Earthen Architectural Heritage (Rehabilitate the earthen construction in Saharan areas for sustainable development) Case of Wilaya of Adrar M.Hamiane 1* ;I.Djefour 2 ;H.Merabet 3 ; D.Bouallala 4 ; A.Zekagh 5 ;Y.Turki 6 ; M.Saidi 7 1,2,3,7 Materials Engineering department. URMPE, University of Boumerdes. Algeria 4 BET Tarchid; Adrar Algeria. 5 National Office of Management and Protection of Cultural Heritage. Algeria 6 National Centre for Architecture in Earth. Ministry of Culture. Algeria Abstract The raw earth is a material used for millennia across all continents. Earthen architecture has many benefits, not only in technical terms (thermal inertia), but also economic (less expensive) and environmental (available and accessible on-site material, requiring no transformation).Using recyclable materials to preserve natural resources, optimizing the thermal inertia of buildings, and integrating renewable energy sources into the building design or eco-construction are the guarantee of sustainable development. Sustainable building should be a priority for construction policy in the south. This policy of sustainable development in the Saharan regions of Algeria will meet the strong demand for housing, preserve cultural heritage and contribute to reviving traditional knowledge to construction ensure appropriate architecture to the needs of the population and to its economic resources and climatic characteristics of the region, as well as the extension of the earthen heritage of the builders. This objective is to guide our work. Developed and designed based on local raw materials, mortars and coatings (plasters), are to be compatible with the historic building to restore and ensure durability. The results of physical and mechanical characteristics of mortar and coatings compositions developed at the laboratory level, showed effective, compatible with the characteristics of construction materials building of the Adrar Hospital. Keywords: Earthen construction, mortar, plaster, characteristic, formulation, Sustainable development; Adrar Hospital. 1. Introduction The earth is the simplest natural material we have at our disposal. It is used by man in construction for thousands of years to build buildings across all continents, with techniques and traditions that are a true living testimony to the history, cultures of peoples, and the identity of places. Algerian Sahara belongs to the world's largest desert. It is the aridity that characterizes the Saharan climate; water deficit at all levels is due to the low rainfall, the intense evaporation, the high temperatures and the high luminosity. Fig.1 Location of the Adrar hospital Under these conditions we find the Adrar wilaya which is about 1540 km of Algiers (Fig. 1). It is characterized by its relatively flat topography and desert geomorphology. In these areas the man has developed construction techniques from the local earth which made the transactions between the requirements of human life and the arid climatic environment. The Adrar hospital (photo 1) our study case is located in the capital of the Wilaya. Its function is to act not only as health care centre but also as preventive establishment and as a school of
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Earthen Architectural Heritage (Rehabilitate the earthen
construction in Saharan areas for sustainable development) Case
of Wilaya of Adrar M.Hamiane
1* ;I.Djefour
2 ;H.Merabet
3; D.Bouallala
4 ; A.Zekagh
5 ;Y.Turki
6; M.Saidi
7
1,2,3,7Materials Engineering department. URMPE, University of Boumerdes. Algeria
4BET Tarchid; Adrar Algeria.
5National Office of Management and Protection of Cultural Heritage. Algeria
6National Centre for Architecture in Earth. Ministry of Culture. Algeria
Abstract
The raw earth is a material used for millennia across all continents. Earthen architecture has
many benefits, not only in technical terms (thermal inertia), but also economic (less
expensive) and environmental (available and accessible on-site material, requiring no
transformation).Using recyclable materials to preserve natural resources, optimizing the
thermal inertia of buildings, and integrating renewable energy sources into the building
design or eco-construction are the guarantee of sustainable development. Sustainable
building should be a priority for construction policy in the south. This policy of sustainable
development in the Saharan regions of Algeria will meet the strong demand for housing,
preserve cultural heritage and contribute to reviving traditional knowledge to construction
ensure appropriate architecture to the needs of the population and to its economic resources
and climatic characteristics of the region, as well as the extension of the earthen heritage of
the builders. This objective is to guide our work. Developed and designed based on local raw
materials, mortars and coatings (plasters), are to be compatible with the historic building to
restore and ensure durability. The results of physical and mechanical characteristics of
mortar and coatings compositions developed at the laboratory level, showed effective,
compatible with the characteristics of construction materials building of the Adrar Hospital.
