Resilience Against Earthquakes Resilience Against Earthquakes Some Practical Suggestions Some Practical Suggestions for Planners and Managers for Planners and Managers Resilience Against Earthquakes Resilience Against Earthquakes Some Practical Suggestions Some Practical Suggestions for Planners and Managers for Planners and Managers David Alexander David Alexander Global Risk Forum Global Risk Forum - Davos (CH) Davos (CH)
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Resilience Against EarthquakesResilience Against EarthquakesSome Practical SuggestionsSome Practical Suggestionsfor Planners and Managersfor Planners and Managers
Resilience Against EarthquakesResilience Against EarthquakesSome Practical SuggestionsSome Practical Suggestionsfor Planners and Managersfor Planners and Managers
David AlexanderDavid AlexanderGlobal Risk Forum Global Risk Forum -- Davos (CH)Davos (CH)
What is resilience [resiliency]?What is resilience [resiliency]?What is resilience [resiliency]?What is resilience [resiliency]?
•• a combination of resistance anda combination of resistance andadaptationadaptation (coping, capacity, capability)(coping, capacity, capability)
•• a combination of resistance anda combination of resistance andadaptationadaptation (coping, capacity, capability)(coping, capacity, capability)
•• ability to maintain ability to maintain livelihoodslivelihoods and and tenortenorof lifeof life in the face of disaster shocksin the face of disaster shocks
•• ability to maintain ability to maintain livelihoodslivelihoods and and tenortenorof lifeof life in the face of disaster shocksin the face of disaster shocks
•• local autonomy and local autonomy and selfself--sufficiencysufficiency..•• local autonomy and local autonomy and selfself--sufficiencysufficiency..
The ingredientsof resilienceThe ingredientsof resilience
Wisdom:Wisdom: abilityability toto take take decisionsdecisionson the on the basisbasis ofof principlesprinciples,,experienceexperience and and knowledgeknowledge
Knowledge:Knowledge: understanding of howunderstanding of howthings function (or should function)things function (or should function)
Source: World Disasters Report 2005
things function (or should function)things function (or should function)
Information:Information: description ofdescription ofphysical and social situationsphysical and social situations
Data:Data: basic facts and statisticsbasic facts and statistics
COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
DRRDRR
KnowledgeKnowledge of of communitycommunityvulerabilityvulerability
KnowledgeKnowledgeof hazardsof hazardsandand their their impactsimpacts
International resourcesInternational resourcesInternational resourcesInternational resources
Organisationneed not beexpensive andthe cost of
Organisationneed not beexpensive andthe cost ofthe cost ofcommunicationis continuallyfalling...
the cost ofcommunicationis continuallyfalling...
Vehicles are an important source ofVehicles are an important source ofpeople's vulnerability to earthquakes, people's vulnerability to earthquakes, but...but...
Vehicles are an important source ofVehicles are an important source ofpeople's vulnerability to earthquakes, people's vulnerability to earthquakes, but...but...
This is where This is where we need resilience...we need resilience...
A simpleA simplemethodologymethodologycould determinecould determinewhich part of awhich part of ahouse is house is leastleastliable to damageliable to damage
A simpleA simplemethodologymethodologycould determinecould determinewhich part of awhich part of ahouse is house is leastleastliable to damageliable to damageliable to damageliable to damagein an earthquake in an earthquake and whatand whatpatterns of patterns of damagedamagemight occur.might occur.
liable to damageliable to damagein an earthquake in an earthquake and whatand whatpatterns of patterns of damagedamagemight occur.might occur.
Can we deviseCan we devisea strategy to enhance a strategy to enhance
C = C = f f { E,Q,S,T }{ E,Q,S,T }C = C = f f { E,Q,S,T }{ E,Q,S,T }
TT SSTTTT SSSS
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
•• site factorssite factors•• site factorssite factors
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
•• building type and materialsbuilding type and materials•• building type and materialsbuilding type and materials
•• plan and elevation of buildingplan and elevation of building•• plan and elevation of buildingplan and elevation of building
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
•• urban form factorsurban form factors•• urban form factorsurban form factors
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
•• state of maintenancestate of maintenance•• state of maintenancestate of maintenance
Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:Building quality and seismic resistance:
Lack of stiffness in frameLack of stiffness in frameLack of stiffness in frameLack of stiffness in frame
For example...For example... what is the typicalwhat is the typicalpattern of seismic failurepattern of seismic failure of Iranianof Iranianvernacular housing of any given type?vernacular housing of any given type?
