Earth Science midterm Exam review

EARTH SCIENCE MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW

Created by Team SheeShee, Mumsy, and the Hack Daddy

• USE THE LINES TO THE RIGHT ON YOUR SHEET TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.

• MOST OF THE UNDERLINED WORDS ARE HYPERLINKS TO VIDEOS OR ANIMATIONS THAT MAY AID YOU.

Phases of the Moon Identify the phases of the moon

8

3

2

1

4

5

7

6

1 new moon2 waxing crescent3 first quarter4 waxing gibbous5 full moon6 waning gibbous7 third (last) quarter8 waning crescent

Moon Features/Exploration The __APOLLO___ missions in the 1960’s and 70’s

put scientists on the moon to study its geology. The moon’s dark surfaces are called __MARIA___

which are made of solidified volcanic rock. The moon does not have its own

____ATMOSPHERE_____. The moon is the farthest that any human has

ever __TRAVELED___. The moon formed when a small planetesimal

_IMPACTED__ the Earth and splashed off a piece.

Eclipses Label the diagram below with the

following. Lunar or Solar Eclipse Umbra Penumbra UMBRA

PENUMBRA

SOLAR

Tides Tides on Earth are caused by the __POSITION___ of the

moon and its position. The moon is the main cause for tides, but the gravity

of the __SUN___ is also a small factor. There are __2__ high tides and __2___ low tides in a

day. Each month, there are two __SPRING___ tides and

__NEAP___ tides. The ___TIDAL___ range is greatest during a spring tide. It would be in your best interest to understand and

diagram the differences between spring and neap tides.

Models of the Solar System Put the following solar system models in

chronological order: Ptolemy's geocentric model Copernicus’ heliocentric model Kepler’s planetary laws of motion

PTOLEMY COPERNICUSKEPLER

Features of the Sun Label the parts of the sun

CORONA

CHROMOSPHERE

CORE

RADIATIVE ZONE

PHOTOSPHERE CONVECTIVE

ZONE

•The sun is made up of two main elements:

• _HYDROGEN

• _HELIUM_•The process of _FUSION_ is how the sun generates energy.

Features of the Sun, 2 ___SUNSPOTS___ are dark, cooler spots

on the sun’s surface. ___SOLAR FLARES____ create solar winds

that can disrupt communication and weather patterns on Earth.

Arc shaped flares are called __SOLAR PROMINENCES_____.

Seasons The Earth’s _ORBIT__ and ___TILT___ of its

axis causes seasons. The tilt is __23.5__ degrees.

Label the seasons based on the Earth’s position. What time of day is the sun closest to being directly over head? ___NOON____

SPRING

SUMMER

WINTER

FALL

Revolution One full revolution of the Earth around

the sun takes _365.25__ days. The Earth’s revolution around the sun is

___ELLIPTICALLY____ -shaped. The _GEOCENTRIC__ model is the belief

that the sun revolved around the Earth. The true nature of the solar system is that it is _HELIOCENTRIC___, putting the sun in the center.

Planets Label the picture and write one fact

about each planet. Color inner planets red and outer blue.

Comets Put a 1 in the box that points to the Dust Tail. Put a 2 in the box pointing to the Plasma tail. Put a 3 in the box pointing to the Coma. The _GAS (ION)_ tail always points away from the

sun while the __DUST___ tail always trails the comet.

GAS (ION) TAIL DUST

TAIL

COMA

Earth Impacts Meteoroids are traveling towards Earth

but haven’t entered the atmosphere, yet.

Meteors are flashes of light or “shooting stars” from the burning up of meteoroids in the atmosphere.

Meteorites are meteors that actually come in contact with earth. Draw each of these 3 below.

Solar System Formation All the planets are roughly the same

__AGE__. Be familiar with the diagram below.

Distances 1 light year = distance light _TRAVELS_

in 1 year. 1 AU = distance between _SUN_ and

_EARTH__. What unit would you use to measure the

distance between Earth and: The moon MILES OR KM OR LIGHT

SECONDS The Sun AU OR MILES OR KM OR

LIGHT MIN Polaris LIGHT YEARS OR PARSECS Mars AU OR MILES OR KM OR LIGHT

MIN

Star life cycle Fill in the missing stars

RED GIANT

WHITE DWARF

SUPERNOVA

BLACK HOLE

NEUTRON STAR

Stars Give an example of each of the

following. A galaxy: _MILKY WAY, ANDROMEDA_ A star: _POLARIS, SIRIUS,

ETC_____ A constellation: _ORION, DIPPERS,

ETC_____ A circumpolar star: _POLARIS (NORTH

STAR)___ A star system: _OUR SOLAR

SYSTEM______

Galaxies Look at the shapes of galaxies. Which

shape is our galaxy? _GRAVITY__ is the force that holdsour galaxy together.

HR Diagram In the box below, draw a simple HR

diagram.BRIGHTNESS

TEMPERATURE

Red Shift __SPECTROSCOPY__ is the use of light spectrum emissions

to determine the composition of stars. We can use red shift and blue shift to describe a stars

__MOVEMENT____. If the star is moving towards us, it has a __BLUE___ shift.

This means the light wavelengths are becoming shortened.

If the star is moving away from us, it has a ___RED__ shift. This means the light wavelengths are becoming __LONGER____.

Most stars show red shift, supporting Hubble’s ___________BIG BANG______ theory.

Magnitude Magnitude is another name for __BRIGHTNESS___. A star’s __ABSOLUTE___ magnitude refers to it’s

actual brightness. __APPARENT___ magnitude refers to how bright a

star appears to be. Use these two terms to compare our Sun to

Betelgeuse (supergiant): ___THE SUN IS CLOSER TO US, GIVING IT A GREATER

APPARENT MAGNITUDE EVEN THOUGH BETELGEUSE IS LARGER AND HAS A GREATER ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE._____

Atmosphere Circle the layer where the majority of weather

takes place. Put hearts around the layerthat is least dense. Put a rectangle around the layer that contains ozone. Draw a line that describes temperature change through thelayers.

Humidity and Precipitation List the changes of state that water goes through on Earth.

EVAPORATION (water vapor created) CONDENSATION (liquid water created) PRECIPITATION (rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain, hail)_ RUNOFF (into ocean, river, etc.) and INFILTRATION (into

soil) _DEW POINT_is the temperature that water condenses on

or near Earth’s surface. Air that cannot hold any more water vapor is called

__SATURATED____. What tool is used to measure humidity? SLING PSYCHROMETER

Air pressure A __BAROMETER____ is used to measure air pressure. Which of the following will decrease air pressure?

increased latitude increased elevation increased humidity decreased elevation

Air will always move from and area of _HIGH__ pressure to an area of __LOW___ pressure.

Wind speeds are greatest when isobars are __CLOSE___ together.

High pressure = __COLD_ / clear weatherLow pressure = __WARM____/ stormy weather

Weather stations What information is shown on the weather station model to the right?

WIND SPEED WIND DIRECTION TEMPERATURE DEW POINT SKY COVER

Fronts Label the diagrams (Cold Front or Warm

Front)

COLD FRONT

WARM FRONT

Storms

Tornadoes Hurricanes• Low P• Counter clockwise• Windy!• $$$

• Don’t travel far• Don’t last long• Hail• Spring & summer

• Large diameter• Last longer• Get named• Summer & fall