The earth is the simplest natural material we have
at our disposal. It is used by man in construction
for thousands of years to build buildings across all
continents, with techniques and traditions that are
a true living testimony to the history, cultures of
peoples, and the identity of places.
Algerian Sahara belongs to the world's largest
desert. It is the aridity that characterizes the
Saharan climate; water deficit at all levels is due to
the low rainfall, the intense evaporation, the high
temperatures and the high luminosity. Fig.1 Location of the Adrar hospital
Under these conditions we find the Adrar wilaya which is about 1540 km of Algiers (Fig. 1).
It is characterized by its relatively flat topography and desert geomorphology. In these areas
the man has developed construction techniques from the local earth which made the
transactions between the requirements of human life and the arid climatic environment. The
Adrar hospital (photo 1) our study case is located in the capital of the Wilaya. Its function is
to act not only as health care centre but also as preventive establishment and as a school of
health education. It was created in 1942, designed by French
architect of Belgian origin, Michel Luycks . It was built in
earth brick (adobe) and earthen mortar. These walls are carriers
roof composed of arches of different spans and heights. The
adobe (clay, sand and various additions) were made at quarries land outside the city of Adrar.
The building has been abandoned since the early 1980s, which marked its degradation. [1] Photo 1. The Adrar hospital Restoration of Structures of old buildings requires compliance their initial architectures and
knowledge of the characteristics of the materials used. To this end, our study aims to
characterize the building materials of the hospital, consisting primarily of
adobe and mortar. The analytical results will reconstitute identical
building materials and therefore a restoration, which is adequate and
compatible with the materials of
the monument. Sustainable building should be a priority for development
policy in the south. This policy of sustainable development in the
Saharan regions of Algeria will meet the strong demand for housing,
preserve cultural heritage and contribute to reviving the traditional constructive knowledge,
ensure appropriate architecture to the needs of the population and to the economic resources
and climatic characteristics of the region, as well as the extension of the earthen Photo 2. Infiltration of rain water heritage of the builders. It is this objective that guides our work. It is developed based on local
raw materials, mortars and coatings compatible with the historic building to restore and
ensure durability. The results of physical and mechanical characteristics of mortar
compositions and coatings developed at the laboratory level, showed effective, compatible
with the characteristics of construction materials of Adrar hospital.
[2,3]
2. Conservation status of the Adrar hospital
The earthen architecture has evolved through generations using local
materials. The earthen material has proven its validity through time, its
efficiency in architectural solutions, and the ability to appropriate design
against the influence of climatic and environmental factors.
It meets the needs of the population and their social, Photo 3 Erosion and loss of Mortars and adobes
cultural and economic development. Despite the advantages, strengths and the many features
that make the raw earth, which is the first building material in desert areas, other
disadvantages should be taken into account and improved to a more efficient use. The hospital
is in an advanced state of degradation. This inventory is accelerated in part by the action of
many natural factors: rain, moisture, temperature variation, and erosion .On the other hand, by
the disastrous consequences of actions and interventions of man on the monument.
Among the most important factors of degradation are visible on the monument, we note: the
infiltration of rain water, erosion and loss of mass
(bricks and mortars), stagnation of water on the
terrace, cracking walls and peeling of coatings.
Added to this, the activities that lead man on or
around sites such as:
Misuse of the site, the introduction of new
materials, poor waste management. The photos
from (1 to 4) show some types of these
degradations. [4, 5] Photo N° 4.1 &4.2.craks and peeling of
coating
3. Experimentation Eight (08) samples of mortars and coatings were taken for analysis .Samples was subjected
physical characterization, and analysis of mineralogical and chemical composition. The
flowchart in Figure 2 shows the methodology followed for these analyzes. The tests were
performed at laboratories CETIM, URMPE and ceramics laboratory at the University of
Boumerdes. The analysis results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
Fig 2. The flowchart shows the methodology followed for these analyzes
Adrar Hospital
sampling
Jointing
Mortars
Coatings
(Plasters)
Characterization
Physical
Characterizatio
Mineralogical,Chimi
cal Characterization
- X-Ray
Diffraction
Analysis
- X-Ray
Fluorescence
Analysis
- M Specific density
- M Apparent density
- PH
- Free CaO
- Humidity
-Open Porosity
- Wall
- Terrace
- Vault
- Basement
- Internal
- External
- Hydrofuge
- Old Wall
layer
Table 1: Summary of physical properties of mortars and plasters samples from the Adrar hospital.