For example...For example... what is the typicalwhat is the typicalpattern of seismic failurepattern of seismic failure of Iranianof Iranianvernacular housing of any given type?vernacular housing of any given type?
•• basal accelerationbasal acceleration•• inertial displacementinertial displacement•• spalling of façadespalling of façade•• torsiontorsion
•• basal accelerationbasal acceleration•• inertial displacementinertial displacement•• spalling of façadespalling of façade•• torsiontorsion
Some possible modes of failureSome possible modes of failureSome possible modes of failureSome possible modes of failure
In the case of total collapse, littleIn the case of total collapse, littlecan be done for the occupants of acan be done for the occupants of abuilding except building except urban heavy rescue.urban heavy rescue.
In the case of total collapse, littleIn the case of total collapse, littlecan be done for the occupants of acan be done for the occupants of abuilding except building except urban heavy rescue.urban heavy rescue.
This is up to three times more likelyThis is up to three times more likelyto be successful if the to be successful if the locationlocationof trapped occupants is knownof trapped occupants is known
(e.g. they can attract attention)(e.g. they can attract attention)..
This is up to three times more likelyThis is up to three times more likelyto be successful if the to be successful if the locationlocationof trapped occupants is knownof trapped occupants is known
(e.g. they can attract attention)(e.g. they can attract attention)..
An example:An example: the the L'AquilaL'Aquila (Italy)(Italy)earthquake of 6 April 2009earthquake of 6 April 2009
An example:An example: the the L'AquilaL'Aquila (Italy)(Italy)earthquake of 6 April 2009earthquake of 6 April 2009
6-25 deaths 3-5 deaths 1-2 deathsn=202
One or two individualsOne or two individualsOne or two individualsOne or two individuals
One or two individuals:One or two individuals:people rushed outsidepeople rushed outsideand were killed byand were killed byfalling masonryfalling masonry
One or two individuals:One or two individuals:people rushed outsidepeople rushed outsideand were killed byand were killed byfalling masonryfalling masonry
Resilience against earthquakes:Resilience against earthquakes:Ten suggestions for actionTen suggestions for action
Resilience against earthquakes:Resilience against earthquakes:Ten suggestions for actionTen suggestions for action
Tell people Tell people what to dowhat to do in an earthquake.in an earthquake.Tell people Tell people what to dowhat to do in an earthquake.in an earthquake.
Develop Develop urban search andurban search andrescue rescue capacity on site.capacity on site.Develop Develop urban search andurban search andrescue rescue capacity on site.capacity on site.
Reduce Reduce nonnon--structuralstructural asaswell as structural hazards.well as structural hazards.Reduce Reduce nonnon--structuralstructural asaswell as structural hazards.well as structural hazards.
Plan Plan flexibly.flexibly.Plan Plan flexibly.flexibly.
Adapt and disseminate Adapt and disseminate good practice.good practice.Adapt and disseminate Adapt and disseminate good practice.good practice.
Ensure that Ensure that Disaster Risk ReductionDisaster Risk Reduction(DRR)(DRR) programmes are sustainableprogrammes are sustainableEnsure that Ensure that Disaster Risk ReductionDisaster Risk Reduction(DRR)(DRR) programmes are sustainableprogrammes are sustainable
Create a strategy for recoveringCreate a strategy for recoveringfrom the from the nextnext disaster.disaster.
Create a strategy for recoveringCreate a strategy for recoveringfrom the from the nextnext disaster.disaster.
Create a Create a cultureculture of of resilienceresilienceagainst disasters.against disasters.
Create a Create a cultureculture of of resilienceresilienceagainst disasters.against disasters.