plate boundary