Earth Science Notes SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Dec 23, 2015
Earth Science NotesSEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Objectives
I can…• Explain what Sedimentary Rocks are• Explain the processes that create sediments
and sedimentary rocks• Classify Sedimentary Rocks. • Tell the geological history of an area based on
the bedding patterns
Sedimentary Rocks
• Rocks formed from sediments• Sedimentary rocks often form as layers on the
bottom of a body of water.
Sedimentary Rock Formation
• Sediments are loose materials like small rocks, minerals, and organic debris.
• Weathering and erosion produce sediments– Weathering – the breaking down of rocks into bits via
chemical and mechanical means.
– Erosion – the moving of these small bits of rock to a new location where they are deposited.
Sedimentary Rock Formation
• Weathering and Erosion
Sedimentary Rock Formation
• Sedimentary rocks form from other rocks• These rocks are compacted and cemented
together.– Compaction – sediments stick together due to pressure
– Cementation – minerals are deposited between pieces of sediment – holding it together.
• Lithification the process by which sediments can undergo chemical and physical processes to become sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary Rock Formation• Compaction and Cementation
Sedimentary Rock Formation
• Sedimentary rocks display certain characteristics that allows draw conclusions about the history of landforms and rock formations.
• One such feature bedding. This is the result of sediment settling out in large flat areas.
Sedimentary Rock Formation
• STRATIFICATION refers to the way sediment layers are stacked over each other, and can occur on the scale of hundreds of meters. It is a fundamental feature of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary Rock Features
Types of Bedding• Graded Bedding – size of the
sediments become large the farther down you go in a rock layer– form when a steep pile of
sediment on the sea floor (or lake floor) suddenly slumps into a canyon or off a steep edge.
Sedimentary Rock Features
Types of Bedding• Cross-Bedding – forms when sand is transported as
sand-dune like bodies, in which sediment is moved up and eroded along a gentle up-current slope, and redeposited (avalanching) on the downcurrent slope.
Sedimentary Rock Features
• RIPPLE MARKS are produced by flowing water or wave action.
Ancient ripples on a sandstone surface. Ripples are symmetrical and show "tuning-fork" branches. This indicates to a geologist that the sandstones were deposited in an environment with wave action (nearshore).
Sedimentary Rock Features
• Sedimentary rocks may contain “signs” of life.
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary Rocks: sedimentary rocks made from broken bits of other rocks
• Ex: Conglomerate – large sediments, rounded rocks• These types of rocks have rounded sediments because
they were near wind and water
• EX: Breccia – large sediments, sediments have sharp angles
• These types of rocks have jagged sediments because they were not near wind and water
Detrital Sedimentary RocksConglomerate Breccia
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: sedimentary rocks that form when dissolved minerals come out of solution.
• Often founds along seas or lakeshores. • This type of rock is the only form of sedimentary
rock that did not form from preexisting rocks.– Ex: Limestone (CaCO3) – forms when calcium carbonate comes out of
a solution.• Limestone is deposited on bottom of lakes and seas.
– Ex: Rock salt – forms when the evaporation of water occurs, leaving behind the salt
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Organic (Biochemical) Sedimentary Rocks: sedimentary rocks made of once living things
• This type of rock will form when clams, corals, snails, and mussels die and let their shells accumulate on the ocean floor.– Ex: Chalk – made from the shells of organisms.– Ex: Coal – formed from the decay and compaction of plant
materials.
Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Summary• What makes a rock
Sedimentary?• Formation of Sedimentary
Rocks• Classification of Sedimentary
Rocks– Detrital / Chemical / Organics